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Motorway Cost Estimation Review

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Motorway Cost Estimation Review CPB Corporate Partnership Board Motorway Cost Estimation Review The Case of Slovakia Case-Specific Policy Analysis Motorway Cost Estimation Review The Case of Slovakia Case-Specific Policy Analysis The International Transport Forum The International Transport Forum is an intergovernmental organisation with 59 member countries. It acts as a think tank for transport policy and organises the Annual Summit of transport ministers. ITF is the only global body that covers all transport modes. The ITF is politically autonomous and administratively integrated with the OECD. The ITF works for transport policies that improve peoples’ lives. Our mission is to foster a deeper understanding of the role of transport in economic growth, environmental sustainability and social inclusion and to raise the public profile of transport policy. The ITF organises global dialogue for better transport. We act as a platform for discussion and pre-negotiation of policy issues across all transport modes. We analyse trends, share knowledge and promote exchange among transport decision-makers and civil society. The ITF’s Annual Summit is the world’s largest gathering of transport ministers and the leading global platform for dialogue on transport policy. The Members of the ITF are: Albania, Armenia, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. International Transport Forum 2, rue André Pascal F-75775 Paris Cedex 16 [email protected] www.itf-oecd.org Case-Specific Policy Analysis Reports The ITF’s Case-Specific Policy Analysis series presents topical studies on specific issues carried out by the ITF in agreement with local institutions. This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the ITF. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of ITF or OECD member countries. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS – 3 Acknowledgements This report was authored by Dejan Makovšek, Craig Sullivan and Rastislav Farkaš, who was detached by the Slovak Ministry of Finance to assist with the work and specifically acquire local information. Peer review was executed by Julian Sindall and Nicolas Wagner. Support was also provided by Slovak Ministry of Transport (Juraj Kovář) and NDS (Viera Semančíková). The analysis is based on referenced publicly available sources, internal documentation by the NDS, and interviews conducted with experts of different professions and institutions on 19-20 June 2017. A full list of interviews is available in Appendix 1. A draft version of this report was subject to fact checking by sharing a draft and holding an expert workshop on 23 October 2017 in Bratislava. MOTORWAY COST ESTIMATION REVIEW: THE CASE OF SLOVAKIA — © OECD/ITF 2018 4 – TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents List of acronyms ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Executive summary ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Slovakia started with an ambitious motorway plan ................................................................................... 9 The scope of this review .............................................................................................................................. 11 Improving the Slovak motorway cost estimation process ........................................................................ 13 The prominent position of the Expert Review’s ........................................................................................ 13 International cost estimation: Matching accuracy to design detail and accounting for uncertainty .......... 15 Slovak motorway cost estimation system performance ........................................................................... 19 The data...................................................................................................................................................... 19 The methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 19 The results .................................................................................................................................................. 21 Findings and recommendations ................................................................................................................. 31 References .................................................................................................................................................... 36 Appendix 1. List of interviews executed for this study ............................................................................ 39 Appendix 2. List of projects analysed and cost performance .................................................................. 40 Appendix 3. List of projects analysed and time performance ................................................................. 42 Appendix 4. Performance data caveats ..................................................................................................... 44 Notes ............................................................................................................................................................. 45 MOTORWAY COST ESTIMATION REVIEW: THE CASE OF SLOVAKIA — © OECD/ITF 2018 LIST OF ACRONYMS – 5 List of acronyms AACE Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials BoQ Bill of Quantities DfT Department for Transport ER Expert Review (Štátna expertíza) FIDIC Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs-Conseils (International Federation of Consulting Engineers) HOAI Honorarordnung für Architekten und Ingenieure (Architectural and Engineer Fee Regulation) NDS Národná dialnicná spolocnost (The Slovak Motorway Company) NOK Norwegian Kroner OB Optimism bias QA Quality assessment RIBA Royal Institute of British Architects UK United Kingdom VAT Value Added Tax MOTORWAY COST ESTIMATION REVIEW: THE CASE OF SLOVAKIA — © OECD/ITF 2018 6 – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive summary What we did This report reviews Slovakia’s approach to motorway cost estimation in comparison with international practice. Motorways represent one of the best starting points for analysing infrastructure projects because data availability is generally better and international benchmarking has a better chance of being successful. The study is based on a worked case of cost estimation, interviews with local experts and an extensive ex post comparison of final project cost with the estimates made at various stages of the project. This analysis was carried out for all 28 motorway projects in Slovakia that commenced construction after the year 2005 and became operational by the end of the year 2016. The projects reviewed in this report represent a major part of overall public capital expenditures for transport infrastructure in Slovakia. The results of the ex post analysis were compared with international experiences. Importantly, this assessment is not measuring whether projects are more expensive than they should be. Project cost estimates are not the only basis for measuring the efficiency of project delivery. Nevertheless, inaccurate cost estimates may lead to the selection and construction of sub-optimal projects, can cause problems with budget planning, and may mislead bidders in the procurement phase, as well as result in other negative outcomes. What we found The Slovak approach to project cost estimation departs from practices used internationally in advanced economies in several ways. Firstly, the final cost of the Slovak projects was on average more than 20% below the Ministry of Transport Expert Review (Štátna expertíza, hereinafter ER) budget estimate, which is prepared early in the project development. Internationally, similar projects display a 20% cost overrun on average. The primary cause of the cost over-estimation in Slovakia appears to be the use of high unit prices in the estimates due to lack of a historic unit price data. Using inaccurate unit price estimates can negatively impact Cost-Benefit Analysis and project selection. This systematic estimation error persists in the procurement estimate, used to announce project cost in public tenders. The cause appears to be overreliance on an early ER estimate. Several cases were identified where a higher, less accurate ER project cost estimate was used for procurement in place of a lower, more advanced cost estimate elaborated later in the project development process. Empirical evidence suggests that reduction of uncertainty influences bid pricing in infrastructure procurement. A 2008 study for example found that the announcement of a credible cost estimate led to a sustained 9% reduction in average bid prices for complex works. From this perspective,
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