DOCSLIB.ORG

Restraint and Anesthesia of Uncommon Veterinary Patients Bruce H

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Restraint and Anesthesia of Uncommon Veterinary Patients Bruce H Volume 47 | Issue 1 Article 9 1985 Restraint and Anesthesia of Uncommon Veterinary Patients Bruce H. Garver Iowa State University Larry L. Jackson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastate_veterinarian Part of the Anesthesia and Analgesia Commons, and the Veterinary Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Garver, Bruce H. and Jackson, Larry L. (1985) "Restraint and Anesthesia of Uncommon Veterinary Patients," Iowa State University Veterinarian: Vol. 47 : Iss. 1 , Article 9. Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastate_veterinarian/vol47/iss1/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Iowa State University Veterinarian by an authorized editor of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Restraint and Anesthesia of Uncommon Veterinary Patients Bruce H. Garver, BS* Larry L. Jackson, DVM, MS, DACVA** Inttbduction Anesthesia The presentation of small mammals, birds, The variations in anatomical features, size, and reptiles as patients can create consider­ percent body-fat, metabolism, drug sensitivi­ able problems for the veterinarian. Oftenti­ ties, and pre-anesthetic health of the animal mes the veterinarian feels uncomfortable han­ must be considered when anesthesia is to be dling uncommon pets for fear of injury to the administered. Ambient temperature is an im­ pet or clinic staff. This often sends the veteri­ portant consideration. Many anesthetics alter narian searching through textbooks hoping to the animals thermoregulatory mechanism, find a short and concise section dealing with therefore, it is necessary to keep anesthetized the patient at hand. With the knowledge of animals warm. The method of administration large variations existing in attitude, drug sen­ of the anesthesia must also be considered. In sitivities, and metabolism, veterinarians must many smaller animals it is virtually impossi­ have the ability to competently handle these ble to administer anesthesia intravenously, animals. The manner in which veterinarians while in larger animals it may be impossible approach and handle animals is of utmost im­ to restrain them enough to give anesthetics portance since the owner is often present. intravenously. Parenteral administration of Evaluation of the veterinarian by the client is anesthetics in uncommon animals is safer, be­ partially determined by the ability of the vet­ cause of the ease of administration and the erinarian to treat the animal in a means that effective dose can be controlled more closely. the owner accepts as proper. The pet, no mat­ The therapeutic index ofvarious anesthetics is ter how uncommon, is important to the client also a major consideration when the weight on an emotional level and a financial level. and general condition of the animal have to be Therefore, it is essential that the animal be estimated prior to anesthesia. Anesthetics handled, restrained, and treated with skill and. with higher therapeutic indices are preferred confidence. This guide has been developed as so that the health of the animal is not compro­ a quick and accurate reference for the veteri­ mised. Finally, the efficacies of various anes­ narian to aid in the restraint and anesthesis of thetics have to be considered so that the ani­ uncommon patients. mal will be immobilized for the desired length of time without being endangered by the ef­ Restraint fects of prolonged anesthesia. The art of proper restraint involves the study and observation of various restraint Mice methods, incorporation of these methods, and Most mice will attempt to bite when application of the methods to the patient at handled and should be picked up by the base hand. These descriptions of restraint are not of the tail. The mouse should then be placed the only methods of restraint for a particular on a rough surface, while maintaining a grip species, but methods that work. on the tail. The mouse will try to crawl away, and remain immobile. This enables the ani­ mal to be grasped by the scruff of the neck *Mr. Garver is a fourth-year student in the College of with the forefinger and thumb of the free Veterinary Medicine at Iowa State University. **Dr. Jackson is a professor of Clinical Sciences at hand. The mouse can then be lifted off the Iowa State University. surface and handled safely. 1.2 46 Iowa State University Veterinarian Ketamine hydrochloride at a dosage of 44 mg/kg 1M is recommended for short periods of anesthesia in the hamster. This will provide light anesthesia for a period of 20 to 25 min­ utes. 8 Ketamine at 44 mg/kg with xylazine at 4 to 8 mg/kg 1M will provide 45 to 60 minutes of analgesia. 10 Sodium pentobarbital has also been described for use in hamsters at a dosage of 60 to 90 mg/kg IP. The IP injection given in the lower abdomen just off the midline pro­ duces an anesthetic state for 30 to 45 min­ The more common routes of anesthesia ad­ utes.2.10 Like the other rodents, hamsters can ministration in rodents are subcutaneous also be induced in a jar on induction chamber (SC), intramuscular (1M), and intraperito­ with methoxyflurane or halothane and then neal (IP). Ketamine hydrochloride at the do­ maintained at 1.0 to 1.5 percent with a mask sage of 22 to 44 mg/kg 1M will provide light using a non-rebreathing apparatus. 8 anesthesia for 15 to 25 minutes.2.8 Ketamine Gerbils hydrochloride at 44 mg/kg in combination Gerbils that are handled regularly can often with xylazine at 4 to 8 mg/kg 1M will provide be picked up in the palm of the hand. HOVI­ more muscle relaxation and a longer period of ever, if the animal is aggressive it can be anesthesia. 10 For longer procedures the use of picked up by the base of the tail and grasped halothane or methoxyflurane inhalation anes­ by the scruff as described for the mouse. Cau­ thesia has been used safely. Halothane can be tion should be exercised to avoid injuring the volatized in a stream of oxygen and pumped delicate skin of the tail.1 into a jar or small chamber for induction and Ketamine hydrochloride at a dosage of the animal can be maintained on gas using a about 44 mg/kg 1M is suggested for short pro­ n1ask. cedures of 15 to 25 minutes.2 Ketamine and Concentrations of 1.0 to 1.5 percent are xylazine combinations at 44 mg/kg and 4 to 8 suggested. 9 The body temperature should be mg/kg respectively, given 1M, provide longer maintained by placing the mouse on a heating periods of analgesia and sedation. 10 Anesthe­ pad or wrapping it in aluminum foil. 1The use sia of two to three hours can be obtained by of ether has been described. Research has the SC or IP injection of a sodium pentobar­ shown that ether causes considerable irrita­ bital at 60 mg/ml.4.10 tion of the bronchial tree and may predispose The use of methoxyflurane or halothane in the animal to respiratory problen1s postopera­ an induction chamber and maintenance using tively. Irritation to the eyes and the pads of a mask at 1.0 to 1.5 percent concentration are the feet also occurs if the animal is not prop­ also suggested. 8 erly separated by padding from the ether.1 Metomidate 50 mg/kg and fentanyl 0.05 mg/kg, diluted in saline to give a convenient Hamsters volume, can be mixed and administered SC A pet hamster can be handled by cupping to give about 45 minutes of anesthesia.1 the palms of the hand and lifting the animal clear of the cage. However, if the animal is Rats uncontrollable it may be grasped by the scruff Pet rats are usually not aggressive and can of the neck. The skin in the region of the neck be safely handled by picking. them up with the is very loose, and a good amount of skin must hand around the shoulders. Grasping the rat be grasped to prevent the animal from turn­ too tightly will cause the animal to panic and ing and biting the handler. This is necessary bite the handler. The rat resents most clinical when performing clinical procedures. Bites procedures, and the thumb of the hand grasp­ from these small rodents are painful but rarely ing the rat can be placed under the mandible cause serious injury. If the animal bites and to prevent the animal from biting. If the rat is refuses to relax its grasp, do not try to pull it very agitated it can be handled like the free, but place the animal back in its cage. mouse. Rats should not be grasped by the Once within its cage the animal will release its scruff ofthe neck because it is very uncomfort­ grasp.1.2 able to the rat.2 VOL. 47) No. 1 47 Short periods of anesthesia can be obtained and dose miscalculation due to a full stom­ by 1M injection of ketamine hydrochloride at ach. 10 Complete recovery may take as long as the dosage of 20 to 50 mg/kg. The lower end 12 hours and it may be necessary to supple­ of the dosage range should be used for ment heat and turn the animal periodically to younger rats. 2 Sodium pentobarbital can also prevent pulmonary congestion during that be used 1M in rats at the dosage of 30 to 50 time. 4 ,10 mg/kg. This has proven to be a safe means of Guinea pigs can also be induced in a cham­ anesthesia in rats and has been used for years ber and maintained on methoxyflurane or ha­ ip lab animal medicine.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evaluation the Clinical Effects of Neuroleptanalgesia During
    AL-Qadisiya Journal of Vet. Med. Sci. Vol. 14 No. 1 2015 Evaluation the clinical effects of neuroleptanalgesia (Remifentanil-Acepromazine, Remifentanil-Xylazine, and Remifentanil-Midazolam) during intubation and some minor surgical operations in dogs Samir Aoda Jaffar Ayad Abed-Al-Jabbar Amin Coll. of Vet. Med. / Univ. of Baghdad email: [email protected] (Received 9 January 2014, Accepted 21 April 2014) Abstract The present study intends to evaluate and compare the clinical effects of neuroleptanalgesia induced by using one of the sedative-opioid or tranquilizer-opioid (neuroleptanalgesia) combinations during intubation and some minor surgical operations in dogs. Twenty seven apparently healthy dogs weighing from (15-20 kg) and aged (2-4 years) were divided into three groups, all animals were premedicated with atropine (0.03 mg/kg BW) IM, after 15 minutes neuroleptanalgesia induced as following: Group 1, giving Acepromazine 1mg/kg BW IM and remifentanil 0.5 μg/kg BW IV. Group 2, giving Xylazine 2mg/kg BW IM and remifentanil 0.5 μg/kg BW IV. Group 3, giving Midazolam 0.2mg/kg BW IM and remifentanil 0.5 μg/kg BW IV), in 10 minutes interval respectively in all groups. The following parameters were used for evaluation during the state of (neuroleptanalgesia), eye reflexes, duration and degree of surgical analgesia, degree of sedation, muscle relaxation, respiratory rate, rectal body temperature, and heart rate and rhythm. The results of the study was characterized by good sedation with minor change in heart and respiratory rates and body temperature with excellent analgesia and muscle relaxation quite enough to performed intubation, docking and declawing in groups one and two and less in quality in third group.
    [Show full text]
  • The Practice of Veterinary Anesthesia: Small Animals, Birds, Fish and Reptiles This Page Intentionally Left Blank PVA Guts Layout 1 10/14/13 8:35 AM Page Iii
    PVA_Guts_Layout 1 10/14/13 8:35 AM Page i The Practice of Veterinary Anesthesia: Small Animals, Birds, Fish and Reptiles This page intentionally left blank PVA_Guts_Layout 1 10/14/13 8:35 AM Page iii The Practice of Veterinary Anesthesia: Small Animals, Birds, Fish and Reptiles Donald C. Sawyer, DVM, PhD, DACVA Teton NewMedia Teton NewMedia 90 East Simpson, Suite 110 Jackson, WY 83001 © 2008 by Tenton NewMedia Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business Version Date: 20140128 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-4129-7 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them and do not necessarily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use by medical, scientific or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their knowledge of the patient’s medical history, relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guide- lines. Because of the rapid advances in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently verified. The reader is strongly urged to consult the drug companies’ printed instructions, and their websites, before administering any of the drugs recommended in this book.
    [Show full text]
  • ATIVAN (Lorazepam) Injection, USP)
    ATIVAN (lorazepam) injection, USP) For intravenous and intramuscular use NOT FOR USE IN NEONATES CONTAINS BENZYL ALCOHOL WARNING: RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH OPIOIDS Concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation (see WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions). DESCRIPTION Lorazepam, a benzodiazepine with antianxiety, sedative, and anticonvulsant effects, is intended for the intramuscular or intravenous routes of administration. It has the chemical formula: 7-chloro-5(2­ chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2H-1, 4-benzodiazepin-2-one. The molecular weight is 321.16, and the C.A.S. No. is [846-49-1]. The structural formula is: Lorazepam is a nearly white powder almost insoluble in water. Each mL of sterile injection contains either 2.0 or 4.0 mg of lorazepam, 0.18 mL polyethylene glycol 400 in propylene glycol with 2.0% benzyl alcohol as preservative. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Lorazepam interacts with the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-benzodiazepine receptor complex, which is widespread in the brain of humans as well as other species. This interaction is presumed to be responsible for lorazepam’s mechanism of action. Lorazepam exhibits relatively high and specific affinity for its recognition site but does not displace GABA. Attachment to the specific binding site enhances the affinity of GABA for its receptor site on the same receptor complex. The pharmacodynamic consequences of benzodiazepine agonist actions include antianxiety effects, sedation, and reduction of seizure activity. The intensity of action is directly related to the degree of benzodiazepine receptor occupancy.
    [Show full text]
  • Bbm:978-3-319-63040-3/1.Pdf
    Index A Addiction medicine specialists Abstinence stage, 226, 227 addiction psychiatry, 12 Abstinence syndrome, 36, 62, 67, 68, 92, 93, 145, ASAM, 12 158, 159 Adolescence, 300–302 alcohol withdrawal, 50 accidents, 293 amphetamines, 101 aftercare plan, 303, 304 anabolic steroids, 183 alcoholic hepatitis, 298 barbiturates assessment, 295 detoxification, 62 behavioral signs and symptoms, 295, 296 symptoms, 62 court order, 298 bath salts, 109 definition, 291 benzodiazepines denial, 294 detoxification, 68 discharge planning, 303 high dose, short half-life, short duration of use, 67 drugs, 293, 294 long half-life, long duration of use, 67 drugs usage, 293, 296 low dose, long duration of use, 67 extended care, 303 rebound phenomenon, 67 family history, 297 symptom reemergence, 67 homicide, 293 caffeine, 111 inpatient treatment, 299, 302 cocaine, 107 medical assessment, 299 detoxification outpatient treatment, 303 buprenorphine (subutex), 92, 93 peer affiliation and acceptance, 292, 304 clonidine, 93 physical examination, 297 methadone, 93 physical growth and sexual maturation, 292 flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), 70 prefrontal cortex, 291 GHB, 72 prevalence, 292, 293 indications, 51, 52 psychological assessment, 300 methylphenidate (ritalin), 108 psychosocial assessment, 296, 297 opioid withdrawal, 92 rehabilitation process outpatient treatment, 50, 51 coping skills and relaxation therapy, 301 outpatient vs. inpatient detoxification, education, 300 52–53 group therapy, 300 phentermine, 109 individual therapy, 300 physical and physiologic changes, 9 life story, 301 rapid detoxification, 93–94 peer assessment, 301 severity, 9 recreational therapy, 301 stage 1, 49 spirituality, 301 stage 2, 49 support group attendance, 301 stage 3, 49 residential treatment, 303 symptoms, 92 screening questionnaire, 296 treatment, 50–53 sexually transmitted diseases, 298 Z drugs, 71 social assessment, 300 Acamprosate (campral), 237, 315 substance dependence, 294 Acute convulsions, 60 substance users, 298 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 341 H.T.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. ADARSH KUMAR PREMEDICATION (Preanesthetics): A
    PREANAESTHETICS -ANTICHOLINERGICS, SEDATIVES, TRANQUILIZERS Dr. ADARSH KUMAR PREMEDICATION (Preanesthetics): A. General use 1. Sedation of intractable animals for routine diagnostic procedures, examination, trailering etc. 2. Sedation for minor surgical procedures in conjunction with local anaesthesia. 3. Preanesthetic medication: a. Reduces anxiety and improves induction quality. b. Decreases amount of induction agent needed. c. Lengthens and promotes smoother recovery from anaesthesia. d. Decreases the minimum alveolar concentration for inhalation agents e. Decrease salivary and bronchial secretions f. Block vagal reflexes, which can cause bradyarrhythmias. g. Provide pre-, intra-, and immediate post-operative analgesia. Administration of premedicant drugs: a) They are usually given IM 30-40 minutes before induction. (The time will depend on the drugs used.) b) They can be given intravenously to quieten patients. This may be faster acting and have a more profound effect. c) Occasionally, the drugs are given orally. The patient may be extremely difficult to handle (drug is hidden in food or water)Dr. or the dr ugAdarsh may be better absorbed by this route. d) The patient must be left quiet for the drugs to have their full effect. PREMEDICANT DRUGS: A) Anticholinergic Agents : o `Drying' agents which also block vagal tone 1) Naturally found. e.g. atropine. 2) Synthetic. e.g. glycopyrrolate. B) Tranquilizers, or Neuroleptics o These are calming agents which reduce stress. o The animal can arouse from sedation o These drugs have no analgesic properties Dr. Adarsh Page 1 11/6/2007 1 I). Phenothiazine derivatives. e.g. acepromazine II). Butyrophenones. e.g. droperidol, azaperone. III). Benzodiazepines. e.g. diazepam, midazolam.
    [Show full text]
  • Recovery After General Anaesthesia in Adult Horses: a Structured Summary of the Literature
    animals Review Recovery after General Anaesthesia in Adult Horses: A Structured Summary of the Literature Miguel Gozalo-Marcilla 1,* and Simone Katja Ringer 2,* 1 Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Easter Bush Campus, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK 2 Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.G.-M.); [email protected] (S.K.R.); Tel.: +44-(0)-131-651-7366 (M.G.-M.); +41-44-635-84-99 (S.K.R.) Simple Summary: Recovery is the most dangerous phase of general anaesthesia in horses. Numer- ous publications have reported about this phase, but structured reviews that try to reduce the risk of bias of narrative reviews/expert opinions, focussing on the topic are missing. Therefore, the aim of the present article was to publish the first structured review as a summary of the literature focussing on the recovery phase after general anaesthesia in horses. The objective was to summarise the avail- able literature, taking into account the scientific evidence of the individual studies. A structured approach was followed with two experts in the field independently deciding on article inclusion and its level of scientific evidence. A total number of 444 articles, sorted by topics and classified based on their levels of evidence, were finally included into the present summary. The most important findings were summarised and discussed. The present structured review can be used as a compilation of the publications that, to date, focus on the recovery phase after general anaesthesia in adult horses.
    [Show full text]
  • A Practical Discussion of Intravenous Anesthesia
    University of Nebraska Medical Center DigitalCommons@UNMC MD Theses Special Collections 5-1-1936 A practical discussion of intravenous anesthesia Donald E. Carle University of Nebraska Medical Center This manuscript is historical in nature and may not reflect current medical research and practice. Search PubMed for current research. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses Part of the Medical Education Commons Recommended Citation Carle, Donald E., "A practical discussion of intravenous anesthesia" (1936). MD Theses. 427. https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses/427 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Collections at DigitalCommons@UNMC. It has been accepted for inclusion in MD Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNMC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A PRACTICAL DISCUSSION OF INTRAVENOUS ANESTHESIA SENIOR THESIS by DONALD E. CARLE UNIVERSITY of NEBRASKA COLLEGE of MEDICINE APRIL 12, 1936 CONTENTS Page Introduction ------------------------------------- --r History ------------------------------------------ 2-7 Intravenous Route in General 8-12 Ether -------------------------------------------- 13-21 Hedonal ------------------------------------------ 22-28 Somnifaine --------------------------------------- 29-36 Paraldehyde -------------------------------------- 3'7-11 Barbiturates in General 42-48 Amytal ------------------------------------------- 49-59 Pernocton ---------------------------------------- 60-68 Nembutal
    [Show full text]
  • Clonidine in Paediatric Anaesthesia
    From the Department of Surgical Sciences, Section for Paediatric Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects. Henrik TG Bergendahl Stockholm 2002 Published and printed by Karolinska University Press Box 200, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden © Henrik TG Bergendahl, 2002 ISBN 91-7349-164-0 to my wonderful life companion Birgitta and her fantastic children Johannes and Clara and our beloved children Olle and Anna. - to my parents, my sister and my brothers. - to Professor Allan Ågren. Dissertation quote: “Life is what´s happening to you while you are busy making other plans” John Lennon ABSTRACT Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects. Henrik TG Bergendahl. Stockholm 2002. Clonidine is a mixed alpha-2/alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist. It reduces sympathetic and increases parasympathetic tone which results in a lowering of the baseline blood pressure and heart rate. Descending postjunctional noradrenergic antinociceptive pathways originating in the brainstem are believed to contribute to pain control of both nociceptive and neuropathic origin after clonidine challenge. The sedative effect of clonidine is due to alpha-2 adrenoceptor stimulation in the locus coeruleus. In adults, oral clonidine provides preoperative sedation, increases perioperative haemodynamic stability, reduces the requirements of volatile anaesthetic requirements, and attenuates the stress response secondary to intubation. A pure analgesic effect is seen after both systemic and neuraxial administration. In paediatric anaesthesia similar beneficial effects have been observed. To provide safe and effective use of clonidine in children further studies delineating its specific pharmacokinetic and haemodynamic characteristics are needed, despite its recently increased clinical use.
    [Show full text]
  • ANASED- Xylazine Hydrochloride Injection, Solution
    ANASED- xylazine hydrochloride injection, solution Patterson Veterinary ---------- AnaSed® Injection (xylazine injection) 100 mg/mL Sedative and Analgesic for Use in Horses and Cervidae (Fallow Deer, Mule Deer, Sika Deer, White- Tailed Deer and Elk) CAUTION: Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. Do not use in Cervidae less than 15 days before or during the hunting season. DESCRIPTION: AnaSed® is supplied in 50 mL multiple-dose vials as a sterile solution. EACH mL CONTAINS: Xylazine hydrochloride equivalent to 100 mg of base activity, methylparaben 0.9 mg, propylparaben 0.1 mg, sodium citrate dihydrate 5.0 mg and water for injection. pH adjusted with citric acid and sodium citrate. INDICATIONS: Xylazine should be used in horses and Cervidae (Fallow Deer, Mule Deer, Sika Deer, White-Tailed Deer and Elk) when it is desirable to produce a state of sedation accompanied by a shorter period of analgesia. Horses: Xylazine has been used successfully as follows: 1. Diagnostic procedures — oral and ophthalmic examinations, abdominal palpation, rectal palpation, vaginal examination, catheterization of the bladder and radiographic examinations. 2. Orthopedic procedures, such as application of casting materials and splints. 3. Dental procedures. 4. Minor surgical procedures of short duration such as debridement, removal of cutaneous neoplasms and suturing of lacerations. 5. To calm and facilitate handling of fractious animals. Major surgical procedures: a. When used as a preanesthetic to general anesthesia. b. When used in conjunction with local anesthetics. Cervidae: Xylazine may be used for the following: 1. To calm and facilitate handling of fractious animals.
    [Show full text]
  • CCAC Vol2 Non Human Primates
    Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals, Volume 2 (1984) XX. NON-HUMAN PRIMATES Please note that the CCAC Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals, vol. 2 (1984) is out of date and currently under revision. In the interim, sections of this chapter have been replaced by reference to more recent CCAC publications where available. The sections that have not been replaced should be viewed alongside more recent literature, such as that available on the CCAC Three Rs microsite (http://www.ccac.ca/en/alternatives/ species-resources_ressources-especes/primates.html). A. INTRODUCTION Non-human primates are exotic animals requiring special housing and knowledgeable care if they are to be successfully maintained and used in research. Measures to safeguard their psychological stability should take equal precedence to those concerning physical health (McGrew, 1980). Many non-human primate species are threatened with extinction; others are in relatively short supply, difficult to procure and therefore expensive. The stresses of capture and transport predispose these animals to a variety of disease syndromes which often result in a high mortality prior to their arrival at the research facilities. Because non-human primates carry substantial zoonoses that pose a serious potential health hazard to personnel, and because of their susceptibility to a number of human diseases, special precautions must be taken in maintaining these animals. In light of these facts, it is clearly apparent that non-human primates should only be used for research purposes when no other species is suitable for the particular project and all other alternatives have been rejected.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 T&L
    Chapter 3 Anesthetic Agents and Adjuncts 1 Chapter 3 Anesthetic Agents and Adjuncts Anesthetic agents and adjuncts may be classified a number of ways. First, they may be classified based on the route of administration. Inhalant agents are administered from an anesthetic machine into the lower respiratory tree via an endotracheal tube or mask. Injectable agents are injected intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intralesionally, or into a number of other locations. Oral agents are given by mouth, and topical agents are applied to a body surface such as the skin or mucous membranes. Another way these agents may be classified is based on the time period at which they are given during the course of an anesthetic procedure. Drugs given before general anesthesia are referred to as preanesthetic medications. Drugs used to induce general anesthesia are referred to as induction agents, and those used to maintain general anesthesia are referred to as maintenance agents. A third way anesthetic agents and adjuncts may be classified is according to the principal effect. Local anesthetics induce a loss of sensation in a localized area of the body. In contrast, general anesthetics induce a loss of sensation over the entire body, accompanied by unconsciousness. Sedatives and tranquilizers are agents that cause sedation and tranquilization, respectively. Analgesics prevent and control pain. Muscle relaxants decrease muscle tone. Chapter 3 Anesthetic Agents and Adjuncts Neuromuscular blockers, although infrequently used in general practice, are used to relax or paralyze skeletal muscles during ophthalmic, orthopedic, or other surgeries. Anticholinergic agents are used to decrease effects of parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) stimulation such as bradycardia and excessive salivation.
    [Show full text]
  • Preanesthesia, Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Euthanasia Paul Flecknell, MA, Vetmb, Phd, DECLAM, DLAS, DECVA, (Hon) DACLAM, (Hon) Frcvsa, Jennifer L.S
    CHAPTER 24 Preanesthesia, Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Euthanasia Paul Flecknell, MA, VetMB, PhD, DECLAM, DLAS, DECVA, (Hon) DACLAM, (Hon) FRCVSa, Jennifer L.S. Lofgren, DVM, MS, DACLAMb, Melissa C. Dyson, DVM, DACLAMb, Robert R. Marini, DVMc, M. Michael Swindle, DVMd and Ronald P. Wilson, VMD, MSe aComparative Biology Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK bUnit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA cDivision of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts dDepartment of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA ePenn State College of Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA OUTLINE I. Introduction 1136 IV. Ferrets 1156 A. Introduction 1156 II. Rodents 1136 B. Preoperative Assessment and Preparation 1157 A. Introduction 1136 C. Intraoperative Anesthetics 1158 B. Preoperative Assessment and Preparation 1136 D. Intraoperative Monitoring and Support 1160 C. Anesthetic Agents 1137 E. Postoperative Recovery 1160 D. Intraoperative Monitoring and Support 1143 F. Acute and Chronic Analgesic Therapy 1160 E. Special Anesthetic Considerations 1144 G. Special Anesthetic Considerations 1161 F. Analgesic Therapy 1145 G. Species Considerations 1147 V. Swine 1162 H. Euthanasia 1148 A. Introduction 1162 B. Preoperative Assessment and Preparation 1162 III. Rabbits 1149 C. Intraoperative Anesthesia 1163 A. Introduction 1149 D. Intraoperative Monitoring and Support 1166 B. Preoperative Assessment and Preparation 1149 E. Special Anesthetic Considerations 1166 C. Intraoperative Anesthesia 1150 F. Postoperative Recovery 1167 D. Intraoperative Monitoring and Support 1154 G. Acute and Chronic Analgesic Therapy 1167 E. Special Anesthetic Considerations 1154 H. Euthanasia 1168 F. Acute and Chronic Analgesic Therapy 1155 Laboratory Animal Medicine, Third Edition DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527-4.00024-9 1135 © 20122015 Elsevier Inc.
    [Show full text]