British Columbia Water Quality Guidelines for Dissolved Gas Supersaturation

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

British Columbia Water Quality Guidelines for Dissolved Gas Supersaturation British Columbia Water Quality Guidelines for Dissolved Gas Supersaturation September, 1994 Prepared for BC Ministry of Environment Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans Environment Canada Prepared by L. E. Fidler and S. B. Miller of Aspen Applied Sciences Ltd. Valemount, BC V0E 2Z0 Table of Contents Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of several people and agencies in the preparation of this report. The authors wish to express their appreciation to the BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks for supporting the development of this document and in particular the advice and encouragement of Dr. Narender Nagpal and George Butcher of that agency. The authors also wish to thank Fred Mah of Environment Canada for supporting the development of these guidelines. The many discussions over the years with Dr. Don Alderdice, John Jensen, and Bill McLean of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, with Dr. Mark Shrimpton and Dr. Dave Randall of the University of British Columbia, and with Dr. John Colt of Montgomery Watson, Bellevue, Washington provided considerable insight into the phenomena associated with Gas Bubble Trauma (GBT) in fish and contributed immensely to the authors' understanding of the subject. In addition, the authors wish to express their appreciation to Ms. Dorit Mason for her efficient retrieval of papers from the scientific literature. The photographs showing signs of GBT in fish, which were supplied by Dr. Robert White of Montana State University, added greatly to this report. Ministry of Environment Water Protection and Sustainability Branch Mailing Address: Telephone: 250 387-9481 Environmental Sustainability PO Box 9362 Facsimile: 250 356-1202 and Strategic Policy Division Stn Prov Govt Website: www.gov.bc.ca/water Victoria BC V8W 9M2 1.0 INTRODUCTION Dissolved Gas Supersaturation (DGS) and Gas Bubble Trauma (GBT) in fish is a physical cause - biological effect relationship which has received the attention of environmental scientists for the past several decades. In British Columbia, DGS has been identified as a potential threat to fish populations in many water courses throughout the province. In this report, DGS is examined in terms of its causes, environmental levels, and potential impacts on fresh water and marine environments. Where sufficient information exists, DGS water quality guidelines are developed for the protection of fresh water and marine life. These guidelines are derived primarily from information describing the adverse physiological effects of DGS on fish and invertebrates. Additional factors, such as environmental variables and organism behavioural patterns which can intensify or mitigate these effects, are considered in the guideline derivation. At this time, no other water uses (i.e., drinking water, agricultural, recreational, or industrial) could be identified which would require guidelines for DGS. The scientific literature upon which this report is based was identified through computer searches of several North American scientific database providers. These included: · ASFA (AQUATIC SCIENCES AND FISHERIES ABSTRACTS): 1978 to January, 1993 · AQUAREF (ENVIRONMENT CANADA): 1970 to March, 1993 · BA (BIOSIS PREVIEWS): 1969 to March, 1993 · CA (AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY): 1977 to March, 1993 · CAB (CAB ABSTRACTS): 1972 to February, 1993 · ELIAS (ENVIRONMENT CANADA LIBRARY NETWORK): 1976 to September, 1992 · ENVIRO (ENVIROLINE DATABASE): 1971 to January, 1993 · NTIS (NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE): 1964 to March, 1993 · WAVES (ENVIRONMENT CANADA): to March, 1993 In addition, many papers were identified in bibliographies from the primary literature. For example the review of DGS and GBT by Weitkamp and Katz (1980) provided 138 references which were not identified by the computer database searches. This was also true of several other papers (Colt et al. 1986, White et al. 1991). In all, over 380 papers were examined for their suitability for the guideline derivation process. 1.1 Dissolved Gas Supersaturation Dissolved gas supersaturation is a condition which exists in many natural and man- made water bodies throughout the world. It occurs when the partial pressures of atmospheric gases in solution exceed their respective partial pressures in the atmosphere. Figure 1 shows the relationship between gas solubility and temperature for the two major atmospheric gases, oxygen and nitrogen. When dissolved gas concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen are above their respective saturation lines in the figure, they are in a supersaturated state. Conversely, when concentrations of these gases are below the saturation lines, they are under-saturated. Also shown in Figure 1 is the vapour pressure of water as a function of temperature. Water vapour plays an important role in the reporting of dissolved gas levels and in the biological effects of DGS. However, it is generally treated as always being in a saturated state at the prevailing water temperature. Figure 1: Solubility of Oxygen and Nitrogen in Water Individual atmospheric dissolved gases (oxygen, nitrogen, and trace gases such as argon and carbon dioxide) can often be supersaturated without adverse effects on aquatic and marine organisms. However, when the sum of the partial pressures of all dissolved gases exceeds atmospheric pressure, there is the potential for gas bubbles to develop in water and in the aquatic and marine organisms which inhabit the water. This causes a condition known as gas bubble trauma. GBT and its physiological consequences to fish and other organisms will be described more fully in Section 1.2. Throughout the literature, a variety of methods have been used for the reporting of dissolved gas tensions. The sum of the partial pressures of all dissolved gases is referred to as the Total Gas Pressure (TGP), while the difference between TGP and atmospheric pressure is defined as Delta P. Both TGP and Delta P are usually reported in mm Hg (millimetres of mercury) or sometimes in sea level or local atmospheres. Many authors report TGP as a percent of sea level or local atmospheric pressure (TGP%). For reasons which will be presented in Section 4.1, Colt (1984) recommends that delta P, rather than TGP or TGP%, be used as the preferred method of reporting dissolved gas tensions. 1.2 Gas Bubble Trauma Dissolved gas super-saturation can produce a variety of physiological signs which are harmful or fatal to fish and other aquatic and marine organisms (Renfro 1963, Stroud and Nebeker 1976, Weitkamp and Katz 1980, Cornacchia and Colt 1984, Johnson and Katavic 1984, Gray et al. 1985, Fidler 1988, White et al. 1991). As a class, these signs are referred to as gas bubble trauma (Fidler 1984) or gas bubble disease (Bouck 1980). The major signs of GBT which can cause death or high levels of stress in fish are: · Bubble formation in the cardiovascular system, causing blockage of blood flow and death (Jensen 1980, Weitkamp and Katz 1980, Fidler 1988). · Overinflation and possible rupture of the swim bladder in young (or small) fish, leading to death or problems of overbuoyancy (Shirahata 1966, Jensen 1980, Fidler 1988, Shrimpton et al. 1990a and b). · Extracorporeal bubble formation in gill lamella of large fish or in the buccal cavity of small fish, leading to blockage of respiratory water flow and death by asphyxiation (Fidler 1988, Jensen 1988). · Sub-dermal emphysema on body surfaces, including the lining of the mouth. Blistering of the skin of the mouth may also contribute to the blockage of respiratory water flow and death by asphyxiation (Fidler 1988, White et al. 1991). Other signs of GBT include exopthalmia and ocular lesions (Blahm et al. 1975, Bouck 1980, Speare 1990), bubbles in the intestinal tract (Cornacchia and Colt 1984), loss of swimming ability (Schiewe 1974), altered blood chemistry (Newcomb 1976), and reduced growth (Jensen 1988, Krise et al. 1990), all of which may compromise the survival of fish exposed to DGS over extended periods. Each sign of GBT involves the growth of gas bubbles internal and/or external to the animal. However, for each sign there is a threshold level of delta P which must be exceeded before bubble formation or swim bladder overinflation can begin (Fidler 1988, Shrimpton et al. 1990a). Still, the activation of GBT signs is not an easily demonstrated cause and effect relationship. This is because bubbles which develop internal to the animal may form in many body compartments, disrupting neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, osmoregulatory, and other physiological functions (Stroud and Nebeker 1976, Weitkamp and Katz 1980, Fidler 1988, Shrimpton et al. 1990a and b). Thus, depending on the level of DGS, there may be multiple signs present in affected animals. GBT may also increase the susceptibility of aquatic and marine organisms to other stresses such as bacterial, viral, and fungal infections (Meekin and Turner 1974, Nebeker et al. 1976b, Weitkamp and Katz 1980). All signs of GBT weaken fish, especially juvenile life stages, thereby increasing their susceptibility to predation (White et al. 1991). Consequently, mortality can result from a variety of both direct and indirect effects caused by DGS. Figures 2 through 5 show some of the signs of GBT in rainbow trout exposed to high levels of DGS. Figure 2 shows skin blistering which has occurred in the mouth of an adult rainbow trout while Figure 3 shows sub-dermal emphysema on external surfaces of the head. Figure 4 shows a severe case of exopthalmia in a juvenile trout. Figure 5 is a microphotograph of gill lamella from a fish which has died from GBT. Bubbles in the afferent arteries are clearly visible. Recent research (Fidler 1984 and 1988, Alderdice and Jensen 1985a and b, Colt 1986) suggests that GBT in fish can be divided into acute and chronic responses depending on the levels of DGS. Acute GBT: Acute GBT usually involves delta P levels in excess of 76 mm Hg (Sea Level TGP% about 110%). However, the susceptibility of fish to these levels of DGS is highly dependent on age class or size. For example, Nebeker et al.
Recommended publications
  • Community Risk Assessment
    COMMUNITY RISK ASSESSMENT Squamish-Lillooet Regional District Abstract This Community Risk Assessment is a component of the SLRD Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan. A Community Risk Assessment is the foundation for any local authority emergency management program. It informs risk reduction strategies, emergency response and recovery plans, and other elements of the SLRD emergency program. Evaluating risks is a requirement mandated by the Local Authority Emergency Management Regulation. Section 2(1) of this regulation requires local authorities to prepare emergency plans that reflects their assessment of the relative risk of occurrence, and the potential impact, of emergencies or disasters on people and property. SLRD Emergency Program [email protected] Version: 1.0 Published: January, 2021 SLRD Community Risk Assessment SLRD Emergency Management Program Executive Summary This Community Risk Assessment (CRA) is a component of the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District (SLRD) Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan and presents a survey and analysis of known hazards, risks and related community vulnerabilities in the SLRD. The purpose of a CRA is to: • Consider all known hazards that may trigger a risk event and impact communities of the SLRD; • Identify what would trigger a risk event to occur; and • Determine what the potential impact would be if the risk event did occur. The results of the CRA inform risk reduction strategies, emergency response and recovery plans, and other elements of the SLRD emergency program. Evaluating risks is a requirement mandated by the Local Authority Emergency Management Regulation. Section 2(1) of this regulation requires local authorities to prepare emergency plans that reflect their assessment of the relative risk of occurrence, and the potential impact, of emergencies or disasters on people and property.
    [Show full text]
  • BC Hydro-Party Response
    BC Hydro—Party Response A14/SEM/97-001/05/RSP DISTRIBUTION: General ORIGINAL: English EXECUTIVE SUMMARY On April 2, 1997, the Sierra Legal Defence Fund and the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund (the "submitters") made a submission under Article 14 of the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) alleging that the Government of Canada is failing to enforce its environmental law effectively. Specifically, the submission asserts that Canada fails to enforce s.35(1) of the Fisheries Act and fails to utilize its powers pursuant to s.119.06 of the National Energy Board Act to protect fish and fish habitat from damage caused by hydroelectric power generation in British Columbia by BC Hydro (BCH), a provincial Crown corporation. CANADA'S POSITION Canada supports the NAAEC process for submissions on enforcement matters, and considers Articles 14 and 15 to be among the most important provisions of the treaty. Canada submits that it is enforcing its environmental laws, and is in full compliance with its obligations under the NAAEC. Therefore, Canada submits that, in this instance, the development of a factual record is unwarranted as: · the assertions concerning the enforcement of the Fisheries Act are the subject of pending judicial or administrative proceedings within the meaning of Article 14(3)(a); · Canada is fully enforcing the environmental provisions of the Fisheries Act, and the National Energy Board (NEB) has properly exercised its power under the National Energy Board Act; · the provisions of the NAAEC cannot be applied retroactively to assertions of a failure to effectively enforce environmental laws prior to the coming into force of the NAAEC on January 1, 1994.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue 103.Indd
    ARCH GR SE OU E P BRITISH COLUMBIA R POST OFFICE B POSTAL HISTORY R I A IT B ISH COLUM NEWSLETTER Volume 26 Number 3 Whole number 103 September 2017 60-cent registered double-weight cover from Whalley to Nairobi, returned by dead letter office. Here’s a colourful, well-travelled cover with a lar datestamp on reverse. wealth of exotic markings to decipher. Sent from Some additional datestamps on the back of the Whalley (in Surrey) on Dec 22, 1950, it pays the 60- envelope are: New Westminster, Dec 23, 1950; Van- cent registered double airmail rate to Kenya (25c per couver, Dec 23, 1950; Montreal A.M.F., Dec 25, 1950; ¼ oz, 10c for registration), and was received at Nai- Nairobi registered, Dec 29, 1950; and Nairobi R.P.O., robi on Jan 9, 1951. Mr Athar, the addressee, could Jan ??, 1951. not be found, and the cover was marked “unknown” And the rectangular tax marking in purple on and “returned to sender” (“retour à l’envoyeur”). the front? Well, from 1922 to 1954 the dead letter of- The next set of markings, on reverse, is dated fice charged a 3-cent fee for a returned letter (which March 7, 1951, at the Montreal Dead Letter Office: would probably have arrived back in an “ambu- one is a meter impression on a piece of tape, the lance” cover). It’s quite remarkable that the cover other a “No. 12” rectangular clerk datestamp. The could be sent from Montreal on March 7 and arrive cover arrived back in New Westminster on Mar 8, at New Westminster on March 8—or is that a date- 1951, according to the small-lettered (Type C) circu- stamp error?—Andrew Scott In this issue: • Lumbering in the East Kootenays p 1019 • Favourite cover: Whalley to Kenya p 1011 • Drowned post offices, part III p 1022 • Hugh Westgate sale results at Eastern p 1013 • Scrimgeour miscellany p 1025 • The “other end of track” post office p 1015 • Recent BC post office markings p 1026 BC Postal History Newsletter #103 Page 1012 receives an inkjet cancel.
    [Show full text]
  • Geohazard Risk Prioritization
    SQUAMISH-LILLOOET REGIONAL DISTRICT Geohazard Risk Prioritization FINAL April 10, 2020 Project No.: 1358007 Prepared by BGC Engineering Inc. for: Squamish-Lillooet Regional District BGC ENGINEERING INC. 500-980 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC Canada V6Z 0C8 Tel: 604.684.5900 Fax: 604.684.5909 BGC ENGINEERING INC. AN APPLIED EARTH SCIENCES COMPANY Suite 500 - 980 Howe Street Vancouver, BC Canada V6Z 0C8 Telephone (604) 684-5900 Fax (604) 684-5909 April 10, 2020 Project No.: 1358007 Sarah Morgan Emergency Program Manager Squamish-Lillooet Regional District Box 219, Pemberton, BC V0N 2L0 Dear Sarah, Re: Geohazard Risk Prioritization – FINAL Please find attached the above referenced report for your review. The web application accompanying this report can be accessed at www.cambiocommunities.ca. Username and password information will be provided in a separate transmission. Should you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact the undersigned. We appreciate the opportunity to collaborate with you on this challenging and interesting study. Yours sincerely, BGC ENGINEERING INC. per: Kris Holm, M.Sc., P.Geo. Principal Geoscientist Squamish-Lillooet Regional District April 10, 2020 Geohazard Risk Prioritization - FINAL Project No.: 1358007 TABLE OF REVISIONS ISSUE DATE REV REMARKS DRAFT January 31, 2020 Original issue FINAL April 10, 2020 Original issue CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS BGC Engineering would like to express gratitude to the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District (SLRD, the District) for providing background information, guidance and support throughout this project. Key SLRD staff providing leadership and support included: • Sarah Morgan, Emergency Program Manager • Ana Koterniak, GIS Coordinator. The following BGC personnel were part of the study team: • Kris Holm (Project Manager) • Sarah Kimball (Assistant Project Manager) • Richard Carter • Matthew Buchanan • Beatrice Collier-Pandya • Carie-Ann Lau • Matthieu Sturzenegger • Elisa Scordo • Patrick Grover • Philip LeSueur • Melissa Hairabedian • Alistair Beck.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Review of Fisheries Conservation Gains Within BC
    PreliminaryPreliminary ReviewReview ofof FisheriesFisheries ConservationConservation GainsGains withinwithin BCBC Hydro’sHydro’s WaterWater UseUse PlanningPlanning ProcessProcess 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Consvr Q 30 30 46 46 46 30 20 20304046 46 Present Q 21.9 31.8 32.0 28.9 24.2 14.3 11.1 5.6 8.5 15.8 35.2 36.5 Nat Q 113 106 91 105 130 11465 28 48116 144 141 atershed Prepared for: Watershed Watch Salmon Society Watch Prepared by: Quadra Planning Consultants Ltd., and Regional Consulting Ltd. & Linda Nolan (LL) Funded by: The Bullitt Foundation May 2004 SALMONW SOCIETY year), and though the full benefits of the labor- and cash-intensive PREFACE ($25 million by government alone) process won’t be known for years, Watershed Watch believes it is time to report on the 24 water THE SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA’S use plans that have been completed or are near completion. freshwater resources requires overcoming a wide range of obsta- Since Watershed Watch supports legitimate processes that cles. In their superb yet sobering examination of adaptive improve our measuring and management of water, Watershed capacity and challenges to policy within three dozen manage- Watch has been extremely active in the past four years, participat- ment agencies, systems ecologists Buzz Holling and Lance ing in the Coquitlam-Buntzen water use planning consultative Gunderson have identified a remarkably predictable “manage- committee, the Coquitlam fish technical committee, the First ment pathology.” With few exceptions, management agencies, in Nations water use planning committee, the fisheries advisory their drive for efficiency, and to preserve (initially) successful team on water use planning, the green hydro working group, and policies and development, become progressively more myopic numerous other academic, technical, and informal meetings.
    [Show full text]
  • Water for Power, Water for Nature the Story of BC Hydro’S Water Use Planning Program Front Cover: Sockeye Salmon in the Lower Adams River
    Water for Power, Water for Nature The Story of BC Hydro’s Water Use Planning Program Front cover: sockeye salmon in the lower Adams River. © Andrew S. Wright / WWF-Canada Published in October 2014 James Mattison, Linda Nowlan, WWF-Canada, Mathieu Lebel, WWF-Canada, Craig Orr, Watershed Watch Salmon Society Recommended citation: Mattison, J., et al. (2014). Water for Power, Water for Nature: The Story of BC Hydro’s Water Use Planning Program. Vancouver: WWF Canada. Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank all the current and former staff of BC Hydro, and government agencies, particularly the BC Ministry of the Environment and Fisheries and Oceans Canada, for their willingness to supply information and answer questions, and review the report. For many of them, there was not only a willingness to supply information but an obvious pride in their accomplishments and a desire for us to get this right. This report could not have been written without that information and assistance. The authors also wish to thank the people who gave their time to review and comment on this report: Mike Bradford, Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Adam Lewis, Ecofish Research Ltd.; Denise Dalmer, formerly Director Energy Policy and Project Assessment, Ministry of Energy and Mines, British Columbia; and Tony Maas and James Casey, WWF-Canada. Any errors or omissions are attributable to the authors. This publication is funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. WWF thanks the Foundation for their financial support that made this work possible. © 1986 Panda symbol WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly known as World Wildlife Fund).
    [Show full text]