DOCSLIB.ORG

Toward a New History of American Accident Law: Classical Tort Law and the Cooperative First-Partyinsurance Movement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Toward a New History of American Accident Law: Classical Tort Law and the Cooperative First-Partyinsurance Movement TOWARD A NEW HISTORY OF AMERICAN ACCIDENT LAW: CLASSICAL TORT LAW AND THE COOPERATIVE FIRST-PARTYINSURANCE MOVEMENT John Fabian Witt TABLE OF CONTENTS I. RETHINKING THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN ACCIDENT LAW....................................... 699 A. Accident Law's Late Nineteenth-Century Origins........................................................... 699 B. Explaining the Development of American Accident Compensation Law..................... 704 C. Contingency and the Comparative Perspective ...............................................................707 D. The Comparative Perspective in Late Nineteenth-Century America ............ ...............710 II. AMPUTEE WORKINGMEN, DESTITUTE WIDOWS, AND THE CRISIS OF FREE LABOR................................................................ 713 A. The Late Nineteenth-Century Accident Crisis ................................................................713 B. Amputee Workingmen,Destitute Widows, and the Crisis of Free Labor .................... 72 2 i. The Multiple Ideals of Free Labor................................................................ 722 (a) The Liberal Ideal of Autonomy ................................................................ 723 (b) The Labor Ideal of Independence................................................................ 724 2. The Dilemmas of Free Labor................................................................ 725 3. Industrial Accidents and the Dilemmas of Free Labor............................................. 726 (a) Accidents and the Liberal Ideal of Autonomy...................................................... 729 (b) Accidents and the Iniquities of Competitive Wage Labor Capitalism.............. 729 (c) Accidents and the Crisis of the Family Wage.......................................................730 C. Alternative Legal Approaches and the Accident Crisis . ................................732 III. THE DILEMMAS OF CLASSICAL TORT LAw . ............................................................... 733 A. Classical Legal Thought and the Law of Torts. ...............................................................735 B. Elaborating Classical Tort Law ................................................................ 738 i. Damnum Absque Injuria: Defining the Bounds of Rights and Duties ................... 738 2. Contributory Negligence ................................................................ 743 3. Assumption of Risk ................................................................ 744 C. Pressure from Below: The World of Accident Litigation and the Rise of Faultless Injuries................................................................ 745 i. From Loss of Services to Loss of Wages: The Transformation of the Personal Injury Suit ................................................................ 746 2. Obstacles to Personal Injury Litigation (I): Persistent Patterns of Deference and Authority................................................................ 748 3. Obstacles to Personal Injury Litigation (II): The Law of Evidence ........................ 753 4. The Rise of Personal Injury Litigation and the Personal Injury Lawyer .............. 758 5. The Rise of Faultless Injuries and the Compensation Crisis................................... 766 D. The Dilemmas of Classical Legal Torts .............................................. 770 i. The Recessive Strains of Strict Liability................................................................. 770 690 200I] TOWARDA NEW HISTORYOF AMERICANACCIDENT LAW 69I 2. The Limits of Consent ..................................................................... 774 IV. THE FIRST FIRST-PARTYINSURANCE SYSTEM ............................ 7 7 7 A. Cooperative First-Party Insurance and Insurance Markets . 779 B. Insurance Associations and the Cooperative Strand of Free Labor Ideology ... 781 C. The Varieties of First-Party Insurance ............................................. 784 i. Commercial Life Insurance.................................................................... 785 2. Commercial Accident Insurance.................................................................... 787 3. Industrial Insurance .................................................................... 790 4. Trade Union Insurance Plans .................................................................... 791 V. COOPERATIVESELF-INSURANCE AND THE COOPERATIVECRITIQUE OF INDUSTRIALACCIDENTS.....................................................................................................797 A. Cooperative Associations as Accident Insurance Mechanism. ......................................797 i. The Incidence of Cooperative Insurance ....................................................................797 2. Cooperative Life and Disability Benefits ....................................................................799 3. The Structure of Cooperative Disability and Life Insurance: Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection .................................................................... 8oo 4. Ethnic, Racial, and Religious Segregation in Cooperative Insurance . .................804 B. Industrial Accidents, Cooperative Associations, and the Crisis of Free- Labor Citizenship..................................................................... 8o6 C. The Ambiguities of Cooperative Insurance . ................................................................... 8o8 i. The Thin Theory of Cooperation: Cooperative Insurance and the Responsible Self .................................................................... 8o8 2. The Thick Theory of Cooperation: Cooperative Insurance and the Cooperative Commonwealth of the Workingman.. ...................................................812 (a) The Cooperative Critique of the Wage System................................................... 812 (b) Cooperative Insurance and the Critique of the Accident Crisis....................... 8Is 3. The Ambivalences of Cooperative Insurance. ............................................................819 D. The Unraveling of Cooperative Fraternal Insurance. .....................................................82 1 i. The Shortcomings of Cooperative Insurance Societies: High-Risk Exclusions ... 82 1 2. Low-Risk Flight, Lapses, and Ponzi Schemes............................................................822 E. The Failure of English-Style Collectivization. ................................................................826 i. The Quest for 'One National Organization' . ......................................826 2. The Failure of Collectivization .................................................................... 828 (a) The Ideological Ambiguities of Cooperation ........................................................ 828 (b) The Law of the Cooperative Insurance Contract................................................ 829 (c) The New Immigrants.................................................................... 831 (d) The Transformation of Work, the Deterrence Problem, and the Decline of the First First-Party System ................................................................833 VI. CONCLUSION: A PATH NOT TAKEN . .............................................................................. 836 TOWARD A NEW HISTORY OF AMERICAN ACCIDENT LAW: CLASSICAL TORT LAW AND THE COOPERATIVE FIRST-PARTYINSURANCE MOVEMENT John Fabian Witt* There are two strange discontinuities in accounts of the history of American accident law. First, the historical literature's narrow fo- cus on the common law of tort contrasts sharply with the eclectic ap- proach of contemporary accident law scholars. Contemporary acci- dent law debates offer a wide array of policy alternatives to tort litiga- tion. To name only some of the most prominent, scholars have proposed increased reliance on first-party insurance,' various no-fault insurance schemes,2 markets in unmatured tort claims,3 and expanded state compensation plans for accidents beyond the sphere of work ac- cidents.4 Similarly, recent descriptions of our contemporary accident law system characterize it as made up of a number of different kinds of institutions, ranging from tort law to private and public insurance * Law Clerk to Judge Pierre N. Leval, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit; Ph.D., J.D., Yale University. Many thanks to Miriam Aukerman, Ariela Dubler, Barry Friedman, Law- rence Friedman, Glenda Gilmore, Risa Goluboff, Bob Gordon, Henry Hansmann, Bill LaPiana, TIoy McKensie, Bill Nelson, Annie Murphy Paul, John Reid, Peter Schuck, Reva Siegel, Howard Venable, and the members of the N.Y.U. Legal History Colloquium for helpful comments and in- sights on various versions of this Article. Bob Gordon and Reva Siegel's legal history seminar and the Yale Law School Center for Law, Economics, and Public Policy summer brown bag lunch group helpfully entertained early drafts of this Article. The Samuel I. Golieb Research Fellowship in Legal History at N.Y.U. provided invaluable institutional support. 1 See, e.g., George L. Priest, The Current Insurance Crisis and Modern TortLaw, 96 YALEL.J. 1521, 1550-63 (I987) [hereinafter Priest, Current Insurance Crisis] (arguing that the source of the "liability crisis" of the late i98os was the shift from first-party insurance to third-party insurance); George L. Priest, Understanding the Liability Crisis, in NEW DIRECTIONSIN LIABILITYLAW I96, 207-09 (Walter Olson ed., I988) (same); see also Patrick Atiyah, Personal Injuries in the Twenty- First Century: Thinking the Unthinkable, in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Periodicity in US FDA Medical Devices Applications Author
    Periodicity in US FDA Registered Medical Devices Author: Daizadeh, I. Title: Seasonal and Secular Periodicities Identified in the Dynamics of US FDA Medical Devices (1976‐ 2020): Portends Intrinsic Industrial Transformation and Independence of Certain Crises Author: Iraj Daizadeh, PhD, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 40 Landsdowne St. Cambridge, MA, 02139, [email protected] Abstract: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates medical devices (MD), which are predicated on a concoction of economic and policy forces (e.g., supply/demand, crises, patents), under primarily two administrative circuits: Premarketing Notifications (PMN) and Approvals (PMAs). This work considers the dynamics of FDA PMNs and PMAs applications as an proxy metric for the evolution of the MD industry, and specifically seeks to test the existence (and, if so, identify the length scale(s)) of economic/business cycles. Beyond summary statistics, the monthly (May, 1976 to December, 2020) number of observed FDA MD Applications are investigated via an assortment of time series techniques (including: Discrete Wavelet Transform, Running Moving Average Filter, Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode with Adaptive Noise decomposition, and Seasonal Trend Loess decomposition) to exhaustively seek and find such periodicities. This work finds that from 1976 to 2020, the dynamics of MD applications are (1) non‐ normal, non‐stationary (fractional order of integration < 1), non‐linear, and strongly persistent (Hurst > 0.5); (2) regular (non‐variance), with latent periodicities following seasonal, 1‐year (short‐term), 5‐6 year (Juglar; mid‐term), and a single 24‐year (Kuznets; medium‐term) period (when considering the total number of MD applications); (3) evolving independently of any specific exogeneous factor (such as the COVID‐19 crisis); (4) comprised of two inversely opposing processes (PMNs and PMAs) suggesting an intrinsic structural industrial transformation occurring within the MD industry; and, (6) predicted to continue its decline (as a totality) into the mid‐2020s until recovery.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title A Family Affair: The Marriage of Elizabeth Cady and Henry Brewster Stanton and the Development of Reform Politics Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/22k374td Author Frank, Linda Christine Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles A Family Affair: The Marriage of Elizabeth Cady and Henry Brewster Stanton and the Development of Reform Politics A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Linda Christine Frank 2012 © Copyright by Linda Christine Frank 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION A Family Affair: The Marriage of Elizabeth Cady and Henry Brewster Stanton and the Development of Reform Politics by Linda Christine Frank Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Ellen C. DuBois, Chair Although devoted to insuring universal freedom and human rights for more than 60 years, Henry B. Stanton’s historical legacy and his many contributions to antebellum reform have been obscured and even vilified in the shadows of his famous wife, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and his oftentimes tactical opponent within abolition circles, William Lloyd Garrison. Frequently portrayed as the antagonist in his wife’s struggle for women’s rights, as a husband and a father Henry Stanton has become synonymous in the historical discourse with the very oppression his wife devoted her life to ending. Because of this, Elizabeth’s reformism is frequently depicted as having emerged from an imagined unhappy domestic life, rather than from an awareness of social and political inequalities.
    [Show full text]
  • Models, Fact and Fiction in Economics
    Journal of the British Academy, 2, 231–268. DOI 10.5871/jba/002.231 Posted 18 December 2014. © The British Academy 2014 What if? Models, fact and fiction in economics Keynes Lecture in Economics read 16 October 2013 MARY S. MORGAN Fellow of the Academy Abstract: Economists build models to understand the economy, but to outsiders these often seem to be imagined or fictional worlds, accounts that seem closer to those of science fiction than to matters of science. Such a judgement underrates the importance of fictional elements and the imagination in the way economists make and use their models. Paying attention to the ‘what-if’ questions that economists ask when they use their models reveals how they create the keys that enable them to translate between their imaginary model worlds and the real economic world we all live in. Keywords: economists, economic models, fictional worlds, ‘what-if’ questions. I FICTION IN SCIENCE Economists use models as a way to understand the world. But their ways of working with models often appear quite strange, and even worthy of suspicion to commentators, because those worlds that economists picture in their models seem to be imaginary worlds, not the one we live in. This fictional quality of economists’ models makes them interesting for an historian and philosopher of economics. Are economists’ models fictions (in which case how do they become so)? Or is it that economic models function as fictions? If they are fictions, are they a form of science fiction, or are economists creating fictions in the service
    [Show full text]
  • SEWALL WRIGHT December 21, 1889-March 3, 1988
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES S E W A L L W R I G H T 1889—1988 A Biographical Memoir by J A M E S F . CRO W Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1994 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. SEWALL WRIGHT December 21, 1889-March 3, 1988 BY JAMES F. CROW HE MATHEMATICAL THEORY of evolution and the science of Tpopulation genetics began with, and for a generation was almost totally dominated by, three men: R. A. Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright. Wright's unique contri- bution was his "shifting balance theory," which holds that the best opportunity for evolutionary progress is afforded by a large population comprising many partially isolated local groups. Within each group a certain amount of trial and error experimentation can take place, and successful combinations can spread throughout the population. Al- though the theory remains controversial, it has been very popular and influential in the biological community. Wright also developed much of the theory of inbreeding (his coefficient of inbreeding is standard material in el- ementary textbooks) and the genetics of quantitative traits. In addition, he was a pioneer in physiological genetics and was uniquely responsible for the developmental and coat- color genetics of guinea pigs. Wright's method of path analysis, originally used mainly by animal breeders, has be- come a standard statistical technique in the social sciences. Wright was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1934.
    [Show full text]
  • A Complete Bibliography of the Journal of the American Statistical Association: 1920–1929
    A Complete Bibliography of The Journal of the American Statistical Association: 1920{1929 Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 19 May 2021 Version 1.03 Title word cross-reference 1921 [Ano22j]. 1923 [Ano23i, Del23]. 1924 [Ano25d]. 1925 [Ano25f, Ano25e, Ano25g]. 1926 [Ano26e, Ano26d, Ano26f, Ano27g]. 1927 [Ano27i, Ano27h, Ano27j, Ano28f]. 1928 [Ano28h, Ano28g, Ano28i, Ano29c]. 1929 [Ano29e, Ano29d, Ano29f, Ano30c]. 20th [Ano25q]. 25th [Ano25q]. Abridged [Gro23]. Abstracts [Ano24r, Cha28b]. Accidents [For28a]. Accounting [Han30]. Accounts [Cop28]. Accuracy [Dow29]. Acreage [Bey29, Nor28, Smi25b]. Activities [Ano22l, Hof24, Mit28]. Activity [Sny24b]. Adapted [Wri26b]. Added [Ano26e, Ano26d, Ano26f, Ano27g, Ano27i, Ano27h, Ano27j, Ano28f, Ano28h, Ano28g, Ano28i, Ano29c, Ano29e, Ano29d, Ano29f, MP27]. Addition [Ano27a]. Address [Del23]. Adjustment [Hur23b]. Adjustments [JT27]. 1 2 Adopted [Ano22a, Ano25q]. Adult [Bak23]. Advantages [Smi26]. Adventure [Ros23]. Advisory [Ano22a, Ano25p, RDG+22]. Affected [Sha22]. Affecting [Bur27, Hol23c]. After [Nad30, War30]. Age [Lev28, TW26]. Ages [Har23c]. Aggregative [Ash28]. Agricultural [B.28b, Gen30]. Agriculture [Aus30, Bea30b, H.24d, Ste22c, Tru22]. Aid [Pol22, She25]. Aids [Ach29]. Alcohol [Wil26b]. Alexander [Van26]. All-Inclusive [Alt22]. Allocation [Cru26, Lor26b]. Almshouse [Cla25c]. Amentia [Har23c]. Aments [Har23c]. America [Ano23b]. American [Ano22a, Ano22j, Ano23b, Ano23i, Ano25b, Ano26l, Ano27t, Ano30c, Cha24, Kin25c, KC23, Ano24b, Ano24a, Ano24i, Ano24n, Ano26a, Ano26g, Ano26n, Ano28a, Ano28j, Ano28p, Fry27, Glo26b, K.24, Kin27b, Lot27, Van24, Wol30]. Among [B.28a].
    [Show full text]
  • A New Equilibrium Strategy of Supply and Demand for the Supply Chain of Pig Cycle
    Hindawi Mathematical Problems in Engineering Volume 2020, Article ID 2093593, 13 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2093593 Research Article A New Equilibrium Strategy of Supply and Demand for the Supply Chain of Pig Cycle Changxiang Lu , Jiaqi Fang , and Shaochuan Fu School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing100000, China Correspondence should be addressed to Shaochuan Fu; [email protected] Received 14 May 2020; Revised 2 August 2020; Accepted 5 August 2020; Published 2 September 2020 Guest Editor: Shib Sankar Sana Copyright © 2020 Changxiang Lu et al. *is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. *e pig market had experienced a cycle of price rise and fall, also known as the “pig cycle.” *is paper analyzes the fluctuation relationship between pig price, pig supply, and pork demand, constructs a system dynamics model of the pig industry by decomposing the structure of the pig supply chain, and then discusses the causes of “pig cycle,” as well as the supply chain management strategy and industrial policy, to stabilize the pig industry market. Research shows that reducing the cost of pig breeding, countercyclical adjustment, and government macrocontrol can effectively reduce the fluctuation of pig prices. Among them, reducing the pig breeding cost is the most effective long-term strategy to stabilize the pig price. 1. Introduction in the United States from 1940 to 1990 and found that the average period of the “pig cycle” was 4.08 years, and its China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of pork, fluctuation range was 2 to 6 years.
    [Show full text]
  • A Tribute to Carl Sandburg at Seventy-Five
    UNIVERSITY OF lUliMOlS LIBRARY AT UR8ANA-CHAMPAIGN JZLmOIS HISTOBTCAL svnvJST A Tribute to Carl Sandburg at Seventy-five Being a special edition of the Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society issued to commemorate the 75th Birthday of a great American January 6th, 1953 Edited by Harry E, Pratt ABRAHAM LINCOLN BOOK SHOP Chicago: 1953 TABLE OF CONTENTS ,y^ .y^ .^^ A Tribute to Carl Sandburg at Seventv-Five Havyy E. Pratt 295 A Friend and Admirer Adlai E. Stevenso7t 297 The Galesburg Birthplace Adda George 300 Lombard Memories Quincy Wright 307 Mentor and First Publisher Alan Jenkins 311 A Pair of Dreamers" C. E. Van Norman 316 A Folksy. Friendly Fellow Paid Jordan-Sniitb 319 And the Chicago Daily News Harry Hansen 321 Beginning of a Friendship r Frederic Babcock 326 -i A Cold Walk With Carl Robert: E. Shenvood 327 Carl J 4 ;. G. Randall 329 ^ Cattails Thomas I. Starr 334 X Carl Sandburg, Yes : William P. Schenk 336 Thoughts on a Friend Frederick Hill Meserve 337 A Man of Faith in Man Benjamin P. Thomas 339 Poetical Circuit Rider Bruce Weirick 341 The Eloquent Drumstick David V. Felts 354 Friends on the Post-Dispatch Irving Dilliard 355 Sandburg as Historian Allan Nevins 361 A Reporter, Yes Richard J. Finnegan 373 Birthday Snapshots Elmer Gertz 379 He Heard America Sing Carl Haverlin 385 Bright Fellowships Fanny Butcher 388 .^' Forty Years of Friendship ^^ Alfred Harcourt .-':' 395 Farewell to a Troubador Olive Carruthers 400 A Selective Checklist of Sandburg's Writings Ralph G. Newman 402 Book Reviews 407 News and Comment 413 ILLUSTRATIONS ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Carl Sandburg at the Lincoln Memorial Front Cover Carl Sandburg, a Portrait by His Youngest Daughter .
    [Show full text]
  • Tim Kasser's CV
    Tim Kasser’s C.V. 1 Curriculum Vitae of Tim Kasser, Ph.D. [email protected] Updated 7/3/2019 Education 1988–1994 University of Rochester, Rochester, NY Ph.D. in Psychology 1984–1988 Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN B.A. in Psychology with Honors and Summa Cum Laude Positions Held Academic Positions: 1995-2019 Full (previously Associate & Assistant) Professor, Knox College, Galesburg, IL. Taught three to four courses per year, supervised undergraduate research, and conducted research on values, goals, quality of life, sustainability, consumer culture, and other topics. Named Emeritus Professor upon retirement. 2010 (February) Visiting Tutor, Schumacher College, Totnes, UK. Taught the first week of a three-week course on “Economics & Happiness” to Masters students and others. 2006 (Fall) Visiting Lecturer, Institute for Shipboard Education & University of Virginia. Taught three classes on round-the-world voyage with the Semester at Sea program. 1994–1995 Adjunct Assistant Professor, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT. Taught three courses per semester, supervised undergraduate research, and advised students. 1993 Research Assistant, Human Motivation Program, Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY. Formulated and conducted studies of values, goals, and well–being. 1989–1993 Research Assistant, Rochester Longitudinal Study, Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY. Managed data and interviewed late adolescents for longitudinal study of personality, social and cognitive development.
    [Show full text]
  • Philip Wright's CV
    The following c.v. of Philip G. Wright was constructed with the assistance of Sarah Chilton, research librarian, The Brookings Institution. The information is based on a “Statement of Educational and Professional Experience” apparently prepared when Wright applied in 1922 to the Institute of Economics (now, the Brookings Institution), and on a OCLC authorship search. Philip Green Wright Curriculum Vitae Dates of Birth/Death: October 3, 1861 – September 4, 1934 Education: Graduated High School, Medford, MA 1884 A.M.B. Tufts College 1887 A.M. Harvard University (Economics) Professional Experience: Adjunct Professor of Mathematics, Buchtel College (now Municipal University), Akron, OH Professor of Mathematics and Economics, Lombard College, Galesburg, IL Assistant Professor of Economics (substituting), Williams College, Williamstown, MA Teacher of Statistics, School for Social Service, Boston, MA Instructor in Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Teacher of Sociology and Industrial History, Tufts College, Medford, MA Teacher of Sociology and Economic (summer term), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Special Expert, United States Tariff Commission Institute of Economics Publications: Wright, P.G. (1894) Natives and Exotics. Galesburg, IL: Brotherhood Steam Printing. Nash, C.R. and Wright, P.G. (1900) The Cannibal Converts: A Human Roast in Three Cuts. Galesburg, IL: Wagoner Printing Company. Wright, P.G. (1903) A Baker’s Dozen for a Few Score Friends. Galesburg, IL: Asgard Press. Wright, P.G. and Sandburg, C. (1905) The Dial of the Heart. Boston, MA: R.G. Badger. Wright, P.G. and Sandburg, C. (1906) The Dreamer. Galesburg, IL: Asgard Press. Wright, P.G. (1906) “Asgard: Additional Suggestions,” Tomorrow; For People Who Think 2(12): 65-66.
    [Show full text]
  • August 15, 2005
    A Guide to Related Archival Collections Outside of the DCR Archives Pertaining to the Metropolitan Parks System, the Metropolitan Water Works System, and the State Forests and Parks System Compiled by Sean M. Fisher, Archivist DCR Archives, Office of Cultural Resources, Bureau of Planning, Design and Resource Protection, Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation April 8, 2009 (First Release) (June 9, 2015 Update) Introduction Approximately 21 years since the availability of the Internet and the associated World Wide Web to the general public (1994)1, DCR staff, including planners and park rangers and interpreters, DCR’s consultants, and the research public have the opportunity to be informed of and utilize archival records, reports, photographs and plans pertaining to the Metropolitan Parks System (MPS), the State Forests and Parks System (SFP), and the Metropolitan Water Works System (MWW) beyond what is available in the DCR Archives, DCR’s CCC Archives, the DCR Plans Archives, and in the collections of our predecessor agencies at the Massachusetts State Archives. Archivists representing all types and sizes of archival repositories, and librarians of local history collections are increasingly using the Internet to post information about their archival collections, ranging from a simple list of collection names to comprehensive archival finding aid guides that detail every folder in a collection. Increasingly, more and more archival repositories are posting digitally scanned images from their collections of historic photographs. Some repositories are also posting searchable digital facsimiles of documents, volumes and reports to the Internet Archive (http://archive.org/about/about.php). This level of access is transforming the ways in which we identify potential archival and historical records for research and use in our work.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning Causal Effects from Many Randomized Experiments Using Regularized Instrumental Variables
    Learning Causal Effects From Many Randomized Experiments Using Regularized Instrumental Variables The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Peysakhovich, Alexander and Dean Eckles. “Learning Causal Effects From Many Randomized Experiments Using Regularized Instrumental Variables.” Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference on World Wide Web, April 2018, Lyon, France, ACM Press, 2018. As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3178876.3186151 Publisher ACM Press Version Final published version Citable link https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/129382 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license Detailed Terms https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Track: User Modeling, Interaction and Experience on the Web WWW 2018, April 23-27, 2018, Lyon, France Learning Causal Eects From Many Randomized Experiments Using Regularized Instrumental Variables Alexander Peysakhovich Dean Eckles Facebook Articial Intelligence Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology New York, NY Cambridge, MA [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT good decisions than via observation alone [20, 25, 28]. However, Scientic and business practices are increasingly resulting in large a single experiment is often insucient to learn about the causal collections of randomized experiments. Analyzed together multiple mechanisms linking multiple variables. Learning such multivariate experiments can tell us things that individual experiments cannot. causal structures is important for both theory building and making We study how to learn causal relationships between variables from decisions [16, 21]. the kinds of collections faced by modern data scientists: the number Consider the situation of a internet service for watching videos.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Wisconsin, Madison A200002 B180006
    U.S. Department of Education Washington, D.C. 20202-5335 APPLICATION FOR GRANTS UNDER THE National Resource Centers and Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowships CFDA # 84.015A PR/Award # P015A180006 Gramts.gov Tracking#: GRANT12653612 OMB No. , Expiration Date: Closing Date: Jun 25, 2018 PR/Award # P015A180006 **Table of Contents** Form Page 1. Application for Federal Assistance SF-424 e3 2. Standard Budget Sheet (ED 524) e6 3. Assurances Non-Construction Programs (SF 424B) e8 4. Disclosure Of Lobbying Activities (SF-LLL) e10 5. ED GEPA427 Form e11 Attachment - 1 (Wisconsin_CES_GEPA_20181032301699) e12 6. Grants.gov Lobbying Form e13 7. Dept of Education Supplemental Information for SF-424 e14 8. ED Abstract Narrative Form e15 Attachment - 1 (2018_European_Studies_Abstract_Wisconsin_T_VI1032301805) e16 9. Project Narrative Form e17 Attachment - 1 (Wisconsin_CES_Narrative1032301791) e18 10. Other Narrative Form e68 Attachment - 1 (Wisconsin_CES_Appendices1032301792) e69 11. Budget Narrative Form e239 Attachment - 1 (Wisconsin_European_Studies_ED_524_C1032301797) e240 This application was generated using the PDF functionality. The PDF functionality automatically numbers the pages in this application. Some pages/sections of this application may contain 2 sets of page numbers, one set created by the applicant and the other set created by e-Application's PDF functionality. Page numbers created by the e-Application PDF functionality will be preceded by the letter e (for example, e1, e2, e3, etc.). Page e2 OMB Number: 4040-0004 Expiration Date: 12/31/2019 Application for Federal Assistance SF-424 * 1. Type of Submission: * 2. Type of Application: * If Revision, select appropriate letter(s): Preapplication New Application Continuation * Other (Specify): Changed/Corrected Application Revision * 3. Date Received: 4.
    [Show full text]