Odor Memory: Review and Analysis
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Olfaction and Olfactory Learning in Drosophila: Recent Progress Andre´ Fiala
Olfaction and olfactory learning in Drosophila: recent progress Andre´ Fiala The olfactory system of Drosophila resembles that of experience. For example, an odor repetitively paired with vertebrates in its overall anatomical organization, but is a food reward becomes attractive. Conversely, an odor considerably reduced in terms of cell number, making it an ideal that often occurs concurrently with a punishment model system to investigate odor processing in a brain becomes a predictor for a negative situation and will be [Vosshall LB, Stocker RF: Molecular architecture of smell avoided. Drosophila melanogaster can easily perform such and taste in Drosophila. Annu Rev Neurosci 2007, 30:505- learning tasks and represents an excellent organism to 533]. Recent studies have greatly increased our knowledge investigate the neuronal mechanisms underlying such about odor representation at different levels of integration, from olfactory learning processes for two reasons. First, con- olfactory receptors to ‘higher brain centers’. In addition, siderable progress has already been made during recent Drosophila represents a favourite model system to study the years in analyzing how odors are represented in the fly’s neuronal basis of olfactory learning and memory, and brain [1]. Second, the powerful genetic techniques by considerable progress during the last years has been made in which structure and function of identified neurons can be localizing the structures mediating olfactory learning and observed and manipulated makes Drosophila an ideal memory [Davis RL: Olfactory memory formation in neurobiological model system to characterize a neuronal Drosophila: from molecular to systems neuroscience. Annu network that mediates olfactory learning and memory [2– Rev Neurosci 2005, 28:275-302; Gerber B, Tanimoto H, 4]. -
Spared Face Recognition in Amnesia Is Based on Familiarity
Neuropsychologia 48 (2010) 3941–3948 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuropsychologia journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuropsychologia Faces are special but not too special: Spared face recognition in amnesia is based on familiarity Mariam Aly a,∗, Robert T. Knight b, Andrew P. Yonelinas a a University of California, Department of Psychology, 134 Young Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States b University of California, Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, 3210 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States article info abstract Article history: Most current theories of human memory are material-general in the sense that they assume that the Received 10 June 2010 medial temporal lobe (MTL) is important for retrieving the details of prior events, regardless of the spe- Received in revised form 30 August 2010 cific type of materials. Recent studies of amnesia have challenged the material-general assumption by Accepted 2 September 2010 suggesting that the MTL may be necessary for remembering words, but is not involved in remember- Available online 15 September 2010 ing faces. We examined recognition memory for faces and words in a group of amnesic patients, which included hypoxic patients and patients with extensive left or right MTL lesions. Recognition confidence Keywords: judgments were used to plot receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) in order to more fully quantify Episodic memory Recollection recognition performance and to estimate the contributions of recollection and familiarity. Consistent Familiarity with the extant literature, an analysis of overall recognition accuracy showed that the patients were Amnesia impaired at word memory but had spared face memory. -
Variants of Olfactory Memory and Their Dependencies on the Hippocampal Formation
The Journal of Neuroscience, February 1995, f5(2): 1162-i 171 Variants of Olfactory Memory and Their Dependencies on the Hippocampal Formation Ursula Sttiubli,’ To-Tam Le,2 and Gary Lynch* ‘Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003 and *Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, California 92717 Olfactory memory in control rats and in animals with entor- pal pyramidal cells (e.g., Hjorth-Simonsen, 1972; Witter, 1993). hinal cortex lesions was tested in four paradigms: (1) a known Moreover, physiological activity in rat hippocampus becomes correct odor was present in a group of familiar but nonre- synchronized with that in the olfactory bulb and cortex during warded odors, (2) six known correct odors were simulta- odor sampling(Macrides et al., 1982). Theseobservations have neously present in a maze, (3) correct responses required prompted speculationand experimentation concerning the pos- the learning of associations between odors and objects, and sible contributions of the several stagesof the olfactory-hip- (4) six odors, each associated with a choice between two pocampal circuit to the encoding and use of memory. Lesions objects, were presented simultaneously. Control rats had no to the lateral entorhinal cortex, which separatethe hippocampus difficulty with the first problem and avoided repeating se- from its primary source of olfactory input, did not detectably lections in the second; this latter behavior resembles that affect the ability of rats to perform odor discriminations learned reported for spatial mazes but, in the present experiments, prior to surgery although they did disrupt the learning of new was not dependent upon memory for the configuration of discriminations (Staubli et al., 1984, 1986).This result suggested pertinent cues. -
Dissociating Recollection and Familiarity Processes Using Rtms
Behavioural Neurology 19 (2008) 23–27 23 IOS Press Recognition memory and prefrontal cortex: Dissociating recollection and familiarity processes using rTMS Patrizia Turriziania,b,∗, Massimiliano Oliveria,b, Silvia Salernoa, Floriana Costanzoa, Giacomo Kochb,c, Carlo Caltagironeb,c and Giovanni Augusto Carlesimob,c aDipartimento di Psicologia, Universita` di Palermo, Palermo, Italy bIRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy cClinica Neurologica, Universita` di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy Abstract. Recognition memory can be supported by both the assessment of the familiarity of an item and by the recollection of the context in which an item was encountered. The neural substrates of these memory processes are controversial. To address these issues we applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of healthy subjects performing a remember/know task. rTMS disrupted familiarity judgments when applied before encoding of stimuli over both right and left DLPFC. rTMS disrupted recollection when applied before encoding of stimuli over the right DLPFC. These findings suggest that the DLPFC plays a critical role in recognition memory based on familiarity as well as recollection. Keywords: Recognition memory, recollection, familiarity, prefrontal cortex 1. Introduction An alternative view is that distinct medial temporal regions differentially contribute to familiarity and rec- Recognition memory can be based on the recollec- ollection, whereas the prefrontal cortex supports both tion of specific information associated with a previous these processes [1,18]. This idea draws support from episode and on the assessment of the familiarity of an some neuropsychological [4,5], neuroimaging [2,7,12, item [18]. However, it remains unclear whether these 20] and electrophysiological[3,6,16] studies in humans two forms of memory reflect distinct processes at a and from single-unit studies in monkeys [17] that link neural level. -
Odour Discrimination Learning in the Indian Greater Short-Nosed Fruit Bat
© 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2018) 221, jeb175364. doi:10.1242/jeb.175364 RESEARCH ARTICLE Odour discrimination learning in the Indian greater short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx): differential expression of Egr-1, C-fos and PP-1 in the olfactory bulb, amygdala and hippocampus Murugan Mukilan1, Wieslaw Bogdanowicz2, Ganapathy Marimuthu3 and Koilmani Emmanuvel Rajan1,* ABSTRACT transferred directly from the olfactory bulb to the amygdala and Activity-dependent expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs) is then to the hippocampus (Wilson et al., 2004; Mouly and induced by exposure to odour. The present study was designed to Sullivan, 2010). Depending on the context, the learning investigate whether there is differential expression of IEGs (Egr-1, experience triggers neurotransmitter release (Lovinger, 2010) and C-fos) in the brain region mediating olfactory memory in the Indian activates a signalling cascade through protein kinase A (PKA), greater short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx. We assumed extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2) (English and that differential expression of IEGs in different brain regions may Sweatt, 1997; Yoon and Seger, 2006; García-Pardo et al., 2016) and orchestrate a preference odour (PO) and aversive odour (AO) cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein-1 (CREB-1), memory in C. sphinx. We used preferred (0.8% w/w cinnamon which is phosphorylated by ERK-1/2 (Peng et al., 2010). powder) and aversive (0.4% w/v citral) odour substances, with freshly Activated CREB-1 induces expression of immediate-early genes prepared chopped apple, to assess the behavioural response and (IEGs), such as early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) (Cheval et al., induction of IEGs in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus and amygdala. -
Noradrenergic Activity in the Olfactory Bulb Is a Key Element for the Stability of Olfactory Memory
9260 • The Journal of Neuroscience, November 25, 2020 • 40(48):9260–9271 Behavioral/Cognitive Noradrenergic Activity in the Olfactory Bulb Is a Key Element for the Stability of Olfactory Memory Christiane Linster,1 Maellie Midroit,2 Jeremy Forest,2 Yohann Thenaisie,2 Christina Cho,1 Marion Richard,2 Anne Didier,2 and Nathalie Mandairon2 1Computational Physiology Laboratory, Department of Neurobiolgy and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, and 2Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, and Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University of Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France Memory stability is essential for animal survival when environment and behavioral state change over short or long time spans. The stability of a memory can be expressed by its duration, its perseverance when conditions change as well as its specificity to the learned stimulus. Using optogenetic and pharmacological manipulations in male mice, we show that the presence of noradrenaline in the olfactory bulb during acquisition renders olfactory memories more stable. We show that while inhibition of noradrenaline transmission during an odor–reward acquisition has no acute effects, it alters perseverance, duration, and specificity of the memory. We use a computational approach to propose a proof of concept model showing that a single, simple network effect of noradrenaline on olfactory bulb dynamics can underlie these seemingly different be- havioral effects. Our results show that acute changes in network dynamics can have long-term effects that extend beyond the network that was manipulated. Key words: computational; memory; noradrenaline; olfactory; stability Significance Statement Olfaction guides the behavior of animals. -
When Amnesic Patients Perform Well on Recognition Memory Tests
Behavioral Neuroscience In the public domain 1997, Vol. Ill, No. 6,1163-1170 When Amnesic Patients Perform Well on Recognition Memory Tests Jonathan M. Reed Stephan B. Hamann University of California, San Diego Emory University Lisa Stefanacci Larry R. Squire University of California, San Diego University of California, San Diego and Veterans Affairs Medical Center Extended exposure to study material can markedly improve subsequent recognition memory performance in amnesic patients, even the densely amnesic patient H.M. To understand this phenomenon, the severely amnesic patient E.P., 3 other amnesic patients, and controls studied pictorial material and then were given either a yes-no (Experiment 1) or a 2-alternative, forced-choice (Experiment 2) recognition test. The amnesic patients and controls benefited substantially from extended exposure, but patient E.P. consistently performed at chance. Furthermore, confidence ratings corresponded to recognition accuracy. The results do not support the idea that the benefit of extended study time is due to some kind of familiarity process made available through nondeclarative memory. It is likely that amnesic patients benefit from extended study time to the extent that they have residual capacity for declarative memory. Declarative memory involves the conscious (explicit) Piercy, 1979). Even the severely amnesic patient H.M. recollection of facts and events and is supported by medial (Scoville & Milner, 1957) correctly recognized 78.8% of the temporal lobe and diencephalic brain structures (Schacter & items on a yes-no recognition memory test after studying Tulving, 1994; Squire, 1992; Weiskrantz, 1990). Amnesic 120 pictures for 20 s each (Freed, Corkin, & Cohen, 1987). patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe or midline Controls correctly recognized 78.2% after seeing each diencephalon exhibit impaired declarative memory but per- picture for 1 s. -
Recognition Memory Impairments in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: the Contribution of Recollection and Metacognition
Recognition memory impairments in temporal lobe epilepsy: The contribution of recollection and metacognition Nathan Anthony Illman Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Institute of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health September 2012 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. ©2012 The University of Leeds and Nathan Anthony Illman ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I must thank my main academic supervisor – Chris Moulin. I cannot express just how much I have valued his help, support, guidance and friendship throughout the course of my post-graduate studies at the University of Leeds. Having someone truly believe in me every step of the way has allowed me to develop the self-confidence that will no doubt be needed through the rest of my career. I would also like to thank my other academic supervisor - Celine Souchay. Although I didn’t approach her for guidance on many occasions, her support was always appreciated and I found comfort knowing that I could ask her for help when needed. My thanks go to Dr Steven Kemp for being so accommodating with involving me in his clinics and making the effort to teach me about epilepsy. I will always appreciate how he treated me like a professional colleague and not just a student. -
Brain Gas Jay Hosler
Brain Gas Jay Hosler Consider the possibility that any man could, if he were so inclined, be the sculptor of his own brain. -Santiago Ramon y Cajal he fact that learning changes the brain in some fundamen- tal way is something many of us take for granted. But, in doing so, we fail to consider the wondrous nature of the event. Our Texperiences can lead to substantial changes in the physical, chem- ical and electrical architecture of our brains. These changes may give us the ability to memorize our favorite poem, sight-read a song we have never heard or remember the smell of our grandparents’ home. By restructuring our brains, we construct memories that can change our behavior and persist throughout our entire lives. My interests lie in how memories of odors are established. Odors play a fundamental role in the lives of most animals in directing reproductive behavior, guiding the search for food and communicating with friends and rivals. But despite odors’ pivotal role, olfaction may well be the most mysterious and hard to describe of our senses. In her book A Natural History of the Senses, Diane Ackerman points out the difficulty we have in describing ______________ Bookend Seminar Presentation, October 10, 2001 2002 39 smells. While we can identify colors in very specific terms (“that apple is red”), we tend to describe odors in terms of something else (“that smells fruity”) or in terms of how they make us feel (“that smells disgusting”). Perhaps it is difficult because smell is our most ancient sense. Unlike visual information that gets processed in our large and wrinkly cerebral cortex, the first stop for olfactory infor- mation is an ancient part of our brain called limbic system. -
Major Neurotransmitter Systems in Dorsal Hippocampus and Basolateral Amygdala Control Social Recognition Memory
Major neurotransmitter systems in dorsal hippocampus and basolateral amygdala control social recognition memory Carolina Garrido Zinna, Nicolas Clairisb, Lorena Evelyn Silva Cavalcantea, Cristiane Regina Guerino Furinia, Jociane de Carvalho Myskiwa,1,2, and Ivan Izquierdoa,1,2 aMemory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; and bDépartement de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Contributed by Ivan Izquierdo, June 21, 2016 (sent for review May 23, 2016; reviewed by Federico Bermudez-Rattoni and Julietta Frey) Social recognition memory (SRM) is crucial for reproduction, forming structures in SRM. Historically, the next step to ascertain a pu- social groups, and species survival. Despite its importance, SRM is tative brain mechanism in a behavior is to examine the eventual still relatively little studied. Here we examine the participation of role of known neurotransmitters in those structures within the the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus (CA1) and the basolateral mechanism (13, 15). amygdala (BLA) and that of dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and his- Classic neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine, dopamine, taminergic systems in both structures in the consolidation of SRM. and histamine, have been suggested to play a role on SRM; the Male Wistar rats received intra-CA1 or intra-BLA infusions of different pharmacological elevation or depletion of norepinephrine in the drugs immediately after the sample phase of a social discrimination central nervous system, respectively, enhances or disrupts social task and 24-h later were subjected to a 5-min retention test. Animals recognition in rats (18). -
Smell and Stress Response in the Brain: Review of the Connection Between Chemistry and Neuropharmacology
molecules Review Smell and Stress Response in the Brain: Review of the Connection between Chemistry and Neuropharmacology Yoshinori Masuo 1,*, Tadaaki Satou 2 , Hiroaki Takemoto 3 and Kazuo Koike 3 1 Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan; [email protected] 3 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; [email protected] (H.T.); [email protected] (K.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-47-472-5257 Abstract: The stress response in the brain is not fully understood, although stress is one of the risk factors for developing mental disorders. On the other hand, the stimulation of the olfactory system can influence stress levels, and a certain smell has been empirically known to have a stress- suppressing effect, indeed. In this review, we first outline what stress is and previous studies on stress-responsive biomarkers (stress markers) in the brain. Subsequently, we confirm the olfactory system and review previous studies on the relationship between smell and stress response by species, such as humans, rats, and mice. Numerous studies demonstrated the stress-suppressing effects of aroma. There are also investigations showing the effects of odor that induce stress in experimental animals. In addition, we introduce recent studies on the effects of aroma of coffee beans and essential oils, such as lavender, cypress, α-pinene, and thyme linalool on the behavior and the expression of stress marker candidates in the brain. -
A Novel Paradigm for Assessing Olfactory Working Memory Capacity
Huang et al. Translational Psychiatry (2020) 10:431 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-01120-w Translational Psychiatry ARTICLE Open Access A novel paradigm for assessing olfactory working memory capacity in mice Geng-Di Huang 1,2,3,4,5, Li-Xin Jiang1,2,3,4,5,FengSu6,7,Hua-LiWang 1,2,3,4,5, Chen Zhang7 and Xin Yu 1,2,3,4,5 Abstract A decline in working memory (WM) capacity is suggested to be one of the earliest symptoms observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although WM capacity is widely studied in healthy subjects and neuropsychiatric patients, few tasks are developed to measure this variation in rodents. The present study describes a novel olfactory working memory capacity (OWMC) task, which assesses the ability of mice to remember multiple odours. The task was divided into five phases: context adaptation, digging training, rule-learning for non-matching to a single-sample odour (NMSS), rule- learning for non-matching to multiple sample odours (NMMS) and capacity testing. During the capacity-testing phase, the WM capacity (number of odours that the mice could remember) remained stable (average capacity ranged from 6.11 to 7.00) across different testing sessions in C57 mice. As the memory load increased, the average errors of each capacity level increased and the percent correct gradually declined to chance level, which suggested a limited OWMC in C57 mice. Then, we assessed the OWMC of 5 × FAD transgenic mice, an animal model of AD. We found that the performance displayed no significant differences between young adult (3-month-old) 5 × FAD mice and wild-type (WT) mice during the NMSS phase and NMMS phase; however, during the capacity test with increasing load, we found that the OWMC of young adult 5 × FAD mice was significantly decreased compared with WT mice, and the average error was significantly increased while the percent correct was significantly reduced, which indicated an impairment of WM capacity at the early stage of AD in the 5 × FAD mice model.