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Insects in Production – an Introduction Ljubinka Francuski & Leo W

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Insects in Production – an Introduction Ljubinka Francuski & Leo W University of Groningen Insects in production Francuski, Ljubinka; Beukeboom, Leo W. Published in: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata DOI: 10.1111/eea.12935 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Version created as part of publication process; publisher's layout; not normally made publicly available Publication date: 2020 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Francuski, L., & Beukeboom, L. W. (2020). Insects in production: An introduction. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 168(6-7), 422-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12935 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 30-09-2021 DOI: 10.1111/eea.12935 SPECIAL ISSUE: INSECTS IN PRODUCTION Insects in production – an introduction Ljubinka Francuski & Leo W. Beukeboom* Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands Accepted: 23 April 2020 Key words: biological control, diet, feed and food, fitness, insect industry, mass rearing, microbiome, pathogens, sterile insect technique, symbionts, insect production Abstract Insects have been on the menu of humans for centuries, but only recently we have begun to mass pro- duce them for human food and animal feed. This introduction first paints a synopsis of mass cul- tured insects and their application. The new insect production industry raises many interesting fundamental and applied questions about insect biology and fitness. The second part of the introduc- tion to this special issue addresses the 13 articles dealing with the improvement of mass-rearing efforts for a range of insects. The various studies focus on the effects of diet and microorganisms on relevant life-history traits and economic value of the insects. They reflect the current rapid develop- ments in the insect production industry. Introduction Insects in production: an overview Insects have been on the menu for centuries, but only Although contemporary agriculture is undergoing rapid recently their mass production for human food and ani- technological development, worldwide insect farming is mal feed has started to take off. Both fundamental and still largely manual and run by smallholder farmers (Kenis applied research is of importance for mass production of et al., 2018). Besides rearing for human consumption and insects. More general knowledge about insect biology is for the animal food market, small-scale businesses involve needed as basis for insect rearing. In addition, various production of fish baits, prey for insectivorous pets, medi- applied aspects make research on production insects of cal applications, and culturing insects by hobbyists and for particular interest. For instance, as production insects are educational purposes. These operations require manual typically bred in large numbers and under artificial condi- labour and contribute to local economies. In order to tions, much applied research focuses on traits related to address scientific need, production of standardized insect their breeding efficacy and economic value. An important models has been established in stock centres. For example, aim is how the culturing conditions can be optimized to a broad range of wild-type and mutant strains of Droso- gain maximum yield and quality of the insect products. phila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) can For example, the effect of diet on the growth and health be purchased for research purposes, and more than 1 000 of the insect is receiving a lot of attention. Another strains of silkworms are maintained at stock centres in research topic is the role of microorganisms, not just in silk-producing countries (Goldsmith et al., 2005). The terms of risk of infection and diseases, but also their increasing demand for large numbers of specimens led to potential benefit in the production process. The articles up-scaling of insect breeding facilities and developing in this special journal issue address these and other topics more efficient and economical production methods. One in a variety of insect species that are in different phases of successful example are the 20 000 cricket farms in Thai- commercialization. Before considering these studies in land that increased their production capacities to medium more detail, we briefly inventory the most important and large scale (Hanboonsong et al., 2013). We currently commercial insect species and indicate for what purpose witness an exponential growth in companies that establish they are bred. standardized pipelines to mass produce insects for com- mercial use (Fanson et al., 2014; Orzoco-Davila et al., 2017). Insect-based food and feed industry already pro- duces tons of insects daily (van Huis, 2016), but the variety *Correspondence: E-mail: [email protected] of insect species and their production amounts are © 2020 The Authors. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd 1 on behalf of Netherlands Entomological Society Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 1–10, 2020 This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 Francuski & Beukeboom expected to increase rapidly. These industrial-scale facili- as polyphagous predators that feed on a wide array of ties present a constant and reliable source of insects. arthropod prey. The predatory mite species Amblyseius Nutritional and other health benefits of edible insects swirskii Athias-Henriot and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oude- have been documented by many authors (e.g., Di Mattia mans) (both Acari: Phytoseiidae) are among the economi- et al., 2019). As global interest in entomophagy is rising, cally most important control agents (van Lenteren, 2012). the availability of products generated from the harvested The sterile insect technique (SIT), which is based on insects is increasing as well. Crickets and mealworms are mass release of factory-bred specimens, has proven suc- among the most commonly consumed taxa (Table 1), and cessful for irradiating a range of insect pests. One of the their production operations range from small-scale ‘sub- best examples is the screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax sistence’ to large industrial factories (Oonincx & de Boer, (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) that has been reared 2012; Hanboonsong et al., 2013). Moreover, insects are on a massive scale in Mexico since 1976. Additional exam- increasingly considered as suitable protein source for ples of SIT success include the area-wide release of sterile incorporation into animal feed. Within the insect-as-feed fruit flies (Tephritidae), such as the Mexican fruit fly, sector, research and innovation efforts are mostly concen- Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Rull et al., 2005) and the trated on the production of the black soldier fly (BSF), Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceritatis capitata (Wiedemann) Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), at an indus- (Robinson, 2002), mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti (L.) trial scale (Gobbi et al., 2013; Chia et al., 2018). In addi- (Diptera: Culicidae) (Puggioli et al., 2013; Zheng et al., tion, technological and ecological aspects of waste 2015), and tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) (Vreysen et al., 2000). processing by fly larvae and their commercial potential are There are additional purposes for breeding insects, such receiving renewed interest (Barnard et al., 1998; Zhang as medical applications and other human benefits et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2013). Use of larvae of BSF and (Table 1). Although the European honey bee, Apis mellif- the common housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Mus- era L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), plays an important role in cidae), to treat organic wastes or livestock manure is pro- the food industry with the annual production of around posed as a promising and effective technology (Sheppard 1.2 million tons of commercial honey (FAO, 2009), it is et al., 1994; Wang et al., 2013). As such, various also managed for pollination service (Brittain et al., 2013). approaches and rearing systems are being developed In addition, together with the common green bottle fly, worldwide, ranging from small-scale rearing operations Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and the on locally available substrates (Kone et al., 2017; Mafwila American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.) (Blat- et al., 2019), to large-scale composting systems with capac- todea: Blattidae),
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