DOCSLIB.ORG

The D-Orbifold Programme, with Applications to Moduli Spaces of J-Holomorphic Curves Lecture 1 of 5: Overview

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The D-Orbifold Programme, with Applications to Moduli Spaces of J-Holomorphic Curves Lecture 1 of 5: Overview Introduction D-manifolds and d-orbifolds D-orbifolds as representable 2-functors, and moduli spaces ‘Stratified manifolds', including singular curves in moduli spaces D-orbifold (co)homology, and virtual classes/cycles/chains The d-orbifold programme, with applications to moduli spaces of J-holomorphic curves Lecture 1 of 5: Overview Dominic Joyce, Oxford University May 2014 Mainly work in progress. Some partial references: For d-manifolds and d-orbifolds, see arXiv:1206.4207 (survey), arXiv:1208.4948, and preliminary version of book available at http://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/∼joyce/dmanifolds.html. For C 1 geometry, see arXiv:1104.4951 (survey), and arXiv:1001.0023. 1 / 30 Dominic Joyce, Oxford University Lecture 1: Overview Introduction D-manifolds and d-orbifolds D-orbifolds as representable 2-functors, and moduli spaces ‘Stratified manifolds', including singular curves in moduli spaces D-orbifold (co)homology, and virtual classes/cycles/chains Plan of talk: 1 Introduction 2 D-manifolds and d-orbifolds 3 D-orbifolds as representable 2-functors, and moduli spaces 4 ‘Stratified manifolds', including singular curves in moduli spaces 5 D-orbifold (co)homology, and virtual classes/cycles/chains 2 / 30 Dominic Joyce, Oxford University Lecture 1: Overview Introduction D-manifolds and d-orbifolds D-orbifolds as representable 2-functors, and moduli spaces ‘Stratified manifolds', including singular curves in moduli spaces D-orbifold (co)homology, and virtual classes/cycles/chains 1. Introduction These lectures concern new classes of geometric objects I call d-manifolds and d-orbifolds | `derived' smooth manifolds, in the sense of Derived Algebraic Geometry. Some properties: D-manifolds form a strict 2-category dMan. That is, we have objects X, the d-manifolds, 1-morphisms f; g : X ! Y, the smooth maps, and also 2-morphisms η : f ) g. Smooth manifolds embed into d-manifolds as a full (2)-subcategory. So, d-manifolds generalize manifolds. There are also 2-categories dManb, dManc of d-manifolds with boundary and with corners, and orbifold versions dOrb; dOrbb; dOrbc of these, d-orbifolds. Much of differential geometry extends nicely to d-manifolds: submersions, immersions, orientations, submanifolds, transverse fibre products, cotangent bundles, . 3 / 30 Dominic Joyce, Oxford University Lecture 1: Overview Introduction D-manifolds and d-orbifolds D-orbifolds as representable 2-functors, and moduli spaces ‘Stratified manifolds', including singular curves in moduli spaces D-orbifold (co)homology, and virtual classes/cycles/chains Almost any moduli space used in any enumerative invariant problem over R or C has a d-manifold or d-orbifold structure, natural up to equivalence. There are truncation functors to d-manifolds and d-orbifolds from structures currently used | Kuranishi spaces, polyfolds, C-schemes or Deligne{Mumford C-stacks with obstruction theories. Combining these truncation functors with known results gives d-manifold/d-orbifold structures on many moduli spaces. I will also outline an approach to prove existence of d-manifold/d-orbifold structures on moduli spaces directly, using `representable 2-functors'. Virtual classes/cycles/chains can be constructed for compact oriented d-manifolds and d-orbifolds. So, d-manifolds and d-orbifolds provide a unified framework for studying enumerative invariants and moduli spaces. They also have other applications, and are interesting for their own sake. 4 / 30 Dominic Joyce, Oxford University Lecture 1: Overview Introduction D-manifolds and d-orbifolds D-orbifolds as representable 2-functors, and moduli spaces ‘Stratified manifolds', including singular curves in moduli spaces D-orbifold (co)homology, and virtual classes/cycles/chains In the rest of this talk I want to discuss four different `big ideas', which are the subjects of Lectures 2{5: 2 D-manifolds and d-orbifolds: what are they, why are they a 2-category, how are they related to other classes of spaces (e.g. Kuranishi spaces and polyfolds)? 3 A new approach to moduli problems using `representable 2-functors' to define a d-orbifold structure on a moduli space. 4 ‘Stratified manifolds', a new analytic tool for dealing with `bubbling', `neck stretching' and `nodes' for J-holomorphic curves, and compactification of moduli spaces in general. 5 `D-orbifold (co)homology', new (co)homology theories ∗ dH∗(Y ; R), dH (Y ; R) of a manifold or orbifold Y , isomorphic to ordinary (co)homology, but in which the (co)chains are 1-morphisms f : X ! Y for X a compact, oriented d-orbifold with corners, plus extra data. Forming virtual classes for moduli spaces in d-orbifold (co)homology is almost trivial. 5 / 30 Dominic Joyce, Oxford University Lecture 1: Overview Introduction D-manifolds and d-orbifolds D-orbifolds as representable 2-functors, and moduli spaces ‘Stratified manifolds', including singular curves in moduli spaces D-orbifold (co)homology, and virtual classes/cycles/chains 2. D-manifolds and d-orbifolds 2.1 Why do we need `derived geometry'? In very general terms, we want to solve the following: Problem Find a (hopefully canonical) geometric structure G on moduli spaces of J-holomorphic curves M; such that (compact, oriented) spaces M with structure G can be `counted' in Z; Q or some (co)homology theory, so that we can do Gromov{Witten invariants, Lagrangian Floer cohomology, Symplectic Field Theory, . I claim that the structure G must be `derived' in the sense of Derived Algebraic Geometry of Lurie, To¨en{Vezzosi, . , and that a basic understanding of derived geometry really helps here. 6 / 30 Dominic Joyce, Oxford University Lecture 1: Overview Introduction D-manifolds and d-orbifolds D-orbifolds as representable 2-functors, and moduli spaces ‘Stratified manifolds', including singular curves in moduli spaces D-orbifold (co)homology, and virtual classes/cycles/chains Derived schemes, deformations, and obstructions Consider a moduli space M of some objects Σ (e.g. J-holomorphic curves). Linearizing the deformation theory at Σ 2 M, we have vector spaces of deformations DΣ (typically the kernel of an operator LΣ) and obstructions OΣ (typically the cokernel of LΣ). If we model M as a classical space (e.g. a scheme or stack), then M remembers DΣ as the tangent space TΣM, but forgets OΣ. If we model M as a derived space (e.g. a derived scheme or 0 stack), then M remembers both DΣ; OΣ, as DΣ = H (TMjΣ), 1 OΣ = H (TMjΣ) for TM the tangent complex of M. Derived geometry was introduced exactly to give geometric structures which remember all the deformation theory. To `count' moduli spaces M of J-holomorphic curves correctly, the geometric structure G on M must encode the obstructions OΣ as well as the deformations DΣ. So G must be `derived'. 7 / 30 Dominic Joyce, Oxford University Lecture 1: Overview Introduction D-manifolds and d-orbifolds D-orbifolds as representable 2-functors, and moduli spaces ‘Stratified manifolds', including singular curves in moduli spaces D-orbifold (co)homology, and virtual classes/cycles/chains Why do we need higher categories? Suppose we have a category C (e.g. a category of complexes), and we want to invert (localize) some class of morphisms W in C called `weak equivalences' (e.g. quasi-isomorphisms) which are not isomorphisms, to form a new `derived' category C¯. A fundamental insight in derived geometry is that C¯ should be a higher category (usually an 1-category), not an ordinary category. Derived objects (e.g. derived schemes) always form higher categories. You can truncate to an ordinary category, but you lose too much information (e.g. the universal property for fibre products of derived objects only makes sense in the higher category). D-manifolds and d-orbifolds form 2-categories, the simplest kind of higher category. 8 / 30 Dominic Joyce, Oxford University Lecture 1: Overview Introduction D-manifolds and d-orbifolds D-orbifolds as representable 2-functors, and moduli spaces ‘Stratified manifolds', including singular curves in moduli spaces D-orbifold (co)homology, and virtual classes/cycles/chains 2.2. Other classes of spaces. Kuranishi spaces versus d-orbifolds A Kuranishi structure on a space M (Fukaya{Oh{Ohta{Ono) involves Kuranishi neighbourhoods (Vp; Ep; sp) and (non-invertible) coordinate changes (fpq; f^pq):(Vp; Ep; sp) ! (Vq; Eq; sq). Think of the Kuranishi neighbourhoods (Vp; Ep; sp) as the objects in a category C, and the coordinate changes (fpq; f^pq) as the weak equivalences W we want to invert. Derived geometry says that to do the job properly, we must use higher categories, but FOOO do not. This is the source of some of the problems in the theory. I regard d-orbifolds as the `correct' definition of Kuranishi spaces, what Kuranishi spaces should have been. It should be possible to give a FOOO-style definition of Kuranishi spaces involving 2-categories, and get a 2-category equivalent to d-orbifolds dOrb. 9 / 30 Dominic Joyce, Oxford University Lecture 1: Overview Introduction D-manifolds and d-orbifolds D-orbifolds as representable 2-functors, and moduli spaces ‘Stratified manifolds', including singular curves in moduli spaces D-orbifold (co)homology, and virtual classes/cycles/chains Polyfolds, and schemes with obstruction theory Polyfolds (Hofer{Wysocki{Zehnder) do not use higher categories, so far as I know. They get away with this because they never localize. Therefore a polyfold comprises a huge amount of information, the whole of the functional-analytic moduli problem, as nothing is forgotten by localizing. This works, but I feel polyfolds are unwieldy, and unsatisfying as geometric spaces. • Schemes M with obstruction theory φ : E ! LM in algebraic geometry (Behrend{Fantechi) work very nicely | much more so than Kuranishi spaces or polyfolds in the (rather more difficult) differential-geometric context. Note that they are `derived' objects (as I said M must be), since E• is an object in the derived category Db coh(M), and should be understood as the cotangent complex LM of an underlying derived scheme M.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Moduli Spaces
    spaces. Moduli spaces such as the moduli of elliptic curves (which we discuss below) play a central role Moduli Spaces in a variety of areas that have no immediate link to the geometry being classified, in particular in alge- David D. Ben-Zvi braic number theory and algebraic topology. Moreover, the study of moduli spaces has benefited tremendously in recent years from interactions with Many of the most important problems in mathemat- physics (in particular with string theory). These inter- ics concern classification. One has a class of math- actions have led to a variety of new questions and new ematical objects and a notion of when two objects techniques. should count as equivalent. It may well be that two equivalent objects look superficially very different, so one wishes to describe them in such a way that equiv- 1 Warmup: The Moduli Space of Lines in alent objects have the same description and inequiva- the Plane lent objects have different descriptions. Moduli spaces can be thought of as geometric solu- Let us begin with a problem that looks rather simple, tions to geometric classification problems. In this arti- but that nevertheless illustrates many of the impor- cle we shall illustrate some of the key features of mod- tant ideas of moduli spaces. uli spaces, with an emphasis on the moduli spaces Problem. Describe the collection of all lines in the of Riemann surfaces. (Readers unfamiliar with Rie- real plane R2 that pass through the origin. mann surfaces may find it helpful to begin by reading about them in Part III.) In broad terms, a moduli To save writing, we are using the word “line” to mean problem consists of three ingredients.
    [Show full text]
  • Jhep05(2019)105
    Published for SISSA by Springer Received: March 21, 2019 Accepted: May 7, 2019 Published: May 20, 2019 Modular symmetries and the swampland conjectures JHEP05(2019)105 E. Gonzalo,a;b L.E. Ib´a~neza;b and A.M. Urangaa aInstituto de F´ısica Te´orica IFT-UAM/CSIC, C/ Nicol´as Cabrera 13-15, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain bDepartamento de F´ısica Te´orica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Aut´onomade Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: Recent string theory tests of swampland ideas like the distance or the dS conjectures have been performed at weak coupling. Testing these ideas beyond the weak coupling regime remains challenging. We propose to exploit the modular symmetries of the moduli effective action to check swampland constraints beyond perturbation theory. As an example we study the case of heterotic 4d N = 1 compactifications, whose non-perturbative effective action is known to be invariant under modular symmetries acting on the K¨ahler and complex structure moduli, in particular SL(2; Z) T-dualities (or subgroups thereof) for 4d heterotic or orbifold compactifications. Remarkably, in models with non-perturbative superpotentials, the corresponding duality invariant potentials diverge at points at infinite distance in moduli space. The divergence relates to towers of states becoming light, in agreement with the distance conjecture. We discuss specific examples of this behavior based on gaugino condensation in heterotic orbifolds. We show that these examples are dual to compactifications of type I' or Horava-Witten theory, in which the SL(2; Z) acts on the complex structure of an underlying 2-torus, and the tower of light states correspond to D0-branes or M-theory KK modes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Topology of Moduli Space and Quantum Field Theory* ABSTRACT
    SLAC-PUB-4760 October 1988 CT) . The Topology of Moduli Space and Quantum Field Theory* DAVID MONTANO AND JACOB SONNENSCHEIN+ Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University, Stanford, California 9.4309 ABSTRACT We show how an SO(2,l) gauge theory with a fermionic symmetry may be used to describe the topology of the moduli space of curves. The observables of the theory correspond to the generators of the cohomology of moduli space. This is an extension of the topological quantum field theory introduced by Witten to -- .- . -. investigate the cohomology of Yang-Mills instanton moduli space. We explore the basic structure of topological quantum field theories, examine a toy U(1) model, and then realize a full theory of moduli space topology. We also discuss why a pure gravity theory, as attempted in previous work, could not succeed. Submitted to Nucl. Phys. I3 _- .- --- _ * Work supported by the Department of Energy, contract DE-AC03-76SF00515. + Work supported by Dr. Chaim Weizmann Postdoctoral Fellowship. 1. Introduction .. - There is a widespread belief that the Lagrangian is the fundamental object for study in physics. The symmetries of nature are simply properties of the relevant Lagrangian. This philosophy is one of the remaining relics of classical physics where the Lagrangian is indeed fundamental. Recently, Witten has discovered a class of quantum field theories which have no classical analog!” These topo- logical quantum field theories (TQFT) are, as their name implies, characterized by a Hilbert space of topological invariants. As has been recently shown, they can be constructed by a BRST gauge fixing of a local symmetry.
    [Show full text]
  • Donaldson Invariants and Moduli of Yang-Mills Instantons
    Donaldson Invariants and Moduli of Yang-Mills Instantons Jacob Gross Lincoln College Oxford University (slides posted at users.ox.ac.uk/ linc4221) ∼ The ASD Equation in Low Dimensions, 17 November 2017 Jacob Gross Donaldson Invariants and Moduli of Yang-Mills Instantons Moduli and Invariants Invariants are gotten by cooking up a number (homology group, derived category, etc.) using auxiliary data (a metric, a polarisation, etc.) and showing independence of that initial choice. Donaldson and Seiberg-Witten invariants count in moduli spaces of solutions of a pde (shown to be independent of conformal class of the metric). Example (baby example) f :(M, g) R, the number of solutions of → gradgf = 0 is independent of g (Poincare-Hopf).´ Jacob Gross Donaldson Invariants and Moduli of Yang-Mills Instantons Recall (Setup) (X, g) smooth oriented Riemannian 4-manifold and a principal G-bundle π : P X over it. → Consider the Yang-Mills functional YM(A) = F 2dμ. | A| ZM The corresponding Euler-Lagrange equations are dA∗FA = 0. Using the gauge group one generates lots of solutions from one. But one can fix aG gauge dA∗a = 0 Jacob Gross Donaldson Invariants and Moduli of Yang-Mills Instantons Recall (ASD Equations) 2 2 2 In dimension 4, the Hodge star splits the 2-forms Λ = Λ+ Λ . This splits the curvature ⊕ − + FA = FA + FA−. Have + 2 2 + 2 2 κ(P) = F F − YM(A) = F + F − , k A k − k A k ≤ k A k k A k where κ(P) is a topological invariant (e.g. for SU(2)-bundles, 2 κ(P) = 8π c2(P)).
    [Show full text]
  • Gromov-Witten Invariants and Localization
    Gromov–Witten invariants and localization David R. Morrison Departments of Mathematics and Physics University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA [email protected] Abstract We give a pedagogical review of the computation of Gromov–Witten invariants via localiza- tion in 2D gauged linear sigma models. We explain the relationship between the two-sphere partition function of the theory and the K¨ahler potential on the conformal manifold. We show how the K¨ahler potential can be assembled from classical, perturbative, and non- perturbative contributions, and explain how the non-perturbative contributions are related to the Gromov-Witten invariants of the corresponding Calabi–Yau manifold. We then ex- plain how localization enables efficient calculation of the two-sphere partition function and, ultimately, the Gromov–Witten invariants themselves. This is a contribution to the review volume “Localization techniques in quantum field theories” (eds. V. Pestun and M. Zabzine) which contains 17 Chapters available at [1] Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 K¨ahler potentials and 2-sphere partition functions 3 arXiv:1608.02956v3 [hep-th] 15 Oct 2016 3 Metrics on conformal manifolds 6 3.1 Nonlinearsigmamodels ............................. 6 3.2 Gaugedlinearsigmamodels ........................... 8 3.3 PhasesofanabelianGLSM ........................... 10 4 Quantum corrections to the K¨ahler potential 14 4.1 Nonlinear σ-modelactionandtheeffectiveaction . 14 4.2 Perturbative corrections to the K¨ahler potential . ....... 16 4.3 Nonperturbative corrections and Gromov–Witten invariants . ....... 17 5 The two-sphere partition function and Gromov–Witten invariants 20 5.1 The S2 partitionfunctionforaGLSM . 20 5.2 The hemisphere partition function and the tt∗ equations ........... 21 5.3 Extracting Gromov–Witten invariants from the partition function .....
    [Show full text]
  • Moduli Spaces and Invariant Theory
    MODULI SPACES AND INVARIANT THEORY JENIA TEVELEV CONTENTS §1. Syllabus 3 §1.1. Prerequisites 3 §1.2. Course description 3 §1.3. Course grading and expectations 4 §1.4. Tentative topics 4 §1.5. Textbooks 4 References 4 §2. Geometry of lines 5 §2.1. Grassmannian as a complex manifold. 5 §2.2. Moduli space or a parameter space? 7 §2.3. Stiefel coordinates. 8 §2.4. Complete system of (semi-)invariants. 8 §2.5. Plücker coordinates. 9 §2.6. First Fundamental Theorem 10 §2.7. Equations of the Grassmannian 11 §2.8. Homogeneous ideal 13 §2.9. Hilbert polynomial 15 §2.10. Enumerative geometry 17 §2.11. Transversality. 19 §2.12. Homework 1 21 §3. Fine moduli spaces 23 §3.1. Categories 23 §3.2. Functors 25 §3.3. Equivalence of Categories 26 §3.4. Representable Functors 28 §3.5. Natural Transformations 28 §3.6. Yoneda’s Lemma 29 §3.7. Grassmannian as a fine moduli space 31 §4. Algebraic curves and Riemann surfaces 37 §4.1. Elliptic and Abelian integrals 37 §4.2. Finitely generated fields of transcendence degree 1 38 §4.3. Analytic approach 40 §4.4. Genus and meromorphic forms 41 §4.5. Divisors and linear equivalence 42 §4.6. Branched covers and Riemann–Hurwitz formula 43 §4.7. Riemann–Roch formula 45 §4.8. Linear systems 45 §5. Moduli of elliptic curves 47 1 2 JENIA TEVELEV §5.1. Curves of genus 1. 47 §5.2. J-invariant 50 §5.3. Monstrous Moonshine 52 §5.4. Families of elliptic curves 53 §5.5. The j-line is a coarse moduli space 54 §5.6.
    [Show full text]
  • The Duality Between F-Theory and the Heterotic String in with Two Wilson
    Letters in Mathematical Physics (2020) 110:3081–3104 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11005-020-01323-8 The duality between F-theory and the heterotic string in D = 8 with two Wilson lines Adrian Clingher1 · Thomas Hill2 · Andreas Malmendier2 Received: 2 June 2020 / Revised: 20 July 2020 / Accepted: 30 July 2020 / Published online: 7 August 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020 Abstract We construct non-geometric string compactifications by using the F-theory dual of the heterotic string compactified on a two-torus with two Wilson line parameters, together with a close connection between modular forms and the equations for certain K3 surfaces of Picard rank 16. Weconstruct explicit Weierstrass models for all inequivalent Jacobian elliptic fibrations supported on this family of K3 surfaces and express their parameters in terms of modular forms generalizing Siegel modular forms. In this way, we find a complete list of all dual non-geometric compactifications obtained by the partial Higgsing of the heterotic string gauge algebra using two Wilson line parameters. Keywords F-theory · String duality · K3 surfaces · Jacobian elliptic fibrations Mathematics Subject Classification 14J28 · 14J81 · 81T30 1 Introduction In a standard compactification of the type IIB string theory, the axio-dilaton field τ is constant and no D7-branes are present. Vafa’s idea in proposing F-theory [51] was to simultaneously allow a variable axio-dilaton field τ and D7-brane sources, defining at a new class of models in which the string coupling is never weak. These compactifications of the type IIB string in which the axio-dilaton field varies over a base are referred to as F-theory models.
    [Show full text]
  • “Generalized Complex and Holomorphic Poisson Geometry”
    “Generalized complex and holomorphic Poisson geometry” Marco Gualtieri (University of Toronto), Ruxandra Moraru (University of Waterloo), Nigel Hitchin (Oxford University), Jacques Hurtubise (McGill University), Henrique Bursztyn (IMPA), Gil Cavalcanti (Utrecht University) Sunday, 11-04-2010 to Friday, 16-04-2010 1 Overview of the Field Generalized complex geometry is a relatively new subject in differential geometry, originating in 2001 with the work of Hitchin on geometries defined by differential forms of mixed degree. It has the particularly inter- esting feature that it interpolates between two very classical areas in geometry: complex algebraic geometry on the one hand, and symplectic geometry on the other hand. As such, it has bearing on some of the most intriguing geometrical problems of the last few decades, namely the suggestion by physicists that a duality of quantum field theories leads to a ”mirror symmetry” between complex and symplectic geometry. Examples of generalized complex manifolds include complex and symplectic manifolds; these are at op- posite extremes of the spectrum of possibilities. Because of this fact, there are many connections between the subject and existing work on complex and symplectic geometry. More intriguing is the fact that complex and symplectic methods often apply, with subtle modifications, to the study of the intermediate cases. Un- like symplectic or complex geometry, the local behaviour of a generalized complex manifold is not uniform. Indeed, its local structure is characterized by a Poisson bracket, whose rank at any given point characterizes the local geometry. For this reason, the study of Poisson structures is central to the understanding of gen- eralized complex manifolds which are neither complex nor symplectic.
    [Show full text]
  • 3D Supersymmetric Gauge Theories and Hilbert Series 3
    3d supersymmetric gauge theories and Hilbert series Stefano Cremonesi Abstract. The Hilbert series is a generating function that enumerates gauge invariant chiral operators of a supersymmetric field theory with four super- charges and an R-symmetry. In this article I review how counting dressed ’t Hooft monopole operators leads to a formula for the Hilbert series of a 3d N ≥ 2 gauge theory, which captures precious information about the chiral ring and the moduli space of supersymmetric vacua of the theory. (Conference paper based on a talk given at String-Math 2016, Coll`ege de France, Paris.) 1. Introduction There is a long and illustrious tradition of fruitful interplay between super- symmetric quantum field theory and geometry [51, 55, 63, 55]. The main bridge between the two topics is the concept of the moduli space of supersymmetric vacua, the set of zero energy configurations of the field theory, which in the context of su- persymmetric field theories with at least four supercharges is a complex algebraic variety equipped with a K¨ahler metric. Moduli spaces of vacua of quantum field theories with four supercharges in four spacetime dimensions have been studied in great detail since the 1990’s, and their algebro-geometric structure is well understood. Less understood are their counterparts in three dimensions, due to new scalar fields which are obtained by dualizing vectors in three dimensions. Interesting results on the moduli spaces of vacua of three-dimensional theories with four supercharges were obtained by means of semiclassical analysis [29, 1], but a precise understanding of the underlying arXiv:1701.00641v2 [hep-th] 29 Sep 2017 algebraic geometry was lacking, except for a few simple theories [11].
    [Show full text]
  • Moduli of Polarised K3 Surfaces
    Moduli of polarised K3 surfaces David Kern 21st October 2019 Contents 1 The moduli problem 1 1.1 Definitions . 1 1.2 A reformulation of the moduli problem . 2 2 Geometricity of the moduli problem 3 3 Properties of the moduli stack Kd 7 3.1 Local structure and quasi-projectivity . 7 3.2 Deformation theory of K3 surfaces . 7 1 The moduli problem 1.1 Definitions We work over a fixed base scheme S = Spec Z. Definition 1. Let X be a K3 surface. A polarisation of X is a choice of L 2 Pic(X) which is ample and primitive (i.e. indivisible). The degree of the polarisation is the even integer L2. Remark 2. If L is a polarisation of degree 2d, then any smooth curve in jLj is of genus g = d + 1. Recall that for any S-morphism f: X T, the relative Picard sheaf PicX=T is the (for 0 0 0 our purposes étale) sheafification of the presheaf (T T) 7 Pic(X ×T T )= Pic(T ); 0 0 1 0 explicitly its value at (T T) is Γ(T ; R!(f ×T T )∗Gm). ! ! Definition 3. Let T be an S-scheme. A family of polarised K3 surfaces of degree 2d para- ! meterised by T is a smooth proper morphism f: X T endowed with L 2 PicX=T (T) such that the fibre (Xt; Lt) at a geometric point t: Spec Ω T is a polarised K3 surface of degree 2d. If (f: X T; L) and (f0 : X0 T; L0) are two families! of polarised K3 surfaces of degree 2d, ' an isomorphism of families is given by a T-isomorphism! : X − X0 such that there is a line ∗ 0 ∗ bundle L0 !2 Pic(T) with L !' L ⊗ f L0.
    [Show full text]
  • Moduli of Sheaves on K3 Surfaces
    Moduli of sheaves on K3 surfaces Baris Kartal MIT Contents 1 Symplectic structures on moduli of sheaves 1 1.1 Smoothness of the moduli . .1 1.2 The bilinear form . .4 1.3 Symplecticity . .6 2 Case of K3 surfaces 7 3 Fourier-Mukai transform 10 3.1 Derived categories of K3 surfaces . 11 3.2 Spherical Twist . 12 1 Symplectic structures on moduli of sheaves In this section we will outline a more general construction of a symplectic struc- ture on the moduli of sheaves. Our main references for this section are [Muk84] and [HL97]. In the following S will always denote a smooth projective surface over C, even though we can work in a more general setting. We fix a polarization h on S. Recall, a sheaf E on S is called simple if Hom(E; E) =∼ C. In particular, h-stable sheaves are simple. Fact 1.1. The moduli functor of simple sheaves may not be representable by a scheme, but there exist a coarse moduli space SplS. Furthermore, the functor is represented by an algebraic space SplS. In more concrete terms, for all ~ morphisms φ : B ! SplS, there exists an etale cover π : B ! B and a sheaf E on B~ × S, which is flat over B~, such that for each closed point x 2 B~, the composition φ ◦ π maps x to the point corresponding to simple sheaf Ejfx}×S. 1.1 Smoothness of the moduli In this section we will make some remarks about smoothness of SplS. We will skip details as smoothness was more or less proven in the case of K3(see Benjamin's lecture notes).
    [Show full text]
  • String Cosmology
    ��������� � ������ ������ �� ��������� ��� ������������� ������� �� � �� ���� ���� ������ ��������� ���� � �� ������� ���������� �� �������� ���������� �� ������� ��������� �� ���������� ������ Lecture 2 Stabilization of moduli in superstring theory Fluxes NS (perturbative string theory) RR (non-perturbative string theory) Non-perturbative corrections to superpotential and Kahler potential Start 2008 Higgs?Higgs? MSSM?MSSM? SplitSplit susysusy?? NoNo susysusy?? IFIF SUSYSUSY ISIS THERETHERE…… The significance of discovery of supersymmetry in nature, which will manifests itself via existence of supersymmetric particles, would be a discovery of the fermionicfermionic dimensionsdimensions ofof spacetimespacetime ItIt willwill bebe thethe mostmost fundamentalfundamental discoverydiscovery inin physicsphysics afterafter EinsteinEinstein’’ss relativityrelativity SUPERSYMMETRY: GravityGravity Supergravity/StringSupergravity/String theorytheory There are no single scalars fields in susy models! Scalars come in pairs, they are always complex in supersymmetry. For example, axion and dilaton or axion and radial modulus. Generically, multi-dimensional moduli space. An effective inflaton may be a particular direction in moduli space. In string theory scalars often have geometrical meaning: distance between branes, size of internal dimensions, size of supersymmetric cycles on which branes can be wrapped, etc StabilizationStabilization ofof modulimoduli isis necessarynecessary forfor stringstring theorytheory toto describedescribe thethe effectiveeffective
    [Show full text]