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Land Use Pattern As an Indicator of Sustainability: a Case Study

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Land Use Pattern As an Indicator of Sustainability: a Case Study Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Dubai, UAE, March 10-12, 2020 Land Use Pattern as an Indicator of Sustainability: A Case Study Geena Prasad Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India. [email protected] Rajesh R. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India. [email protected] Arun K. Department of Commerce and Management, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India. [email protected] Abstract Estimating changes of coastal land using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing, over a period can provide insights into sustainable use of natural resources, especially land. In this study, images captured from Landsat Multispectral-scanner (MSS), Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 of Alappad, a coastal town in Kerala in 1990, 2001, 2005 and 2009 are used to elucidate spatial distribution of land and land use pattern over a period of two decades. During 1990 - 2009, remarkable decline of vegetation and sand from coastal areas is seen. Understanding land use patterns over a period is essential for decision makers to implement sustainable land use measures and policies. Keywords Land use, Land cover, Coastal land, Geographic Information Systems and Sustainability 1. Introduction Land use is an umbrella term that used to denote the activities undertaken by mankind in order to maintain or produce a means of sustenance using land cover (FAO, 1997a; FAO/UNEP, 1999). Human intervention and anthropogenic activities can result in unanticipated environmental consequences, including depletion of natural resources. Biophysical, economic, technological or institutional need are the precursors for land use changes in any given area. Changes in land use patterns occurs during activities directed towards social and economic benefits. Deforestation, using agricultural and wetlands for urban infrastructure can modify the hydrologic cycle, increasing surface runoff, decreasing ground water recharge potential and increased atmospheric pollution (Moscrip and Montgomery, 1997, K. Arun, 2018, Prasad. G et al., 2019). The consensus is that remote sensing techniques are cost-effective for mapping land use as well as monitoring and managing land resources (Jayappa et al., 2006; Santhiya et al., 2010; Mujabar and Chandrasekar, 2012). Landsat image gallery is a repository of images of earth surfaces and has been in existence since 1970s and are increasingly adopted © IEOM Society International 2470 Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Dubai, UAE, March 10-12, 2020 for implementation of sustainable land management practices and empowering professionals involved in this endeavour (USGS. 2004, Rawat et al., 2013; Misra and Balaji, 2015, Prasad. G et al., 2018). Land use and changing patterns of use can be now determined using machine learning algorithms and powerful computing systems (Mohammady et al., 2015). Using Maximum likelihood classifier (MLC), a supervised classification technique of machine learning, Landsat images can determine land use changes to a reasonable degree of accuracy. (Joshi et al., 2011). Satellite imagery is not only helpful in assessing and assigning the use of land resources but also in identification of causality (Misra et al., 2013). Kerala has witnessed changes in land use as a result of socio-economic changes and natural disasters such as floods and tsunamis in the last few decades has altered the coastline. 2. Materials and Methods Alappad, a coastal town and a prominent fishing village in Kerala. is located between 9° 28' to 8° 45' North latitudes, and 76° 28' to 77° 17' East longitudes, covering an area of 9.18 km2 (Figure 1). It is a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the Arabian Sea and the Thirusvananthapuram–Shoranur canal (TS Canal) with a population of 24576 (Census data, 2011). Typical of coastal areas, this area is predominantly made of beach ridge with brackish water creeks and is predominantly constituted by sand and silt. Waterbody, vegetation, built-up, sandy area, fallow land and cultivated area are the land use classes assessed using satellite images. Land use maps were prepared using ERDAS IMAGINE 9.2 (ERDAS, 1999), Google earth images and topographic maps in the study panchayat aided in capturing geometric alteration and validation of data. Fig 1. Location map of Alappad © IEOM Society International 2471 Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Dubai, UAE, March 10-12, 2020 3. Results and Discussion Land use maps were generated for the years 1990, 2001, 2005 and 2009 using satellite images with a spatial resolution of 30m and are shown in Figure 2. Images captured by Landsat MSS were used for preparation of 1990 Land use map of Alappad, as shown in Figure 2. Landsat 5 imagery was used for preparing 2001 and 2005 land use maps and images from Landsat 7 were used for preparation of 2009 land use map. © IEOM Society International 2472 Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Dubai, UAE, March 10-12, 2020 Fig 2. Land use maps of Alappad. Top Left - 1990, Top Right - 2001, Bottom Left - 2005 and Bottom – Right 2009 Table 1 shows the percentage distribution of water body, vegetation, built-up, fallow land, sandy area and cultivated land use classes in 1990, 2001, 2005 and 2009. Waterbody has consistently maintained its presence at an average of 28%. Vegetation covered 29% in year 1990 has declined to 18% in 2009. Land cover with cultivated area shows an increasing trend from 2005 to 2009 as shown in Fig 3, indicating sustainability efforts in that area. Decrease in sandy area from 2005 – 2009 can be attributed or rampant sand mining and natural causes. Table 1. Percentage distribution of land use of Alappad in 1990, 2001, 2005 and 2009 Land Use 1990 2001 2005 2009 Water Body (%) 29 31 28 28 Vegetation (%) 29 29 21 18 Built-up Land (%) 1 4 4 4 Sandy Area (%) 10 9 19 9 Fallow Land (%) 18 12 18 19 Cultivated (%) 13 15 10 22 35 30 25 20 % 15 10 5 0 Water Body (%) Vegetation (%) Built-up Land (%) Sandy Area (%) Fallow Land (%) Cultivated (%) Figure 3. Percentage distribution trend of land use of Alappad in 1990, 2001, 2005 and 2009 4. Conclusion This study indicates that land use changes as a result of anthropogenic activities and natural events is driven by socioeconomic factors. The resulting reduction in land cover is unsustainable and GIS can help in mitigating the rapid pace of depletion of water bodies, vegetation and sandy shores. Although this study analysed the various classes of land use and coverage of a coastal town of Kerala, these findings are applicable to coastal regions of India, as anthropogenic activities and human interventions are fairly consistent. Land use studies can be instrumental in facilitating sustainable use of land resources, preventing agricultural land from incursion of urbanization activities; making certain that land is used according to appropriateness and restraining from activities resulting in depletion of vegetation. © IEOM Society International 2473 Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Dubai, UAE, March 10-12, 2020 References ERDAS Field Guide. (1999). Earth Resources Data Analysis System. ERDAS Inc. Atlanta, Georgia. 628 pp. FAO/UNEP (1997) Negotiating a Sustainable Future for Land. Structural and Institutional Guidelines for Land Resources Management in the 21st Century. FAO/UNEP, Rome. Jayappa, K.S., Mitra, D., Mishra, A.K., (2006). Coastal geomorphological and land-use and land-cover study of Sagar Island, Bay of Bengal (India) using remotely sensed data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 27, 3671–3682. K. Arun, "Geospatial approach for wind farm site selection — A Kerala scenario," 2017 International Conference on Technological Advancements in Power and Energy ( TAP Energy), Kollam, 2017, pp. 1-5. Misra, A., Balaji, R., (2015). Decadal changes in the land use/land cover and shoreline along the coastal districts of southern Gujarat, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s 10661-015-4684-2. Misra, A., Murali, R.M., Vethamony, P., (2013). Assessment of the land use/land cover (LU/LC) and mangrove changes along the Mandovi-Zuari estuarine complex of Goa. India. Arab. J. Geosci. 8 (1), 267–279. Mohammady, M., Moradi, H.R., Zeinivand, H., Temme, A., (2015). A comparison of supervised, unsupervised and synthetic land use classification methods in the north of Iran. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12 (5), 1515– 1526. Moscrip, A.L., Montgomery, D.R. (1997). Urbanization flood, frequency and salmon abundance in Puget Lowlan Streams. J Am Water Resour Assoc 33(6):1289–1297. Mujabar, P.S., Chandrasekar, N., (2013). Shoreline change analysis along the coast between Kanyakumari and Tuticorin of India using remote sensing and GIS. Arab. J. Geosci. 6, 647–664. Prasad G, John SE (2018) Delineation of groundwater potential zones using gis and remote sensing–a case study from midland region of Vamanapuram river basin, Kerala, India. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing, vol 1952, p 020028 Prasad G, Ramesh MV (2019) Spatio-temporal analysis of land use/land cover changes in an ecologically fragile area Alappuzha district, southern Kerala, India. Natural Resources Research pp 1–12, DOI 10.1007/s11053-018-
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