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1.2 Battle in the English Civil War and Interregnum
BATTLE IN THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR AND INTERREGNUM This article explores why the English Civil War and Interregnum 1642- 1660 seem to have been a quiet time for Battle. We have found no evidence of protest, skirmish or military action in or near the town. The reasons for this are interesting ; and we look at some notable characters along the way. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW The English Civil War and the Protectorate which followed it, comprising the period 1642- 1660, had three phases of military activity and many phases of political and religious change. The conflict began as a struggle between the King and Parliament about Charles’ insistence on religious reform through Archbishop Laud, particularly the revised Prayer Book and amended ritual; and about his equally firm insistence on a literal interpretation of the Divine Right of Kings, containing only a subservient role for Parliament. The Battle of Naseby in 1645 and the execution of Charles in 1649 clarified that the monarchy no longer had that authority, but Parliament, the Lord Protector and the Army still had to settle who was in charge. As Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell found Parliaments as troublesome as Charles had, for different reasons, and dismissed them; Parliament found that its authority was as subservient to the Army as it had been to Charles, again for different reasons. The Army found itself divided not only along religious grounds, but also politically, as new sects such as the Levellers, Ranters and Diggers – some of them hundreds of years ahead of their time – developed in a febrile atmosphere of debate and experiment. -
Permanence in Contemporary Architecture
Firmitas re-visited: Permanence in Contemporary Architecture by Katrina Touw A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Architecture in Architecture Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2006 ©Katrina Touw 2006 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including my required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract This thesis proposes that the concept ‘permanence’ is relevant at the beginning of the twenty first century. It examines why the term, while perhaps pertinent in addressing the disposability of architecture in Western society, seems anachronistic. The study reviews the seeming inaccessibility of the term in its contested and plural interpretations, and reviews problems in its definition and relevance. A close examination of definitions, interpretations and contemporary approaches is provided in order to create a conceptual framework that reveals complex implications of the term. Four strategies for understanding the concept are offered: ‘realms versus modes’, definitions, a distillation of four positions relating to permanence, and an inquiry into contemporary issues relating to the concept. ‘Absolute’ and ‘relative’ realms illuminate a scope for permanence, and ‘static’ and ‘dynamic’ modes are discussed. A series of definitions are reviewed that reveal nuance in implications. An analysis of four essays on permanence is included, one from the beginning of the twentieth century and three from the end. This section reveals a series of conflicts relating to the way contemporary Western society uses and understands the term. -
Coquet Island 1
Northamptonshire 114 NOR1~AMPTON modern - the restoration work to the Great S for Parlia- Hall, the east and west ranges, Walker's House NORTHUMBERLAND Northampton (SP7S~O~ ecur~e county town and the Laundry - and modern - the square ment throughout the Civil :a~~us and rallying south tower, the roof and most of the interior. The county was held for the King without challen . occurred tn January and February 1644 as t ge 1642-43 and the fir . frequently served asdah~en ezy at Northampton The castle is open on Sundays and certain du~ing point. Essex gathere is ~rm robably here throwing back the Earl of Newcastle's arm dh e Scottish Parliamentarians sthreal fighting · s tember 1642 and it was P . · weekdays during the summer. their departure southwards in March the /,an. capturing most of the stronghoWrc ed through, ~~at etromwell and the Cambridgeshi[e ~;;;d encouraged by the short-lived presence ofnfvr. s cause in Northumberland made ~ [.;;_route. \'\'1th cnt 101ncd him. Cromwell cert~1n y . Titch.marsh (U02t800 ~ Sir Gilb~rt Pickering, compatriots reappeared after Marston Moor ondtroRse's l~co ttish Royalists. Their Pa1efl.recovery, ~1rough the rown on several oc<..as1ons later in a close associate and distant relanve of Oliver an oya ism · N h r 1ame11tary ende . romwe II passed t h rough the county in d in ort untberland was 11 . / Cromwell was born, brought up and lived at d C 1648 an 1650-51 on h. e,,ect1ve y the "·ar. M rs way to and from Scotland. The only real fighting here took place in ~y the late Tudor manor house in Titchmarsh. -
The History of the London Water Industry, 1580–1820 This Page Intentionally Left Blank the History of the London Water Industry 1580–1820
The History of the London Water Industry, 1580–1820 This page intentionally left blank The History of the London Water Industry 1580–1820 Leslie Tomory Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore This book was brought to publication with the generous assistance of the Johns Hopkins University Press General Humanities Endowment. © 2017 Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2017 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Tomory, Leslie, 1974– author. Title: The London water industry, 1580-1800 / Leslie Tomory. Description: Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016028540| ISBN 9781421422046 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781421422053 (electronic) | ISBN 1421422042 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 1421422050 (electronic) Subjects: LCSH: Waterworks—England—London—History. | Water-supply—England— London—History. | Water utilities—England—London—History. Classification: LCC HD4465.G7 .T66 2017 | DDC 363.6/10942109033—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016028540 A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book. For more information, please contact Special Sales at 410-516-6936 or [email protected]. Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally -
Chapter 1 4–68 Oxford Street Tottenham Court Road to Perry's
DRAFT Chapter 1 4–68 Oxford Street Tottenham Court Road to Perry’s Place This chapter covers the easternmost end of Oxford Street’s north side. One of the earliest sections of the street to attract development because of its proximity to St Giles and Soho, it has been liable to intensive commercial pressures over more than three centuries. The laying-out of Hanway Street close behind Oxford Street from about 1720 meant that building plots along this part of the frontage (Nos 4–48) became cramped when redevelopments took place. But by 1900 some sizeable enterprises elbowed room for themselves here, notably the Oxford Music Hall (later the site of a Lyons Corner House) and Frascati’s Restaurant. The freeholds along this stretch had become subdivided from an early date. Older features of interest today are few, but include Oxford Street’s sole surviving pub, the Flying Horse, and the two faience elevations of the former Oxford Corner House, one facing Oxford Street and the other Tottenham Court Road. Further westwards the frontage as far as Perry’s Place (Nos 50–68) was first developed as part of the small Rathbone (later Evelyn) Estate, bisected by Rathbone Place. The hinterland here is covered in Volume 52 of the Survey of London. Joseph Girle and the Castle Inn The history of concerted building on Oxford Street’s north side begins with Joseph Girle, brewer, of Marylebone and Westbourne Green, Paddington. This entrepreneur is first heard of in 1659, acting as a trustee for some land in St Pancras parish, which reached down along the west side of Tottenham Court Road (then Lane) almost as far south as St Giles’ Pound at the Oxford Street corner. -
Highlighted at the Top of Each Page) As Well As the Number
A Note to Researchers The Arundel Castle Archive Catalogues have been electronically scanned, a process which resulted in mysterious changes to some of the characters. For example the letters ‘r’ and ‘n’ when occurring together are sometimes changed into the letter ‘m’, fractions are frequently not recognised, the letter H and the ‘£’ sign sometimes appear as #. Every effort has been made to correct such things, but researchers should be aware that some anomalies may remain. If in doubt about any of the entries, or if you come across and can clarify anything we have missed, please contact a member of the Archive team at Arundel Castle. Information in the catalogues which has been found to be incorrect is indicated by striking through, and any additional information appears throughout the catalogues inside square brackets and in red. Document references include the letters (highlighted at the top of each page) as well as the number. ARUNDEL CASTLE ARCHIVES Vol. II A CATALOGUE edited by FRANCIS W. STEER Issued by THE WEST SUSSEX COUNTY COUNCIL COUNTY HALL, CHICHESTER 1972 PREFACE ALTHOUGH this second volume of the catalogue of the archives at Arundel Castle relates to more than 15,000 documents at a very conservative estimate, it must still be regarded as only another interim handlist because further items belonging to any of the classes may yet be found. It is over four years since the first volume of collected interim handlists was published; the delay is due to a variety of reasons which prevented earlier hopes being fulfilled. Any large and complex collection of archives presents many problems of sorting and listing.