Lecture 1 Knots and Links, Reidemeister Moves, Alexander–Conway Polynomial
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On Spectral Sequences from Khovanov Homology 11
ON SPECTRAL SEQUENCES FROM KHOVANOV HOMOLOGY ANDREW LOBB RAPHAEL ZENTNER Abstract. There are a number of homological knot invariants, each satis- fying an unoriented skein exact sequence, which can be realized as the limit page of a spectral sequence starting at a version of the Khovanov chain com- plex. Compositions of elementary 1-handle movie moves induce a morphism of spectral sequences. These morphisms remain unexploited in the literature, perhaps because there is still an open question concerning the naturality of maps induced by general movies. In this paper we focus on the spectral sequences due to Kronheimer-Mrowka from Khovanov homology to instanton knot Floer homology, and on that due to Ozsv´ath-Szab´oto the Heegaard-Floer homology of the branched double cover. For example, we use the 1-handle morphisms to give new information about the filtrations on the instanton knot Floer homology of the (4; 5)-torus knot, determining these up to an ambiguity in a pair of degrees; to deter- mine the Ozsv´ath-Szab´ospectral sequence for an infinite class of prime knots; and to show that higher differentials of both the Kronheimer-Mrowka and the Ozsv´ath-Szab´ospectral sequences necessarily lower the delta grading for all pretzel knots. 1. Introduction Recent work in the area of the 3-manifold invariants called knot homologies has il- luminated the relationship between Floer-theoretic knot homologies and `quantum' knot homologies. The relationships observed take the form of spectral sequences starting with a quantum invariant and abutting to a Floer invariant. A primary ex- ample is due to Ozsv´athand Szab´o[15] in which a spectral sequence is constructed from Khovanov homology of a knot (with Z=2 coefficients) to the Heegaard-Floer homology of the 3-manifold obtained as double branched cover over the knot. -
On the Number of Unknot Diagrams Carolina Medina, Jorge Luis Ramírez Alfonsín, Gelasio Salazar
On the number of unknot diagrams Carolina Medina, Jorge Luis Ramírez Alfonsín, Gelasio Salazar To cite this version: Carolina Medina, Jorge Luis Ramírez Alfonsín, Gelasio Salazar. On the number of unknot diagrams. SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2019, 33 (1), pp.306-326. 10.1137/17M115462X. hal-02049077 HAL Id: hal-02049077 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02049077 Submitted on 26 Feb 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. On the number of unknot diagrams Carolina Medina1, Jorge L. Ramírez-Alfonsín2,3, and Gelasio Salazar1,3 1Instituto de Física, UASLP. San Luis Potosí, Mexico, 78000. 2Institut Montpelliérain Alexander Grothendieck, Université de Montpellier. Place Eugèene Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France. 3Unité Mixte Internationale CNRS-CONACYT-UNAM “Laboratoire Solomon Lefschetz”. Cuernavaca, Mexico. October 17, 2017 Abstract Let D be a knot diagram, and let D denote the set of diagrams that can be obtained from D by crossing exchanges. If D has n crossings, then D consists of 2n diagrams. A folklore argument shows that at least one of these 2n diagrams is unknot, from which it follows that every diagram has finite unknotting number. -
Knots: a Handout for Mathcircles
Knots: a handout for mathcircles Mladen Bestvina February 2003 1 Knots Informally, a knot is a knotted loop of string. You can create one easily enough in one of the following ways: • Take an extension cord, tie a knot in it, and then plug one end into the other. • Let your cat play with a ball of yarn for a while. Then find the two ends (good luck!) and tie them together. This is usually a very complicated knot. • Draw a diagram such as those pictured below. Such a diagram is a called a knot diagram or a knot projection. Trefoil and the figure 8 knot 1 The above two knots are the world's simplest knots. At the end of the handout you can see many more pictures of knots (from Robert Scharein's web site). The same picture contains many links as well. A link consists of several loops of string. Some links are so famous that they have names. For 2 2 3 example, 21 is the Hopf link, 51 is the Whitehead link, and 62 are the Bor- romean rings. They have the feature that individual strings (or components in mathematical parlance) are untangled (or unknotted) but you can't pull the strings apart without cutting. A bit of terminology: A crossing is a place where the knot crosses itself. The first number in knot's \name" is the number of crossings. Can you figure out the meaning of the other number(s)? 2 Reidemeister moves There are many knot diagrams representing the same knot. For example, both diagrams below represent the unknot. -
The Multivariable Alexander Polynomial on Tangles by Jana
The Multivariable Alexander Polynomial on Tangles by Jana Archibald A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Mathematics University of Toronto Copyright c 2010 by Jana Archibald Abstract The Multivariable Alexander Polynomial on Tangles Jana Archibald Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Mathematics University of Toronto 2010 The multivariable Alexander polynomial (MVA) is a classical invariant of knots and links. We give an extension to regular virtual knots which has simple versions of many of the relations known to hold for the classical invariant. By following the previous proofs that the MVA is of finite type we give a new definition for its weight system which can be computed as the determinant of a matrix created from local information. This is an improvement on previous definitions as it is directly computable (not defined recursively) and is computable in polynomial time. We also show that our extension to virtual knots is a finite type invariant of virtual knots. We further explore how the multivariable Alexander polynomial takes local infor- mation and packages it together to form a global knot invariant, which leads us to an extension to tangles. To define this invariant we use so-called circuit algebras, an exten- sion of planar algebras which are the ‘right’ setting to discuss virtual knots. Our tangle invariant is a circuit algebra morphism, and so behaves well under tangle operations and gives yet another definition for the Alexander polynomial. The MVA and the single variable Alexander polynomial are known to satisfy a number of relations, each of which has a proof relying on different approaches and techniques. -
On Computation of HOMFLY-PT Polynomials of 2–Bridge Diagrams
. On computation of HOMFLY-PT polynomials of 2{bridge diagrams . .. Masahiko Murakami . Joint work with Fumio Takeshita and Seiichi Tani Nihon University . December 20th, 2010 1 Masahiko Murakami (Nihon University) On computation of HOMFLY-PT polynomials December 20th, 2010 1 / 28 Contents Motivation and Results Preliminaries Computation Conclusion 1 Masahiko Murakami (Nihon University) On computation of HOMFLY-PT polynomials December 20th, 2010 2 / 28 Contents Motivation and Results Preliminaries Computation Conclusion 1 Masahiko Murakami (Nihon University) On computation of HOMFLY-PT polynomials December 20th, 2010 3 / 28 There exist polynomial time algorithms for computing Jones polynomials and HOMFLY-PT polynomials under reasonable restrictions. Computational Complexities of Knot Polynomials Alexander polynomial [Alexander](1928) Generally, polynomial time Jones polynomial [Jones](1985) Generally, #P{hard [Jaeger, Vertigan and Welsh](1993) HOMFLY-PT polynomial [Freyd, Yetter, Hoste, Lickorish, Millett, Ocneanu](1985) [Przytycki, Traczyk](1987) Generally, #P{hard [Jaeger, Vertigan and Welsh](1993) 1 Masahiko Murakami (Nihon University) On computation of HOMFLY-PT polynomials December 20th, 2010 4 / 28 Computational Complexities of Knot Polynomials Alexander polynomial [Alexander](1928) Generally, polynomial time Jones polynomial [Jones](1985) Generally, #P{hard [Jaeger, Vertigan and Welsh](1993) HOMFLY-PT polynomial [Freyd, Yetter, Hoste, Lickorish, Millett, Ocneanu](1985) [Przytycki, Traczyk](1987) Generally, #P{hard [Jaeger, Vertigan -
Mathematics and Computation
Mathematics and Computation Mathematics and Computation Ideas Revolutionizing Technology and Science Avi Wigderson Princeton University Press Princeton and Oxford Copyright c 2019 by Avi Wigderson Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to [email protected] Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR press.princeton.edu All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Control Number: 2018965993 ISBN: 978-0-691-18913-0 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available Editorial: Vickie Kearn, Lauren Bucca, and Susannah Shoemaker Production Editorial: Nathan Carr Jacket/Cover Credit: THIS INFORMATION NEEDS TO BE ADDED WHEN IT IS AVAILABLE. WE DO NOT HAVE THIS INFORMATION NOW. Production: Jacquie Poirier Publicity: Alyssa Sanford and Kathryn Stevens Copyeditor: Cyd Westmoreland This book has been composed in LATEX The publisher would like to acknowledge the author of this volume for providing the camera-ready copy from which this book was printed. Printed on acid-free paper 1 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedicated to the memory of my father, Pinchas Wigderson (1921{1988), who loved people, loved puzzles, and inspired me. Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, 1943 Contents Acknowledgments 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 On the interactions of math and computation..........................3 1.2 Computational complexity theory.................................6 1.3 The nature, purpose, and style of this book............................7 1.4 Who is this book for?........................................7 1.5 Organization of the book......................................8 1.6 Notation and conventions..................................... -
Combinatorics for Knots
Basic notions Matroid Knot coloring and the unknotting problem Oriented matroids Spatial graphs Ropes and thickness Combinatorics for Knots J. Ram´ırezAlfons´ın Universit´eMontpellier 2 J. Ram´ırezAlfons´ın Combinatorics for Knots Basic notions Matroid Knot coloring and the unknotting problem Oriented matroids Spatial graphs Ropes and thickness 1 Basic notions 2 Matroid 3 Knot coloring and the unknotting problem 4 Oriented matroids 5 Spatial graphs 6 Ropes and thickness J. Ram´ırezAlfons´ın Combinatorics for Knots Basic notions Matroid Knot coloring and the unknotting problem Oriented matroids Spatial graphs Ropes and thickness J. Ram´ırez Alfons´ın Combinatorics for Knots Basic notions Matroid Knot coloring and the unknotting problem Oriented matroids Spatial graphs Ropes and thickness Reidemeister moves I !1 I II !1 II III !1 III J. Ram´ırez Alfons´ın Combinatorics for Knots Basic notions Matroid Knot coloring and the unknotting problem Oriented matroids Spatial graphs Ropes and thickness III II II I II II J. Ram´ırezAlfons´ın Combinatorics for Knots Basic notions Matroid Knot coloring and the unknotting problem Oriented matroids Spatial graphs Ropes and thickness III I II I J. Ram´ırez Alfons´ın Combinatorics for Knots Basic notions Matroid Knot coloring and the unknotting problem Oriented matroids Spatial graphs Ropes and thickness III I I II II I I J. Ram´ırez Alfons´ın Combinatorics for Knots Basic notions Matroid Knot coloring and the unknotting problem Oriented matroids Spatial graphs Ropes and thickness Bracket polynomial For any link diagram D define a Laurent polynomial < D > in one variable A which obeys the following three rules where U denotes the unknot : J. -
Categorified Invariants and the Braid Group
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 143, Number 7, July 2015, Pages 2801–2814 S 0002-9939(2015)12482-3 Article electronically published on February 26, 2015 CATEGORIFIED INVARIANTS AND THE BRAID GROUP JOHN A. BALDWIN AND J. ELISENDA GRIGSBY (Communicated by Daniel Ruberman) Abstract. We investigate two “categorified” braid conjugacy class invariants, one coming from Khovanov homology and the other from Heegaard Floer ho- mology. We prove that each yields a solution to the word problem but not the conjugacy problem in the braid group. In particular, our proof in the Khovanov case is completely combinatorial. 1. Introduction Recall that the n-strand braid group Bn admits the presentation σiσj = σj σi if |i − j|≥2, Bn = σ1,...,σn−1 , σiσj σi = σjσiσj if |i − j| =1 where σi corresponds to a positive half twist between the ith and (i + 1)st strands. Given a word w in the generators σ1,...,σn−1 and their inverses, we will denote by σ(w) the corresponding braid in Bn. Also, we will write σ ∼ σ if σ and σ are conjugate elements of Bn. As with any group described in terms of generators and relations, it is natural to look for combinatorial solutions to the word and conjugacy problems for the braid group: (1) Word problem: Given words w, w as above, is σ(w)=σ(w)? (2) Conjugacy problem: Given words w, w as above, is σ(w) ∼ σ(w)? The fastest known algorithms for solving Problems (1) and (2) exploit the Gar- side structure(s) of the braid group (cf. -
Dehn Filling of the “Magic” 3-Manifold
communications in analysis and geometry Volume 14, Number 5, 969–1026, 2006 Dehn filling of the “magic” 3-manifold Bruno Martelli and Carlo Petronio We classify all the non-hyperbolic Dehn fillings of the complement of the chain link with three components, conjectured to be the smallest hyperbolic 3-manifold with three cusps. We deduce the classification of all non-hyperbolic Dehn fillings of infinitely many one-cusped and two-cusped hyperbolic manifolds, including most of those with smallest known volume. Among other consequences of this classification, we mention the following: • for every integer n, we can prove that there are infinitely many hyperbolic knots in S3 having exceptional surgeries {n, n +1, n +2,n+3}, with n +1,n+ 2 giving small Seifert manifolds and n, n + 3 giving toroidal manifolds. • we exhibit a two-cusped hyperbolic manifold that contains a pair of inequivalent knots having homeomorphic complements. • we exhibit a chiral 3-manifold containing a pair of inequivalent hyperbolic knots with orientation-preservingly homeomorphic complements. • we give explicit lower bounds for the maximal distance between small Seifert fillings and any other kind of exceptional filling. 0. Introduction We study in this paper the Dehn fillings of the complement N of the chain link with three components in S3, shown in figure 1. The hyperbolic structure of N was first constructed by Thurston in his notes [28], and it was also noted there that the volume of N is particularly small. The relevance of N to three-dimensional topology comes from the fact that by filling N, one gets most of the hyperbolic manifolds known and most of the interesting non-hyperbolic fillings of cusped hyperbolic manifolds. -
Hyperbolic Structures from Link Diagrams
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2012 Hyperbolic Structures from Link Diagrams Anastasiia Tsvietkova [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Geometry and Topology Commons Recommended Citation Tsvietkova, Anastasiia, "Hyperbolic Structures from Link Diagrams. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2012. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1361 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Anastasiia Tsvietkova entitled "Hyperbolic Structures from Link Diagrams." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Mathematics. Morwen B. Thistlethwaite, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Conrad P. Plaut, James Conant, Michael Berry Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Hyperbolic Structures from Link Diagrams A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Anastasiia Tsvietkova May 2012 Copyright ©2012 by Anastasiia Tsvietkova. All rights reserved. ii Acknowledgements I am deeply thankful to Morwen Thistlethwaite, whose thoughtful guidance and generous advice made this research possible. -
Introduction to Vassiliev Knot Invariants First Draft. Comments
Introduction to Vassiliev Knot Invariants First draft. Comments welcome. July 20, 2010 S. Chmutov S. Duzhin J. Mostovoy The Ohio State University, Mansfield Campus, 1680 Univer- sity Drive, Mansfield, OH 44906, USA E-mail address: [email protected] Steklov Institute of Mathematics, St. Petersburg Division, Fontanka 27, St. Petersburg, 191011, Russia E-mail address: [email protected] Departamento de Matematicas,´ CINVESTAV, Apartado Postal 14-740, C.P. 07000 Mexico,´ D.F. Mexico E-mail address: [email protected] Contents Preface 8 Part 1. Fundamentals Chapter 1. Knots and their relatives 15 1.1. Definitions and examples 15 § 1.2. Isotopy 16 § 1.3. Plane knot diagrams 19 § 1.4. Inverses and mirror images 21 § 1.5. Knot tables 23 § 1.6. Algebra of knots 25 § 1.7. Tangles, string links and braids 25 § 1.8. Variations 30 § Exercises 34 Chapter 2. Knot invariants 39 2.1. Definition and first examples 39 § 2.2. Linking number 40 § 2.3. Conway polynomial 43 § 2.4. Jones polynomial 45 § 2.5. Algebra of knot invariants 47 § 2.6. Quantum invariants 47 § 2.7. Two-variable link polynomials 55 § Exercises 62 3 4 Contents Chapter 3. Finite type invariants 69 3.1. Definition of Vassiliev invariants 69 § 3.2. Algebra of Vassiliev invariants 72 § 3.3. Vassiliev invariants of degrees 0, 1 and 2 76 § 3.4. Chord diagrams 78 § 3.5. Invariants of framed knots 80 § 3.6. Classical knot polynomials as Vassiliev invariants 82 § 3.7. Actuality tables 88 § 3.8. Vassiliev invariants of tangles 91 § Exercises 93 Chapter 4. -
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE P-Coloring Of
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE P-Coloring of Pretzel Knots A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mathematics By Robert Ostrander December 2013 The thesis of Robert Ostrander is approved: |||||||||||||||||| |||||||| Dr. Alberto Candel Date |||||||||||||||||| |||||||| Dr. Terry Fuller Date |||||||||||||||||| |||||||| Dr. Magnhild Lien, Chair Date California State University, Northridge ii Dedications I dedicate this thesis to my family and friends for all the help and support they have given me. iii Acknowledgments iv Table of Contents Signature Page ii Dedications iii Acknowledgements iv Abstract vi Introduction 1 1 Definitions and Background 2 1.1 Knots . .2 1.1.1 Composition of knots . .4 1.1.2 Links . .5 1.1.3 Torus Knots . .6 1.1.4 Reidemeister Moves . .7 2 Properties of Knots 9 2.0.5 Knot Invariants . .9 3 p-Coloring of Pretzel Knots 19 3.0.6 Pretzel Knots . 19 3.0.7 (p1, p2, p3) Pretzel Knots . 23 3.0.8 Applications of Theorem 6 . 30 3.0.9 (p1, p2, p3, p4) Pretzel Knots . 31 Appendix 49 v Abstract P coloring of Pretzel Knots by Robert Ostrander Master of Science in Mathematics In this thesis we give a brief introduction to knot theory. We define knot invariants and give examples of different types of knot invariants which can be used to distinguish knots. We look at colorability of knots and generalize this to p-colorability. We focus on 3-strand pretzel knots and apply techniques of linear algebra to prove theorems about p-colorability of these knots.