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Why WECF Develops Dry Urine Diverting Toilets

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Why WECF Develops Dry Urine Diverting Toilets WhyWhy WECFWECF developsdevelops drydry urineurine divertingdiverting toiletstoilets in its projects in Europe and EECCA region MargrietMargriet SamwelSamwel Sofia, Bulgaria April 2007 ProbabilityProbability ofof DyingDying BeforeBefore AgeAge 55 Source: WHO Regional Office for Europe 2 ExampleExample RomaniaRomania Sanitation in rural areas • 3 % of rural citizens connected to sewage system • 11% of rural citizens have individual system (septic) • 15,1% of rural citizens have access to central drinking water system • Most of the rural citizens have pit latrine in their yard: often not sealed and emptied, flies and bad odour • 94,7% of schools do not have proper sanitary facilities • Ground water often polluted: nitrates & micro-organisms 3 Example Garla Mare, Romania 3500 inhabitants Water from 400 private wells 78 public wells 1200 households with pit-latrines in yard The 2 Schools (500 children) have bad smelling pit latrines, no water for drinking or washing hands 4 Results of investigation: Extreme high levels of nitrates and faecal bacteria Nitrate:average120 mg/l (EU limit 50 mg/l) Faecal bacteria: Acc. to EU guideline water would not even be safe for bathing Health effects: Immediate: intestinal, parasite diseases, diarrhoea, blue-baby-disease (methaemoglobinaemia) Long- term: thyroid, brain dysfunction 5 WECF survey on experiences with toilets in Garla Mare Sanitation at home: All the families have a pit latrine disadvantages of latrines All complain about bad odour Emptying, 47% Flies, 68% 68% about nuisance of flies Odour, 100% 47% about emptying the pit 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6 Sources of pollution: Latrines and agriculture Pit latrines in people‘s gardens In general the latrines are not sealed and not emptied Yearly lost of human waste in soil/groundwater 1,5 million liter urine 150,000 kg faeces 15,000 kg Nitrogen Bad maintenance of wells Intensive agriculture; livestock in yards 7 RomaniaRomania isis notnot anan exceptionexception WECF observed in particular inadequate school sanitation in its project countries: • Armenia • Belarus • Bulgaria • Georgia • Kazakhstan • Kyrgyzstan • Moldova • Ukraine • Uzbekistan • Afghanistan 8 TodayToday:: onlyonly 33 ruralrural sanitationsanitation optionsoptions •• PitPit latrineslatrines (ground water pollution, smells) •• SepticSeptic tankstanks (perforated, lack service, pollution) •• CentralizedCentralized sewagesewage ++ WWTPWWTP 9 Planning: How to improve sanitation and quality of drinking water? No budget for installation, operating and maintenance of central water supply system Households are not able to pay for connection Central water supply system implements automatically the need of an adequate wastewater management; no budget 10 AdvantagesAdvantages ofof ecologicalecological sanitationsanitation • Improvement of sanitary facilities, even without connection to water and sewage system possible • Safe management of pathogens – pathogens are eliminated on spot – pathogens and nutrients are not spread in the environment • No smell • No flies • Affordable and sustainable – saving water – reuse of nutrients from excreta 11 World Health Organisation (WHO, 2006) PrincipalPrincipal forcesforces drivingdriving thethe increaseincrease ofof useuse ofof excretaexcreta andand greygrey waterwater inin agricultureagriculture areare:: • Increasing of stress and degradation of fresh water resources resulting from the improper disposal of wastewater, excreta and greywater, • Population increase and related increased demand of food and fibre, • A growing recognition of the resource value of excreta and the nutrient it contains, • The MDGs: еspecially the goals for ensuring environmental sustainability and eliminating poverty and hunger. 12 WECFWECF forcesforces drivingdriving implementationimplementation ofof ecosanecosan • Improving sanitary conditions and hygiene • Protection of groundwater against infiltration of human excrements • Poverty reduction: increased harvest with less financial input • Saving of resources: water and nutrients • Quick implementation possible 13 DoubleDouble vaultvault drydry urineurine divertingdiverting toiletstoilets forfor schoolschool inin GarlaGarla MareMare Design: Hamburg University of Technology urinals 14 compost chambers GarlaGarla MareMare drydry urineurine divertingdiverting toiletstoilets forfor towntown hallhall andand familiesfamilies 15 UkraineUkraine schoolschool inin StepanovkaStepanovka 16 EcosanEcosan meansmeans sanitizingsanitizing ofof potentialpotential pathogenspathogens WHO guidelines on the safe reuse of human excrements (2006) •• Urine:Urine: storagestorage andand cropcrop restrictionrestriction Urine: household level direct use or after storage Urine: Schools or public toilets 6 month storage time •• Faeces:Faeces: storage,storage, treatmenttreatment andand cropcrop restrictionrestriction Faeces: 1- 2 years storage time combined with alkaline treatment by addition of ash or lime, or by composting 17 Gaining experiences with safe reuse of urine • Analyses •Trials • Implementation 18 Safe reuse of faeces ForFor anan eliminationelimination ofof pathogenspathogens anan adequateadequate treatmenttreatment isis essentialessential !!!! • Storage in alkaline environment (ashes, lime) • Composting 19 Ecological sanitation and raising awareness 20 AwarenessAwareness raisingraising • Why u.d. toilets • Workshops • Benefits-obstacles • Instruction materials • How to construct • Frequently personal visits and discussion • Why and how to sanitize/ and discussion hygienic risks • Support during construction • Why and how to fertilize construction with products of u.d. • Support / control for toilets maintenance and operation • Why and how to clean the operation toilet • Why to wash hands 21 ObstaclesObstacles wewe meetmeet inin EuropeEurope andand EECCAEECCA regionregion • Sanitation has not the • Storage capacity to first priority overcome the winter • A new toilet is for many time: urine should not be families not affordable applied • Lack of knowledge on • Freezing and breaking of hygiene reservoirs • Lack of knowledge on • Large size reservoirs are how to sanitize and use expensive Ecosan products • Use of human excrements not common in most cultures 22 WECFWECF EcosanEcosan PublicationsPublications ToTo download:download: wwwwww..wecfwecf..eu/publicationseu/publications 9 Ecological Sanitation • Poster: the benefits of and Associated Health ecological sanitation risks risks • Leaflet: Ecosan; a new 9 Sustainable sanitation approach Development for All; Reducing effects of polluted • Leaflet: Ecological Sanitation drinking water and inadequate and Hygienic Considerations sanitation on children’s health in rural Romania for Women 9 Urine diverting toilets, principles, operation and construction 9 Survey results: From pit latrine to ecological toilet 23 RelevantRelevant EcosanEcosan WebsitesWebsites 9 EcoSanRes Publications: www.ecosanres.org 2004-1 Guidelines for the Safe Use of Urine and Faeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems 2004-2 Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production 2004-3 Open Planning of Sanitation Systems 2004-4 Introduction to Greywater Management 2004-5 Norms and Attitudes Towards Ecosan and Other Sanitation Systems 2005-1 Review of Sanitation Regulatory Frameworks 9GTZ ecosan database http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/umwelt-infrastructur/wasser/9835 9WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater in agriculture http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/gsuweg4/en/index.html 24 ThankThank you!you!.
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