DOCSLIB.ORG

Ultrasound Applied in the Reduction of Viscosity of Heavy Crude Oil,” Revista Facultad De Ingeniería, Vol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ultrasound Applied in the Reduction of Viscosity of Heavy Crude Oil,” Revista Facultad De Ingeniería, Vol Ultrasound Applied in the Reduction of Viscosity of Heavy Crude Oil David-Roberto Olaya-Escobar; Leonardo-Augusto Quintana-Jiménez; Edgar-Emir González-Jiménez; Erika-Sofia Olaya-Escobar Citation: D.-R. Olaya-Escobar, L.-A. Quintana-Jiménez, E.-E. González-Jiménez; Erika-Sofia Olaya-Escobar, “Ultrasound Applied in the Reduction of Viscosity of Heavy Crude Oil,” Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, vol. 29 (54), e11528, 2020. https://doi.org/10.19053/01211129.v29.n54.2020.11528 Received: July 30, 2020; Accepted: October 6, 2020; Published: October 7, 2020 Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under license CC BY Conflict of interest: The authors state there is no conflict of interest. David-Roberto Olaya-Escobar; Leonardo-Augusto Quintana-Jiménez; Edgar-Emir González-Jiménez; Erika- Sofia Olaya-Escobar Ultrasound Applied in the Reduction of Viscosity of Heavy Crude Oil David-Roberto Olaya-Escobar1 Leonardo-Augusto Quintana-Jiménez2 Edgar-Emir González-Jiménez3 Erika-Sofia Olaya-Escobar4 Abstract Reducing the viscosity of heavy oil through upgrading techniques is crucial to maintaining the demand for oil, which is growing at an annual rate of 1.8%. The phenomenon of acoustic cavitation occurs when ultrasound is applied in the treatment of heavy crudes. This is an emerging technology that is being developed to improve the physical and chemical properties of highly viscous crudes, which facilitates handling, increases the proportion of light factions, and improves their price in the market. Taking into account that it does not yet operate on an industrial scale, a bibliographic review of the advances in acoustic cavitation technology with ultrasound for the improvement of heavy crude is justified, to contribute to the development of its industrial application by identifying new approaches and research guidelines in engineering and science. The objective of this article is to show the advance of said technology and describe the experiments carried out by various authors. For this purpose, a literature review was conducted with documents published from 1970 to 2020, which were compiled through a systematic search in academic databases. As a result of this review, some conceptual gaps and deficiencies in the phenomenological foundation were found, which explain the 1 Ph. D. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Bogotá-Distrito Capital, Colombia). [email protected]. ORCID: 0000-0002-5018-7454 2 Ph. D. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Bogotá-Distrito Capital, Colombia). [email protected]. ORCID: 0000-0001-5625-0111 3 Ph. D. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Bogotá-Distrito Capital, Colombia) [email protected]. ORCID: 0000-0003-3103-3959 4 Ph. D. Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería “Julio Garavit”o (Bogotá-Distrito Capital, Colombia). [email protected]. ORCID: 0000-0001-6254-1169 Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Rev. Fac. Ing.) Vol. 29 (54), e11528. 2020. Tunja-Boyacá, Colombia. L-ISSN: 0121-1129, e-ISSN: 2357-5328, DOI: https://doi.org/10.19053/01211129.v29.n54.2020.11528 Ultrasound Applied in the Reduction of Viscosity of Heavy Crude Oil current difficulties to implement experimental tests and design the process at larger scales. These deficiencies limit the quality and repeatability of the results. A need was also identified to focus the efforts on a systematic experimentation that fulfills the laboratory and pilot plant phases, which are essential to take these technologies to an industrial scale. Keywords: acoustic cavitation; asphaltenes; heavy oil; oil upgrading; petroleum; sonochemistry; ultrasound. Ultrasonido aplicado en la reducción de viscosidad del crudo pesado Resumen La reducción de la viscosidad del crudo pesado mediante técnicas de mejoramiento es crucial para mantener la demanda de petróleo, que crece a una tasa anual de 1.8 %. El fenómeno de la cavitación acústica ocurre cuando el ultrasonido es aplicado en el tratamiento de crudos pesados. Esta es una tecnología emergente que se está desarrollando para mejorar las propiedades físicas y químicas de crudos altamente viscosos, lo cual facilita el manejo, aumenta la proporción de facciones livianas y mejora su precio en el mercado. Teniendo en cuenta que aún no opera a escala industrial, se justifica una revisión de literatura de los avances de la tecnología de cavitación acústica con ultrasonido para mejoramiento de crudo pesado, con el fin de contribuir con el desarrollo de su aplicación industrial mediante la identificación de nuevos enfoques y lineamientos de investigación en ingeniería y ciencias. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar el avance de la tecnología y describir los experimentos realizados por diversos autores. Para ello, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de los documentos que han sido publicados desde 1970 hasta 2020, dichos documentos se recopilaron mediante una búsqueda sistemática en bases de datos académicas. Como resultado de esta revisión, se encontraron algunos vacíos conceptuales y carencias en fundamentación fenomenológica, que explican las dificultades actuales para implementar tests experimentales y diseñar el proceso a escalas mayores. Estas carencias limitan la calidad y repetitividad en los resultados. También se identificó la necesidad de concentrar los esfuerzos en experimentación Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Rev. Fac. Ing.) Vol. 29 (54), e11528. 2020. Tunja-Boyacá, Colombia. L-ISSN: 0121-1129, e-ISSN: 2357-5328, DOI: https://doi.org/10.19053/01211129.v29.n54.2020.11528 David-Roberto Olaya-Escobar; Leonardo-Augusto Quintana-Jiménez; Edgar-Emir González-Jiménez; Erika- Sofia Olaya-Escobar sistemática que cumpla con las fases de laboratorio y planta piloto, aspectos esenciales para llevar estas tecnologías a escala industrial. Palabras clave: asfaltenos; cavitación acústica; crudo pesado; mejoramiento de crudo; petróleo; sonoquímica; ultrasonido. Ultrassom aplicado na redução de viscosidade do bruto pesado Resumo A redução da viscosidade do bruto pesado mediante técnicas de melhoramento é crucial para manter a demanda de petróleo, que cresce a uma taxa anual de 1.8 %. O fenômeno da cavitação acústica ocorre quando o ultrassom é aplicado no tratamento de brutos pesados. Esta é uma tecnologia emergente que se está desenvolvendo para melhorar as propriedades físicas e químicas de brutos altamente viscosos, o qual facilita o manejo, aumenta a proporção de facções leves e melhora seu preço no mercado. Tendo em conta que ainda não opera em escala industrial, justifica-se uma revisão de literatura dos avanços da tecnologia de cavitação acústica com ultrassom para melhoramento de bruto pesado, com o fim de contribuir com o desenvolvimento de sua aplicação industrial mediante a identificação de novos enfoques e lineamentos de pesquisa em engenharia e ciências. O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar o avanço da tecnologia e descrever os experimentos realizados por diversos autores. Para isso, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica dos documentos que têm sido publicados desde 1970 até 2020, tais documentos recopilaram-se mediante uma busca sistemática em bases de dados acadêmicas. Como resultado desta revisão, encontraram-se alguns vazios conceituais e carências em fundamentação fenomenológica, que explicam as dificuldades atuais para implementar testes experimentais e desenhar o processo em escalas maiores. Estas carências limitam a qualidade e repetitividade nos resultados. Também se identificou a necessidade de concentrar os esforços em experimentação sistemática que cumpra com as fases de laboratório e planta piloto, aspectos essenciais para levar estas tecnologias à escala industrial. Palavras chave: asfaltenos; cavitação acústica; bruto pesado; melhoramento de bruto; petróleo; sonoquímica; ultrassom. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería (Rev. Fac. Ing.) Vol. 29 (54), e11528. 2020. Tunja-Boyacá, Colombia. L-ISSN: 0121-1129, e-ISSN: 2357-5328, DOI: https://doi.org/10.19053/01211129.v29.n54.2020.11528 Ultrasound Applied in the Reduction of Viscosity of Heavy Crude Oil I. INTRODUCTION Crude oil continues to be the main energy resource to respond to the growing global demand for energy, fuels and raw materials for industry. Figure 1 shows an annual oil demand growth between 1% and 1.8%, approximately [1]. On the other hand, renewable energy and its related research is still incipient [2]. In addition, the oil and petrochemical industry plays a key role in the economy and in the manufacture of various products [3]. There are several types of oil, which differ by their density measured in API grades (American Petroleum Institute) [4]. By means of API grades, crude oil can be classified as light (31.3-39°), medium (22.3-31.1°), heavy (10-22.3°) and extra-heavy (< 10°) [5]. Fig. 1. Increase in the world's demand for oil. Heavy oil is an abundant resource, corresponding to 70% the world's reserves [6]. However, it is difficult to extract, transport and refine, because its characteristics affect processing efficiency, increase operating costs, and generate greater environmental impact [6]. There are several difficulties for the processing of heavy crude oil, including: low API grade (< 20°), high viscosity (103 to 106 cP), and high concentrations of asphaltenes (10%p) and sulfur (1.3%p) [7]. Its physical and chemical characteristics are related to a higher concentration of asphaltenes and resins with respect to light crudes [8]. In spite of the difficulties it presents, this type of crude is necessary to satisfy the growing world demand for oil. In order to process this type of crude, it is necessary to reduce its
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 24 August 2021 Aperto
    AperTO - Archivio Istituzionale Open Access dell'Università di Torino Ultrasonically improved semi-hydrogenation of alkynes to (Z-)alkenes over novel lead-free Pd/Boehmite catalysts This is the author's manuscript Original Citation: Availability: This version is available http://hdl.handle.net/2318/1660710 since 2018-02-26T14:04:54Z Published version: DOI:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.05.019 Terms of use: Open Access Anyone can freely access the full text of works made available as "Open Access". Works made available under a Creative Commons license can be used according to the terms and conditions of said license. Use of all other works requires consent of the right holder (author or publisher) if not exempted from copyright protection by the applicable law. (Article begins on next page) 29 September 2021 This is an author version of the contribution published on: Questa è la versione dell’autore dell’opera: [Ultrasonically improved semi-hydrogenation of alkynes to (Z-)alkenes over novel lead-free Pd/Boehmite catalysts DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.05.019] ovvero [Zhilin Wu, Giancarlo Cravotto, Emanuela Calcio Gaudino, Agnese Giacomino, Jonathan Medlock, Werner Bonrath., Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 35 (2017) 664–672] The definitive version is available at: La versione definitiva è disponibile alla URL: [www.journals.elsevier.com] 1 Ultrasonically improved semi-hydrogenation of alkynes to (Z-)alkenes over novel lead-free Pd/Boehmite catalysts Zhilin Wua, Giancarlo Cravottoa*, Emanuela Calcio Gaudinoa, Agnese Giacominoa, Jonathan Medlockb, Werner Bonrathb. a Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnología del Farmaco, Universty of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, I-10125 Turin, Italy. b DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Research and Development, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Sonochemistry and Its Environmental Applications
    acoustics Review A Review on Sonochemistry and Its Environmental Applications Ba¸sakSavun-Hekimo˘glu Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Istanbul University, 34134 Istanbul,˙ Turkey; [email protected] Received: 10 September 2020; Accepted: 23 October 2020; Published: 25 October 2020 Abstract: Sonochemistry is a significant contributor to green science as it includes: (i) the use of less toxic compounds and environmentally safe solvents, (ii) improvement of reaction conditions and selectivity, (iii) no toxic sludge generation, (iv) reduction in the energy use for chemical transformations, (v) reusability of materials. In water and wastewater treatment, ultrasound is used as an advanced oxidation process to eliminate refractory pollutants. Ultrasound is also used as a very effective sludge pretreatment technology in wastewater treatment plants to facilitate biogas production. Moreover, sonochemical synthesis of nanoparticles has recently attracted great attention as a greener protocol. This paper presents the main applications of ultrasound in environmental remediation and protection. The study also introduces mechanism for the degradation of pollutants from water via sonication in aqueous media and the principle factors affecting the cavitational effect. Keywords: ultrasound; sonocatalysis; water treatment; sludge pretreatment; nanomaterials 1. Introduction to Sonochemistry Sonochemistry is a field that studies the enhancement of chemical reaction and mass transfer rates under various ultrasonic conditions. Ultrasound is characterized as any sound wave at frequencies above normal human ear hearing range (i.e., above 16 kHz). The mechanism causing sonochemical effects in liquids is the phenomenon of acoustic cavitation. When ultrasound waves propagate in a liquid medium, they generate a repeating pattern of compressions and rarefactions to supply energy to the liquid phase.
    [Show full text]
  • 1.41 Sonochemistry
    1.41 Sonochemistry K. S. SUSLICK University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA 1.41.1 INTRODUCTION 731 1.41.1.1 Acoustic Cavitation 732 1.41.1.2 Microjet Formation During Cavitation at Liquid–Solid Interfaces 733 1.41.2 SONOLUMINESCENCE 734 1.41.2.1 Types of Sonoluminescence 734 1.41.2.2 Spectroscopic Probes of Cavitation Conditions 734 1.41.3 SONOCHEMISTRY 735 1.41.3.1 Homogeneous Sonochemistry: Bond Breaking and Radical Formation 735 1.41.3.2 Applications of Sonochemistry to Materials Synthesis 736 1.41.3.3 Heterogeneous Sonochemistry: Reactions of Solids with Liquids 737 1.41.4 CONCLUSIONS 738 1.41.5 REFERENCES 739 1.41.1 INTRODUCTION Ultrasonic irradiation of liquids causes high-energy chemical reactions to occur, often with the emission of light.1–3 The origin of sonochemistry and sonoluminescence is acoustic cavitation: the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in liquids irradiated with high-intensity sound. The collapse of bubbles caused by cavitation produces intense local heating and high pressures, with very short lifetimes. In clouds of cavitating bubbles, these hot-spots4–6 have equiva- lent temperatures of roughly 5,000 K, pressures of about 1,000 atm, and heating and cooling rates above 1010 KsÀ1. In single bubble cavitation, conditions may be even more extreme. Thus, cavita- tion can create extraordinary physical and chemical conditions in otherwise cold liquids. When liquids that contain solids are irradiated with ultrasound, related phenomena can occur. When cavitation occurs near an extended solid surface, cavity collapse is non-spherical and drives high-speed jets of liquid into the surface.7 These jets and associated shock waves can cause substantial surface damage and expose fresh, highly heated surfaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Organic Chemistry/ Organic Synthesis – CH 621 Ultrasound
    Advanced Organic Chemistry/ Organic Synthesis – CH 621 Ultrasound Assisted Organic Synthesis (Sonochemistry) Bela Torok Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston Boston, MA 1 Ultrasonics/Sonochemistry - Historical Overwiev Ultrasonics - Ultrasounds (20-10 000 kHz) - 1880 Piezoelectricity (Curie brothers) - 1893 Galton - 1912 TITANIC - 1912 Behm (Echo technique) - 1917 Langevin (Ultrasonic variation, Icebergs, Submarines) - 1945 Application in chemistry 2 Ultrasonics/Sonochemistry –Basics Frequency ranges of sound 3 Ultrasonics/Sonochemistry – Basics Sound transmission through a medium 4 Ultrasonics/Sonochemistry – Acoustic Cavitation Bubble size and cavitation dynamics Formation of an acoustic bubble Transient cavitation 5 Ultrasonics/Sonochemistry – Acoustic Cavitation Acoustic cavitation in a homogeneous liquid Suslick - ~ 4-5000 K 6 Ultrasonics/Sonochemistry – Acoustic Cavitation Acoustic cavitation in solid/liquid system 7 Ultrasonics/Sonochemistry – Acoustic Cavitation Acoustic cavitation in solid/liquid system 8 Ultrasonics/Sonochemistry – Acoustic Cavitation Acoustic cavitation in liquid/liquid system 9 Ultrasonics/Sonochemistry – Sonochemical Effect Specific ultrasonic effect ? Yes and No No - another internal heating approach Yes - The temperature dependence of EA of different reactions could be significantly different – change in selectivities - Very effective mixing - Cavitation - Surface cleaning 10 Ultrasonics/Sonochemistry – Experimental Parameters 1. Acoustic frequency Increasing frequency – increasing energy
    [Show full text]
  • New Trends in C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions: the Use of Unconventional Conditions
    molecules Review New Trends in C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions: The Use of Unconventional Conditions Marta A. Andrade and Luísa M. D. R. S. Martins * Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +35-121-841-9389 Academic Editor: Giuseppe Cirillo Received: 30 October 2020; Accepted: 20 November 2020; Published: 24 November 2020 Abstract: The ever-growing interest in the cross-coupling reaction and its applications has increased exponentially in the last decade, owing to its efficiency and effectiveness. Transition metal-mediated cross-couplings reactions, such as Suzuki–Miyaura, Sonogashira, Heck, and others, are powerful tools for carbon–carbon bond formations and have become truly fundamental routes in catalysis, among other fields. Various greener strategies have emerged in recent years, given the widespread popularity of these important reactions. The present review comprises literature from 2015 onward covering the implementation of unconventional methodologies in carbon–carbon (C–C) cross-coupling reactions that embodies a variety of strategies, from the use of alternative energy sources to solvent- free and green media protocols. Keywords: cross-coupling reactions; microwave irradiation; ultrasounds; mechanochemistry; solvent-free; water; ionic liquids; deep eutectic solvents; sustainability 1. Introduction Cross-coupling reactions have attracted and inspired researchers in the academia and industry for decades, given its significance as a synthetic tool in modern organic synthesis. The continuous interest in cross-coupling reactions, with more than 40 years of history, has been mostly driven by its valuable contributions and applications in the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Effects of High Intensity Ultrasound on Disaggregation of a Macromolecular 1 Procyanidin-Rich Fraction from Vitis Vinifera L
    1 Effects of high intensity ultrasound on disaggregation of a macromolecular 2 procyanidin-rich fraction from Vitis vinifera L. seed extract and evaluation of its 3 antioxidant activity 4 5 Ana Muñoz-Labrador, Marin Prodanov and Mar Villamiel* 6 *Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM).C/Nicolás 7 Cabrera 9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, España. 8 9 10 11 *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: 12 Tel: +34 910017951 13 E-mail: [email protected] 14 1 15 Abstract 16 The impact of high intensity ultrasound (US, 45 and 20 kHz) on a purified macromolecular 17 fraction (more than 85% of polymeric procyanidins) from grape seed extract was 18 investigated. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation (MALDI TOF), Reverse Phase 19 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) and Fourier-transform infrared 20 spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed a modification in the chemical structure of these 21 macromolecules treated by US and, particularly, bath US produced a considerable increase 22 of up to 49, 41 and 35%, respectively, of catechins and oligomeric and polymeric 23 procyanidin contents of the treated purified fraction. Bath US also produced, an important 24 increase in the number of procyanidins with higher molecular mass (up to decamers) and an 25 overall increase in the mass signal intensities in most of the detected B-type procyanidin 26 series, as well as an important increase of the antioxidant activity of the macromolecular 27 fraction of procyanidins. These results could be ascribed to a certain disaggregation of 28 procyanidins linked to other biopolymers, such as proteins and/or polysaccharides, 29 indicating that US is an efficient technology to modify the chemical structure and hence the 30 bioactivity of tannins.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Sonochemistry: a Review
    Journal of Automatic Chemistry, Vol. 10, No. 2 (April-June 1988), pp. 88-94 Analytical sonochemistry: a review P. Linares, F. Lizaro, M. D. Luque de Castro and Sample pretreatment M. Valcircel Department ofAnalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cdrdoba, The most versatile step of the analytical process, sample Cdrdoba, Spain preparation, has been aided by the use of ultrasound in a variety of forms. Different ways to favour reaction Analytical chemistry is one of the chemical areas where ultrasonic development have been used and compared by a number radiation has been only infrequently used (namely in sample of researcher groups. Agricultural and environmental pretreatment, separations, automatic analytical systems and chemistry have so far been the areas of applied analysis clinical analysis). This auxiliary technique would constitute a benefiting to the greatest extent from the use of ultra- powerful aid in the automation of several steps in analytical sound. processes: its advantages and disadvantages, as well as its use and potential in the area of non-invasive detectors, are reviewed in this paper. Methods for extraction of different analytes from a soil or plant sample are still far from satisfactory and methods based on substantially different principles continue to be The of ultrasonic waves, characterized by a propagation with the aim of and avoiding minimum of 16 results in fluid proposed improving yields frequency kHz, rapid contamination and alteration of the material. Unfortu- movement through compression and rarefaction, the nately, it seems to fulfil both objectives waves rise to the cavitation impossible generated giving pheno- Another arises from the rather menon, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Sonochemical-Assisted Magnesium Borate Synthesis from Different Boron Sources
    Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, 19, 1, 81—88,Pol. J. 10.1515/pjct-2017-0012 Chem. Tech., Vol. 19, No. 1, 2017 81 Sonochemical-assisted magnesium borate synthesis from different boron sources Meral Yildirim, Azmi Seyhun Kipcak*, Emek Moroydor Derun Yildiz Technical University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey *Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] In this study, sonochemical-assisted magnesium borate synthesis is studied from different boron sources. Various reaction parameters are successfully applied by a simple and green method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopies are used to characterize the synthesized magnesium borates on the other hand surface morphologies are investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD . analyses showed that the products were admontite [MgO(B2O3)3 7(H2O)] with JCPDS (Joint Committee on . Powder Diffraction Standards) no. of 01-076-0540 and mcallisterite [Mg2(B6O7(OH)6)2 9(H2O)] with JCPDS no. of 01-070-1902. The results that found in the spectroscopic studies were in a good agreement with characteristic magnesium borate bands in both regions of infra-red and visible. According to SEM results, obtained borates were in micro and sub-micro scales. By the use of ultrasonication, reaction yields were found between 84.2 and 97.9%. As a result, it is concluded that the sonochemical approach is a practicable synthesis method to get high effi ciency and high crystallinity in the synthesis magnesium borate compounds. Keywords: magnesium borate, sonochemistry, spectroscopic analysis, ultrasonifi cation, XRD.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Sonochemistry: a Review
    Journal of Automatic Chemistry, Vol. 10, No. 2 (April-June 1988), pp. 88-94 Analytical sonochemistry: a review P. Linares, F. Lizaro, M. D. Luque de Castro and Sample pretreatment M. Valcircel Department ofAnalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cdrdoba, The most versatile step of the analytical process, sample Cdrdoba, Spain preparation, has been aided by the use of ultrasound in a variety of forms. Different ways to favour reaction Analytical chemistry is one of the chemical areas where ultrasonic development have been used and compared by a number radiation has been only infrequently used (namely in sample of researcher groups. Agricultural and environmental pretreatment, separations, automatic analytical systems and chemistry have so far been the areas of applied analysis clinical analysis). This auxiliary technique would constitute a benefiting to the greatest extent from the use of ultra- powerful aid in the automation of several steps in analytical sound. processes: its advantages and disadvantages, as well as its use and potential in the area of non-invasive detectors, are reviewed in this paper. Methods for extraction of different analytes from a soil or plant sample are still far from satisfactory and methods based on substantially different principles continue to be The of ultrasonic waves, characterized by a propagation with the aim of and avoiding minimum of 16 results in fluid proposed improving yields frequency kHz, rapid contamination and alteration of the material. Unfortu- movement through compression and rarefaction, the nately, it seems to fulfil both objectives waves rise to the cavitation impossible generated giving pheno- Another arises from the rather menon, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Near Infrared Emission Spectroscopy Induced by Ultrasonic Irradiation
    Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 13 (2006) 438–442 www.elsevier.com/locate/ultsonch Near infrared emission spectroscopy induced by ultrasonic irradiation Sivanildo Silva Borges a,*, Mauro Korn b, Fabiano Barbieri Gonzaga c, Celio Pasquini c a Instituto de Quı´mica, Universidade Federal da Bahia—UFBA, Campus Universita´rio de Ondina, 40170-290 Salvador-BA, Brazil b Departamento de Cieˆncias Exatas e da Terra, Universidade do Estado da Bahia—UNEB, R. Silveira Martins, 2555, 41195-001 Salvador-BA, Brazil c Instituto de Quı´mica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas—UNICAMP, C.P. 6154, 13084-971 Campinas-SP, Brazil Received 2 April 2005; accepted 20 September 2005 Available online 22 November 2005 Abstract Near infrared emission caused by ultrasonic excitation is demonstrated for the first time in this work. The instrument is constituted of an acousto-optical tunable filter-based spectrometer, an ultrasonic processor connected to a titanium alloy ultrasonic probe and a cylin- drical borosilicate flask containing the sample to be excited. The radiation emitted by the sample is collected by a concave mirror and sent to the spectrometer. The effects of the position of the probe extremity in relation to a lateral entrance of the borosilicate flask and of the ultrasonic power on the emission signal were studied. The best results were obtained by positioning the probe extremity up to 2 mm from the reflexive body (lateral entrance) using 30% of the full ultrasonic incident power and acquiring spectra after 5 min of sonication. The NIR emission spectra resulting from the ultrasonic excitation were in agreement with that obtained by thermal excitation. The proposed technique was utilized to study different poly(dimethylsiloxane) samples having different viscosities.
    [Show full text]
  • Applications of Ultrasound to Materials Chemistry
    P1: PSA/SKH/SPD P2: PSA/APR/MBG QC: APR June 8, 1999 13:44 Annual Reviews AR086-10 Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 1999. 29:295–326 Copyright c 1999 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASOUND TO MATERIALS CHEMISTRY Kenneth S. Suslick Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; e-mail: [email protected] Gareth J. Price Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; e-mail: [email protected] KEY WORDS: sonochemistry, cavitation, polymer chemistry, nanostructure, heterogeneous catalysis, biomaterials ABSTRACT The chemical effects of ultrasound derive primarily from acoustic cavitation. Bubble collapse in liquids results in an enormous concentration of energy from the conversion of the kinetic energy of the liquid motion into heating of the con- tents of the bubble. The high local temperatures and pressures, combined with extraordinarily rapid cooling, provide a unique means for driving chemical re- actions under extreme conditions. A diverse set of applications of ultrasound to enhance chemical reactivity has been explored with important uses in synthetic materials chemistry. For example, the sonochemical decomposition of volatile organometallic precursors in low-volatility solvents produces nanostructured ma- terials in various forms with high catalytic activities. Nanostructured metals, alloys, oxides, carbides and sulfides, nanometer colloids, and nanostructured supported catalysts can all be prepared by this general route. Another important application of sonochemistry in materials chemistry has been the preparation of biomaterials, most notably protein microspheres. Such microspheres have a wide range of biomedical applications, including their use in echo contrast agents for sonography, magnetic resonance imaging, contrast enhancement, and oxygen or drug delivery.
    [Show full text]
  • A Selection of Some of Our Scientific Publications
    EUROFINS SCIENTIFIC GROUP December 2020 EUROFINS | Testing for Life | 0 AGROSCIENCE SERVICES ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 BIOPHARMA DISCOVERY, BIOANALYSES, PHASE I AND CENTRAL LABORATORY ............... 8 BIOPHARMA PRODUCTS TESTING ................................................................................................................................. 21 CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS .......................................................................................................................................................... 25 COSMETICS TESTING .................................................................................................................................................................. 38 ENVIRONMENT TESTING ......................................................................................................................................................... 40 FOOD AND FEED TESTING ...................................................................................................................................................... 53 FORENSIC SERVICES ................................................................................................................................................................... 80 GENOMICS .........................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]