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SECURITY Katarzyna MANISZEWSKA, Paulina PIASECKA Editors AND SOCIETY IIt is our pleasure to present a third scholarly volume bringing together a unique series of research papers by talented students – participants in the Security and Society in the Information Age program held at Collegium Civitas University in AGE IN THE INFORMATION Warsaw, Poland. In 2020, due to the pandemic, the program was held for first time online and included a component on the security-related implications of Covid-19. The students took part in a fully-fledged online course followed by an online research internship at the Terrorism Research Center. This book presents the results of their SECUR TY work – research papers devoted to contemporary security threats. The contributors not only analyzed the issues but also looked for solutions and these papers include recommendations for policy makers. We hope you will find this book interesting and valuable and we cordially invite you to learn more about the Security and Society in the Information Age program at: www. AND securityandsociety.org Volume 3 SOCIETY IN THE INFORMATION AGE Volume 3 ISBN 978-83-66386-15-0 9 788366 386150 Volume 3 COLLEGIUM CIVITAS „Security and Society in the Information Age. Volume 3” publication is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License under the following terms – you must keep this information and credit Collegium Civitas as the holder of the copyrights to this publication. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Reviews: Daniel Boćkowski, PhD, University of Bialystok Marek Jeznach, PhD, an independent security researcher Editors: Katarzyna Maniszewska, PhD ( https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8021-8135) and Paulina Piasecka, PhD ( https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3133-8154) Proofreader: Vanessa Tinker, PhD e-ISBN: 978-83-66386-15-0 ISBN-print: 978-83-66386-16-7 DOI 10.6084/m9.figshare.13614143 Publisher: Collegium Civitas Press Palace of Culture and Science, XI floor 00-901 Warsaw, 1 Defilad Square tel. +48 22 656 71 96 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.civitas.edu.pl Cover design, typesetting and text makeup: Ważka Łukasz Piotrowski Contents Dear Reader 5 1. Contemporary Conflict: The Role of Hybrid and Asymmetric Threats 7 Matthew PIERRO 2. Active Cyber Defense and Operational Environment Preparation: An Opportunity for Progress 35 Zoë BRAMMER 3. Shaping Future Internet Policy: Balancing Freedom and Security Through Globalization 50 Sarah GOSSETT 4. The American Ape at the CIA: The Origin of Evolved and Learned Cognitive Mechanisms that Cloud Intelligence Analysts’ Reasoning 72 Steven DAVIC 5. Yea or Nay on Huawei? Altering the Balance of the 5G Technology War in Europe 108 Jefferson T. STAMP 6. Threat Assessment of Chemical and Biological Warfare 125 Lauren EDSON 4 Contents 7. USandEUCounterterrorismApproaches:FromDivisive toConvergent? 146 Andrée WIETOR 8. Article5andtheChallengesofCyberDefense 164 Theo WARNER 9. HowGunPoliciesBetweenTheUnitedStatesofAmerica andtheEuropeanUnionAffectModesofViolenceUsed byFar-RightGroups 177 McKenzie KOTARA 10. TheRelationBetweentheRefugeeCrisis,Terrorism, andFar-rightExtremisminEurope 191 Sami SHIHADEH 11. TheRoleofDisinformationinMigration:CaseStudies oftheUnitedStatesandSweden 203 Marianne PERKINS 12. TheRoleofSexualOffensesinTerroristActivities 222 Andrew M. HOLUB, Ph.D. 13. TheFrequencyandInfluenceofFar-RightExtremism inCurrentandFormerAmericanMilitaryPersonnel 238 Kathryn WESTON 14. TheImpactofTerrorismonBorderSecurityintheEU: TheCaseoftheIslamicState 247 Yasmeen JONES Bibliography 271 Authors’ bios 318 Dear Reader, It is our pleasure to present a third scholarly volume bringing together a unique series of research papers by talented students – participants in the Security and Society in the Information Age program held at Collegium Civitas University in Warsaw, Poland. In the 2019/2020 academic year, due to the pandemic, it was not possible for the students to physically come to Warsaw. Thus, for the first time, the program was held online. The students took part in a fully-fledged online course and an online research internship at the Terrorism Research Center. The 2020 edition of the Summer School was held in partnership with the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR). The Security and Society in the Information Age program is organized in Warsaw jointly by Collegium Civitas and SRAS (USA). It is composed of summer school courses, semester or academic year abroad opportuni- ties as well as an optional internship. The courses are devoted to a wide range of historical and security issues – with the region of Central and Eastern Europe serving as a case study. The courses are taught in English by academic experts and practitioners. The program is aimed at ambi- tious students who are eager to engage in and out of the classroom and want to enhance their competencies and boost their academic and pro- fessional careers. The internship program is organized by the Terrorism Research Center (TRC) – a leading think-tank and research unit within Collegium Civitas. The main fields of activity of TRC include scientific projects, analytical under- takings as well as raising awareness about security issues in society. TRC focuses on a wide range of security challenges surrounding international 6 Dear Reader terrorism and how to combat it. During the internship, students deepen their knowledge on selected security issues and embark on their own re- search project, supervised by mentors who are experts at TRC. This scholarly volume presents the results of the internship held in 2020. The interns explored a variety of important security issues facing mod- ern societies, including: terrorism, migration and disinformation, violent extremism and radicalization, border security, internet and security poli- cies, intelligence analysis, cyber threats, biological and chemical warfare, and trade restrictions in 5G technology. The contributions give an overview about selected, current challenges in today’s interconnected world. The authors also looked for solutions and included recommendations for law enforcement, policy makers and scholars. We hope you will find this book interesting and valuable and we cordially invite you to learn more about the Security and Society in the Information Age program at: www.securityandsociety.org Dr. Katarzyna Maniszewska Renee Stillings Dr. Paulina Piasecka Vice-Rector for International Director Deputy Director Relations Collegium Civitas SRAS Terrorism Research Center 1 Contemporary Conflict: The Role of Hybrid and Asymmetric Threats Matthew PIERRO Abstract: In recent decades, the international stage has witnessed warfare’s evolution away from conventional tactics. Whereas historically rivaling nation-states dueled on rigid battlefields to declare a winning power, modern tactics have blurred the lines between war and peace while removing definite fronts, actors, and necessary capabilities. This is representative of modern-day asymmetric threats: used generally by weaker actors in conflict to exploit vulnerabilities in a more powerful opponent, these strategies circumvent direct confrontation while being unconventional, irregular, and difficult to combat. In unison with traditional war tactics, these characterize hybrid warfare which combines asymmetric and conventional aspects of conflict. This paper will examine asymmetric and hybrid threats, their status modeling conflict in the 21st century, and the actors, both state and non-state, that drive their use. Further, a variety of case studies will be examined from which recommendations to combat asymmetric and hybrid tactics will be made. Keywords: asymmetric threats, hybrid warfare, state, non-state actors, conventional warfare, cyber attacks 8 1. Contemporary Conflict: The Role of Hybrid and Asymmetric Threats Introduction In the most elementary sense, warfare can be framed by the notion of opposition and the clash of opposing ideological blocs. This concept is neither new nor uniform: warfare has long been subject to evolutionary forces and its existence has been defined according to a variety of histori- cal and present perspectives. Carl von Clausewitz, a Prussian general and military theorist active during the Napoleonic Wars,1 provided several defi- nitions of warfare: once as “the continuation of politics by other means”2, while later as “...nothing but a duel on an extensive scale...an act of vio- lence intended to compel our opponent to fulfill our will”,3 and “...a natural part of human life.”4. This implication of warfare as state-dominated5 was a product of conventional tactics prominent in Clausewitz’s era. Nonethe- less, to many, the prevailing perception of warfare is similarly conventional in nature. Military historian John Keegan proposed this in his political- rationalist theory of war6, saying “[warfare] is assumed to be an orderly affair in which states are involved, in which there are declared beginnings and ends, easily identifiable combatants, and high levels of obedience by subordinates.”7. Per Keegan, this theory deals poorly with non-state and non-conventional tactics, the subject of this paper8. The rationalist theory finds company in academic literature. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a Genevan philosopher and enlightenment thinker9, argued warfare as “...a relation, not between a man and a man, but between State 1 Beatrice Heuser. Reading Clausewitz. London: Pimlico, 2002. 2 Alexander Mosely. “The Philosophy of War”. Internet Encyclopedia
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