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RF Electronics Design and Simulation.Pdf Design and Simulation K1=0.975131011283515 Lr1=38.4514647453448 S12=0.5008 K2=1.00596548213902 L11=6.77604174321048 S23=0.9685 K3=1.00219893760926 L22=Lr1-L11-W50 L2=K2*Lr1 S34=0.9875 K4=0.994348146551798 Lr4=K1*Lr1 L3=K3*Lr1 S45=0.5303 K5=1.00188484397154 L41=6.61424287231546 L4=K4*Lr1 L42=Lr4-L41-W50 L5=K5*Lr1 MCURVE MCURVE ID=TL28 MCURVE ID=TL8 W=Wr mm MCFIL MCFIL ID=TL3 W=Wr mm ANG=180 Deg ID=TL1 ID=TL9 W=Wr mm ANG=180 Deg R=4 mm W=Wr mm W=Wr mm ANG=180 Deg R=4 mm S=S12 mm S=S23 mm R=4 mm L=L2 mm L=L3 mm MLIN MCFIL ID=TL26 ID=TL2 MLIN W=Wr mm W=Wr mm L=L41 mm ID=TL24 S=S45 mm W=Wr mm L=L5 mm MLIN L=L11 mm ID=TL6 W=W50 mm 2 L=10 mm MLIN MTEEX$ 3 ID=TL7 ID=MT1 PORT W=W50 mm 1 MCFIL 1 PORT P=1 L=10 mm ID=TL4 MTEEX$ P=2 Z=50 Ohm W=Wr mm ID=MT4 Z=50 Ohm 3 S=S34 mm L=L4 mm 2 MCURVE MCURVE MLEF ID=TL17 ID=TL5 ID=TL27 W=Wr mm W=Wr mm W=Wr mm ANG=180 Deg ANG=180 Deg L=L42 mm R=4 mm R=4 mm MLEF ID=TL25 W=Wr mm L=L22 mm Cornelis J. Kikkert RF Electronics Design and Simulation Publisher: James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia, 4811. http://www.jcu.edu.au Copyright 2013 C. J. Kikkert, ISBN 978-0-9873109-3-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of Cornelis J. Kikkert. The accompanying project files are also Copyright 2013 C. J. Kikkert, ISBN 978-0-9873109-3-4. C. J. Kikkert grants readers of this book permission to use these project files and to modify them, in order to gain an understanding of the material presented in this publication. The text contained in the “Design Notes” of the project files may not be altered. AWR Corporation has been given a licence to distribute this publication and the accompanying project files through the University Program of AWR, please see their web site http://www.awrcorp.com for details. A catalogue record for this book is available from the James Cook Library. II RF Electronics Design and Simulation Cornelis J. Kikkert James Cook University Townsville, Queensland, Australia III Contents Page Preface VIII Acknowledgement IX About the Author IX Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Computer Simulation 3 References 3 Chapter 2: Computer Simulation 4 Introduction 4 Basic Operation 5 Example 2.1: Low Pass Filter 5 Equations in AWRDE 9 Optimisation 10 Example 2.2: Diplexer 10 Example 2.3: Amplifier 15 Transistor Models 17 Determination of Line Parameters 21 Nonlinear Simulation 23 Transient Circuit Simulation 24 Example 2.4: Buck DC-DC Converter 24 Harmonic Balance Circuit Simulation 29 Black Box Matching of Circuits to Measurements 31 Example 2.5: Bandpass T Matching Network 31 S Parameter Measurements 33 Impedance Measurements 36 Summary 43 References 43 Chapter 3: Transformers and Hybrids 45 Introduction 45 Wideband Transformers 46 Example 3.1: RF Transformer Design 47 Bifilar and Trifilar Windings 48 Transmission line transformers with ferrite cores 49 Transformer Hybrids 51 Power Combiner / Splitter 52 Wilkinson Transformer Hybrid 53 Example 3.2 Wilkinson Transformer Hybrid Design 54 Transmission Line Hybrid with Ferrite Cores 55 IV Page Many Way Hybrids 56 References 57 Chapter 4: Transmission Line Transformers and Hybrids 58 Introduction 58 Example 4.1: Bandwidth Calculation 59 Wilkinson Transmission Line Hybrid 60 Compensated Wilkinson Hybrid 65 Unequal Split Wilkinson Hybrid 66 Wideband Wilkinson Hybrid 67 Example 4.2: 90 to 270 MHz Wilkinson Hybrid 68 Quarter Wave Hybrid or 1.5 Rat-race hybrid 71 Branchline Coupler 74 Backward Travelling Wave Hybrid 81 Edge Coupled Lines 82 Example 4.2: 20 dB Coupler 82 Lange Coupler 86 Broadside Coupled Lines 87 Example 4.3: 100 Watt 3 dB Broadside Coupler 89 References 91 Chapter 5: Frequency Mixers 92 Introduction 92 Definition of Terms 93 Conversion Loss 93 Isolation 94 Compression Point 94 Dynamic Range 95 Two-tone Third Order Intermodulation Distortion 95 Third Order Intercept Point 96 LO Level 97 Example 5.1: Mixer LO Level Calculation 98 Single Diode Mixer 98 Computer Simulation of Mixers 100 Balanced Mixer 106 Double Balanced Mixer 110 Microwave Mixers 118 Microwave Mixer using a Branchline Coupler 120 Active Single Transistor Mixer 124 Gilbert Cell Active Mixer 124 Quadrature Mixers 129 Active IQ Mixers 130 V Page Examples of Commercial Active Mixers 130 Image Reject Mixers 132 LTCC Mixers 135 Other Mixers 136 Additional Resources 136 References 136 Chapter 6: Oscillators 138 Principles of Oscillators 138 Requirements 138 Oscillator Types 138 Positive Feedback Oscillators 138 Oscillator Design Process 139 Frequency Selective Networks 140 Oscillator Design Procedure 141 Step 1: Select an amplifier type 141 Step 2: Design an amplifier 142 Step 3: Design a resonator 143 Step 4: Linear Oscillator Analysis 144 Step 5: Nonlinear Oscillator Analysis 144 Crystal Oscillators 146 Quartz Crystals 146 Example 6.1: Crystal Oscillator Design 147 RF and Microwave Oscillators 150 Example 6.2: 1 GHz Microstrip Oscillator Design 150 Dual Resonator Oscillator 156 Design Improvements 159 References 162 Chapter 7: RF Filters 163 Introduction 163 Electrical Filters 163 Acoustic Filters 163 Filter Design Revision 163 Filter Tables 164 Butterworth Filters 165 Bessel Filter 167 Chebyshev Filter 168 Cauer-Chebyshev Filter 168 RF Lowpass Filter Design 170 Bandpass Filter Design 175 LC Bandpass Filters 175 VI Page Low-Pass to Band-Pass Transformation 176 LC Coupled Resonator Filter 176 HF Filters 183 Cauer-Chebyshev Bandpass Filters 184 Parallel Coupled-Line Filter 184 Example 7.1: 1 GHz, 70 MHz Bandwidth Filter 184 Hairpin Filter 187 Helical Filters 191 Example 7.2: 100 MHz, 1 MHz Bandwidth Filter 192 Interdigital Filters 195 Round Rod Interdigital Filters 196 PCB Interdigital Filters 197 Example 7.3: 1GHz, 70 MHz Bandwidth Filter 198 Direct Coupled Resonator Filters 203 Example 7.4: 1 GHz, 500 MHz Bandwidth Filter 204 Fine Tuning the Filter 206 Microstrip Filter Comparison 208 EM Simulation 213 Coaxial Filters 220 Ceramic Filters 223 SAW Filters 224 References 224 Chapter 8: Amplifiers: Stability, Noise and Gain 226 Introduction 226 MMIC 226 Requirement for Stability 227 Smith Chart Revision 228 Scattering Parameter Revision 229 Stability 231 Stability Circles 231 Unconditional Stability 233 Conditional Stability 233 Stability Factors: Measures of Stability 233 Design for Maximum Gain 234 Amplifier Noise Figure 234 Improving the Noise Figure 239 Improving Amplifier Stability 242 Couplers at Input and Output 242 Resistors at Output 244 References 246 VII Page Chapter 9: Impedance Matching of Power Amplifiers 248 Introduction 248 Large Signal Parameters 248 Types of Matching 248 Choice of Components and Q value 248 LC Matching 249 PI Network 250 Low Pass T Network 251 Bandpass L Network 252 Bandpass T Network 252 Capacitive Impedance Transformer 253 Example 9.1: 150 MHz, 35W Amplifier 254 PI Network 257 Low Pass T Network 257 Bandpass L Network 258 Bandpass T Network 258 Capacitive Impedance Transformer 259 Transformer Matching 260 Transmission Line Matching 262 Broadband Matching 263 Example 2: Broadband Amplifier 268 References 276 Chapter 10: Circuit Manufacture 277 Introduction 277 Subtractive Process: Conductive Track Removal 277 Additive Process: Depositing Tracks and Vias 277 Printed Circuit Board Materials 278 Conventional PCB Substrates 278 Paper and Resin Substrates; FR2 and FR3 278 Fibreglass and Epoxy Substrates; FR4, FR408, IS400 279 Microwave and RF Printed Circuit Board Materials 280 RT/duroid 58X0 280 RT/duroid 6000 281 RO3000 and RO3200 281 RO4000 281 Other Laminates 282 Multilayer Boards 282 Non-Clad Substrates 283 Alumina Substrates 283 Other Substrates 283 VIII Page Manufacturing 284 Manufacturing using a PCB Milling Machine 284 Manufacturing using Laser Ablation 284 Layout Hints 284 Thin Film 285 Thick Film 286 Printing Screens 287 Pastes (Inks) 287 RF Applications of Thick Film Circuits 288 Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC) 289 References 289 Appendix: Importing Local Vendor and XML Libraries 291 Procedure 291 Local Vendor Libraries 291 Spice XML Libraries 292 References 294 IX Preface The material presented in this book evolved from teaching analogue electronics courses at James Cook University over many years. When I started teaching electronics design, computer simulation tools were non-existent and most of the design optimisation was done by replacing components in hardware. It was a big step forward when EESOF became available in the mid 1980’s. The computer simulation tools have progressed enormously since then. Early in my career, I was given the following advice for designing electronic circuits. “Get the circuit to work and then start taking components out. Put back the one that stops the circuit from working.” This is a silly statement, since in a proper design removing any component will stop if from working, but it does illustrate the goal of any designer: Design a circuit that will work first time, according to specification. It must do so reliably and at as low a cost as possible. Since labour is expensive, the circuits also should not require any adjustments after manufacture in order that they meet the specifications. Using the computer simulation used in this book, we can now design our analogue electronic circuits such that they satisfies all these conditions. We can change active device parameters in the simulation, to ensure that variations in performance during manufacturing do not cause the circuit to fail to meet the specifications.
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