Canada Dance Mapping Study: Literature Review
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REPORT Canada Dance Mapping Study: Literature Review PREPARED FOR PREPARED BY Claire McCaughey Maria De Rosa and Marilyn Burgess Head, Research and Evaluation Section MDR Burgess Consultants Canada Council for the Arts With the participation of Philip Szporer Constitution Square 12th Floor, 350 Albert Street 503 Victoria Avenue P.O. Box 1047 Westmount, Québec Ottawa, Ontario H3Y 2R3 K1P 5V8 March 28, 2012 2 Canada Dance Mapping Study: Literature Review Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 4 1. PREAMBLE .................................................................................................................................................. 4 2. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 4 A. OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS.................................................................................................................... 7 B. POLITICAL: NO OVERARCHING POLICY.......................................................................................14 1. PREAMBLE ................................................................................................................................................14 2. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT POLICY IN THE ARTS .......................................................................................14 3. POLICY AT THE PROVINCIAL LEVEL ........................................................................................................18 4. POLICY AT THE MUNICIPAL LEVEL..........................................................................................................19 5. POLICY ISSUES AND CONCERNS: THE VOICE OF THE PROFESSIONAL DANCE SECTOR .........................19 C. THE ECONOMY: HEALTH OF PROFESSIONAL DANCE AND CONTRIBUTION TO THE CREATIVE ECONOMY..............................................................................................................................21 1. PREAMBLE ................................................................................................................................................21 2. DANCE AND THE CREATIVE ECONOMY: TOWARDS A COMPLETE PICTURE...........................................21 3. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE PROFESSIONAL DANCE SECTOR: EMPLOYMENT, SALARIES AND REVENUES .....................................................................................................................................................23 4. MEASURING THE ECONOMIC HEALTH OF THE DANCE SECTOR: PUBLIC FUNDING...............................25 5. PRIVATE AND EARNED REVENUES ..........................................................................................................28 D. ECOLOGY: MEASURING HEALTH AND SUSTAINABILITY.......................................................33 1. PREAMBLE ................................................................................................................................................33 2. NEED FOR CHANGES TO STRIVE FOR A HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM ..............................................................33 3. KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ECOLOGY OF THE PROFESSIONAL DANCE SECTOR.............................34 4. LINKS IN THE CONTINUUM OF PROFESSIONAL DANCE...........................................................................38 5. KEY ISSUES REGARDING THE DANCE WORKFORCE ...............................................................................45 6. AUDIENCES FOR DANCE IN CANADA........................................................................................................47 E. SOCIAL: MEASURING THE BENEFITS OF DANCE FOR ALL CANADIANS.............................49 1. PREAMBLE ................................................................................................................................................49 2. THE SOCIAL ROLE OF DANCE IN CANADIAN COMMUNITIES ..................................................................49 3. THE BENEFITS OF CANADIANS LEARNING HOW TO DANCE ..................................................................52 4. THE ROLE OF DANCE IN OTHER SECTORS ..............................................................................................58 F. TECHNOLOGY: ENHANCING CREATIVITY, PROMOTION AND AUDIENCES.......................60 1. PREAMBLE ................................................................................................................................................60 2. A CHALLENGING NEW ENVIRONMENT FOR DANCE CREATION, DISSEMINATION AND PROMOTION...60 3. USE OF TECHNOLOGY IS INTEGRAL TO DANCE CREATION .....................................................................60 4. USE OF TECHNOLOGIES IN ENHANCING MARKETING, PROMOTION AND DISSEMINATION ..................64 3 Canada Dance Mapping Study: Literature Review 5. PRESERVING DANCE HERITAGE THROUGH TECHNOLOGIES ..................................................................66 6. VIEWS OF THE DANCE COMMUNITY: THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF TECHNOLOGIES.....................................67 G. ARTISTIC EXPRESSION: CREATIVE RENEWAL AND INNOVATION .....................................69 1. PREAMBLE ................................................................................................................................................69 2. CANADIAN ARTISTIC EXPRESSION ON THE WORLD STAGE ...................................................................69 3. A DIVERSE RANGE OF DANCE ACTIVITY IS BEING FUNDED ACROSS THE COUNTRY ............................70 4. FACTORS THAT ARE SEEN TO BE INFLUENCING ARTISTIC EXPRESSION................................................71 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................................73 ANNEX 1: THE STRUCTURE OF PROFESSIONAL AND NON-PROFESSIONAL DANCE ..........85 ANNEX 2: LIST OF ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................87 4 Canada Dance Mapping Study: Literature Review “Dance is one of the ways in which a society communicates with itself and with other societies.” - Shirley McKechnie, “From Grand Changement to Grand Narratives”1 Introduction 1. Preamble The Canada Council for the Arts (CC) in partnership with the Ontario Arts Council (OAC) (with the support of public arts funders, dance service organizations, professional dance makers and companies) commissioned MDR-Burgess Consultants to undertake the first phase of a more comprehensive study on dance in Canada. The purpose of this study is to review the current literature on dance to be followed by a report identifying the current gaps in the literature and a research plan addressing these for consideration by the CC and OAC. Phase 2 will be aimed at addressing the research gaps identified through the literature review. 2. Approach and Methodology 2.1. Goals of the Study The purpose of the overall study is to map the presence of dance in Canada – including a better understanding of the full scope of dance activity in all regions of the country. The goals are four-fold: 1. Outline the full spectrum of dance in Canada, including Canada’s professional, non- professional and social dance infrastructure, identification and analysis of its component parts (for example, learning, training, creation, production, performing and distribution systems) and the links or lack thereof between and across these components; 2. Identify current and potential links between the dance field or its components and other sectors, for example, cultural industries, health, education; 3. Collect and synthesize quantitative and qualitative information to identify and quantify and describe the various impacts that dance can have in economic, social and cultural terms including the types and level of public engagement with dance; 4. Quantify public and private investment in dance as well as box office and other earned sources of revenue. The mapping undertaken is three-dimensional – quantifying and illustrating the richness and diversity of dance and locating dance in relation to our spaces, places, regions and land. Our proposed approach and methodology took into account these goals and the ultimate outcomes that the CC wishes to accomplish in both Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the study. Figure 1 provides a 1 Originally published in Dance Rebooted: Initializing the Grid Conference Proceedings, July 1, 2004. 5 Canada Dance Mapping Study: Literature Review visual depiction of goals of the overall study, the phases to be undertaken, the uses of the study and the ultimate indicators of success. Figure 1: Goals of the Study 6 Canada Dance Mapping Study: Literature Review 2.2. Six Themes The six key themes identified by the CC guided the mapping of the literature of this study. Figure 2 contains the six themes and the various stages of mapping that this study undertook. Figure 2: Six Themes of the Study Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Identify and Analyse and Identify Present Develop a Collect Existing Synthesize Information Findings to Suitable Resources on Information on Gaps Dance Mapping Research Plan Dance in Dance in Steering Canada Canada Committee Political Economy Ecology Social Technology Artistic Expression The CC provided the consultants with a detailed and comprehensive