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The Practice of Veterinary Anesthesia: Small Animals, Birds, Fish and Reptiles This Page Intentionally Left Blank PVA Guts Layout 1 10/14/13 8:35 AM Page Iii PVA_Guts_Layout 1 10/14/13 8:35 AM Page i The Practice of Veterinary Anesthesia: Small Animals, Birds, Fish and Reptiles This page intentionally left blank PVA_Guts_Layout 1 10/14/13 8:35 AM Page iii The Practice of Veterinary Anesthesia: Small Animals, Birds, Fish and Reptiles Donald C. Sawyer, DVM, PhD, DACVA Teton NewMedia Teton NewMedia 90 East Simpson, Suite 110 Jackson, WY 83001 © 2008 by Tenton NewMedia Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business Version Date: 20140128 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-4129-7 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them and do not necessarily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use by medical, scientific or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their knowledge of the patient’s medical history, relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guide- lines. Because of the rapid advances in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently verified. The reader is strongly urged to consult the drug companies’ printed instructions, and their websites, before administering any of the drugs recommended in this book. This book does not indicate whether a particular treatment is appropriate or suitable for a particular indi- vidual. Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of the medical professional to make his or her own professional judgements, so as to advise and treat patients appropriately. The authors and publishers have also attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright hold- ers if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com and the Teton NewMedia Web site at www.tetonnewmedia.com PVA_Guts_Layout 1 10/14/13 8:35 AM Page v Contributing Authors David B Brunson, DVM, MS, DACVA Pfizer Animal Health, Veterinary Specialty Team Adjunct Professor, Department of Surgical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53711 Subject: Birds Paul A. Flecknell, MA, VetMB, PhD, DLAS, DECLAM, DECVA Professor (of Laboratory Animal Science) University of Newcastle Medical School, Framlington Place Newcastle, Tyne and Wear, UK, NE2 4HH England Subject: Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Rats, Mice, Gerbils and Rabbits Edward G. Foster, DVM For 38 years, owned and operated the Town and Country Animal Hospital, Inc., Charlotte, Michigan Home address: 316 Beech Street, Charlotte, Michigan 48813-1006 Subject: Brachycephalic breeds and dogs with problem airways Elizabeth A. Leece BVSc, MRCVS, CVA, DECVA Animal Health Trust Lanwades Park Newmarket Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK England Subject: Neuromuscular blockade, Local Anesthesia and Regional Anesthesia. Juergen P. Schumacher, DMV, DACZM Associate Professor in Avian and Zoological Medicine Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee 37901 Subject: Reptiles: Lizards, Snakes, Turtles, Tortoises and Crocodilians Charles E. Short, DVM, PhD, DACVA, DECVA Professor Emeritus, Cornell University Adjunct Professor of Anesthesiology Center for Management of Animal Pain College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Home address: 1800 Shady Hollow Lane Knoxville, Tennessee 37922 Subject: Alpha 2 Receptor Agonists and Antagonists, Risk Assessment and Pain Score PVA_Guts_Layout 1 10/14/13 8:35 AM Page vi James G. Sikarskie, DVM, MS, DACZM Associate Professor, Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Subject: Small Non-Domestic Carnivores Polly Taylor, MA VetMB PhD DVA DECVA MRCA MRCVS Taylor Monroe Gravel Head Farm Downham Common Little Downham, Nr Ely Cambs CB6 2TY England Subject: Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Alistair I. Webb, BVSc, PhD, FRCVS, DVA, DACVA Professor of Clinical Pharmacology & Anesthesiology Department of Physiological Sciences University of Florida P.O. Box 100144 Gainesville, FL 32610-0144 Subject: Blood Gases and Acid - Base Relationships Walter E. Weirich, DVM, PhD, DACVS Professor Emeritus, Purdue University Home address: 7957 W. Juniper Shadows Way Tucson, AZ 85743 Subject: Electrocardiography; Pain from a surgeon’s perspective Thomas D. Williams, DVM Monterey Bay Aquarium 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940 Practice: Aquajito Veterinary Hospital 1221 10th St. Monterey, CA 93940 Subject: Freshwater and Saltwater Fishes PVA_Guts_Layout 1 10/14/13 8:35 AM Page vii Preface This book is designed to provide insights into procedures and problems associated with anesthesia of small animals and other pets. This includes preemptive methodology and ways of dealing with specific situations associated with anesthesia. It has been prepared for small animal veterinarians, technicians and students not only to provide practical information about anesthesia and pain management but problem solving issues about breeds, surgical procedures, geriatrics and disease conditions that place certain patients at higher risk for anesthesia. Modern methods of monitoring the anesthetized patient are described to help in this process as well. Although the book is primarily focused on dogs and cats, it includes information on restraint, preanesthetics, anesthetic procedures, monitoring and use of analgesics for birds, exotic cats, skunks, ferrets, raccoons, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, mice, gerbils, rabbits, fish, and reptiles. The text is presented by chapters in sequence as one would do anesthesia: Preanesthesia; Induction; Maintenance; Predictable Problems; Other Small Animals including birds, fish and reptiles; Emergency Procedures; and Recovery. Methods of pain management are placed in the first chapter because effective treatment of pain begins before anesthesia and surgery start. The book includes suggested anesthetic protocols in tabular form that clinicians will find useful. In addition, anesthetics, analgesics, sedatives, tranquilizers and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are not only those available in North America but Europe, United Kingdom and other countries as well. For this purpose, it makes it easier to refer to drugs by generic name rather than only by brand name. The content is well referenced but this is not intended to be a reference text. However, it is presented in a manner that makes information easy to find and easy to read to make anesthesia safe as possible for those who deal with one of the most fascinating and challenging deciplines in veterinary practice. This page intentionally left blank PVA_Guts_Layout 1 10/14/13 8:35 AM Page ix Acknowledgements I am very grateful for the expertise of each and every one of the contributing authors in the development of this book. They all accepted the challenge and the information provided is outstanding. Without their help, this book would not have been completed in its present format. In particular, my friend and colleague Charlie Short has been a big supporter and provided a great deal of encouragement to get the job done. Special thanks are extended to Cheryl Blaze who provided the most complete review that could be expected. Her special contribution is greatly appreciated. Over the time that I have worked on this text, many people have helped in a variety of ways. I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to the following individuals and colleagues: Gail Whiting; Marlee Langham, LVT; Elaine Striler, LVT; Audra Guikema, BS, LVT; Rob Durham, BS, MS, PhD; Shannon Briggs, BS, PhD; William Spielman, PhD; and the Clinical Faculty, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University. This page intentionally left blank PVA_Guts_Layout 1 10/14/13
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