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Drought Risk Vulnerability Parameters Among Wheat Farmers in Mashhad International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development (IJAMAD) Available online on: www.ijamad.com ISSN: 2159-5852 (Print) ISSN:2159-5860 (Online) Drought Risk Vulnerability Parameters among Wheat Farmers in Mashhad County, Iran Mojtaba Sookhtanlo, Hesamedin Gholami * and Seyyed Reza Es’haghi Received: 19 March 2013, dentification and analysis of farmers’ vulnerability associated Accepted: 14 April 2013 Iwith their risk aversion degree is one of the necessary re- quirements for planning and reducing impacts of drought in Iran. So, this study was investigated three risk vulnerability parameters (economic, social and technical) among wheat farmers categorized in accordance with their risk aversion degree in the Mashhad County (Iran) between drought years of 2009-2011. Vulnerability parameters were determined by Delphi technique. For measuring vulnerability and risk aversion degree, formula of Me-Bar and Valdes and method of Safety First Rule were applied respectively. Findings revealed that in Abstract social vulnerability indicators; education level, collaboratively farming activities and dependency on government and in technical vulnerability; irrigation method, cultivation method and type of cultivation; risk averse farmers have had the highest vulnerability level under drought conditions. While re- Keywords: specting economic vulnerability, risk neutral farmers (in insuring Drought, Wheat farmers, Vulnerability, Risk aversion for crops, sale prices of crops and the type of land ownership), degree Archivehave had the highest vulnerabilityof SIDlevel. International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 3(4): 227-236, December, 2013. Agricultural Management and Development, 3(4): 227-236, December, International Journal of Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. * Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] 227 www.SID.ir Drought risk vulnerability parameters / Mojtaba Sookhtanlo et al. INTRODUCTION and information, social networking, and public Drought is a slow-onset disaster that has eco- support programs (Scoones 1998; Ellis 2000; St. nomic, social, and environmental consequences. Cyr 2006) are categorized in this study in three In Iran, drought is a re-current phenomenon and parameters of social, economic and technical. current drought management strategies in Iran are Eakin et al. (2006), Deressa (2010), Ajijola et based on crisis management. For example, when al. (2011), Keshavarz et al. (2011) and Sharafi drought occurs in different parts of the country, a and Zarafshani (2010 and 2011) examined the state of emergency is declared and thus all re- impact of risk attitudes (level of risk aversion) sources are mobilized in that particular region. on poverty and vulnerability level among rural However, this type of drought management farmers. The variety of information on house- strategy is proved to be ineffective. It is consid- hold human resources and income sources, pro- erable that the year 2011 was the 13th continuous duction and losses to climate hazards and pests, year that drought had been occurred in Mashhad crop and livestock management practices, com- County, northeast of Iran, and this has impacted mercialization practices, input and machinery most of the socioeconomic and technical dimen- use, farmers’ risk mitigation practices, landhold- sions of agricultural and rural sectors (The Agri- ing size, and farm profit, loans, selling of crop culture Organization of Khorasan-e-Razavi outputs, low income level, credits, irrigation Province, 2011). Therefore, this study is an abid- method, household extension packages and ing interest in how farmers cope with and over- farmers’ access to resources and use of them come agricultural crises such as drought or considered importance of adaptation (technol- natural disasters and provides a new and realis- ogy, technical assistance, credit and insurance) tic vision for identifying of risk vulnerability in- on farmers’ capacities to respond to stress and dicators in drought. Drought risk is best defined uncertainty conditions (drought). So, the main as a combination of a location’s exposure to purpose of this study was to identify the most drought and its vulnerability to drought (Ajijola vulnerable farmers regarding their risk aversion et al., 2011) and vulnerability is identified as the degree in the Mashhad County (Iran). Particular exposure to uninsured risk leading to an unac- interests are as follows: ceptable level of well-being among farmers - To identify wheat farmers based on economic, (Hoddinott and Quisumbing 2003, Hoogeveen social and technical vulnerability indicators. et al., 2005). Many studies (Gwimbi 2009, Der- - To calculate wheat farmers’ vulnerability. essa, 2010, Wilhelmi et al., 2002, Kapoor and - To calculate wheat farmers’ risk aversion de- Ojha, 2006, Barbier et al., 2008, Mongi et al., gree and categorize them according to it. 2010, Keshavarz et al., 2011) highlight geo- - To determine wheat farmers’ vulnerability in graphical situations and rainfall level as key fac- each category of risk aversion degree. tors on farmers’ vulnerability. However, people within a locality and same area are not evenly MATERIALS AND METHODS vulnerable to droughtArchive (Slegers 2008). So, there This of study wasSID conducted in the Mashhad is a growing appreciation that other factors such County (rural areas) located in Khorasan-e- as farmers’ characteristics including levels of Razavi Province, Iran. The capital of Mashhad their risk aversion (internal risk factors) have di- County is the Mashhad City. This County that rectly influenced drought vulnerability param- is located in North East of Iran and is the most eters but this still has been considered by rare populous county in Khorasan-e-Razavi studies (Hoogeveen et al., 2005, Franke et al., Province. This county is 992–1184 meters above 2005, Brondizio and Moran, 2008, Ajijola et al., sea level. The area of this county is 1490 km2. 2011). Farmers’ capacities to cope with drought, This county consists of 591 villages. The culti- depending on ownership or access to a wide va- vated land of the county is 56615 km2. This riety of resources such as land ownership, farm- county with an arid- semi-arid and arid climate ers’ incomes, farming lands size, education receives an average rainfall of 256 mm (The International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 3(4): 227-236, December, 2013. Agricultural Management and Development, 3(4): 227-236, December, International Journal of level, access to governmental and bank credits agricultural statistics and information office of (loans), crops insurance, technical assistance Khorasan-e-Razavi Province, 2009). Wheat is 228 www.SID.ir Drought risk vulnerability parameters / Mojtaba Sookhtanlo et al. Figure 1: Area of study (Mashhad County, Khorasan-e-Razavi Province, Iran) Reference: Statistical Centre of Iran (2012). Table 1: Sample size in each district (Mashhad County) First stage (Delphi technique): This stage in- cludes usage of the Delphi technique to identify Districts Statistical Sample size (Bakhsh) population and weigh major indicators of vulnerability in the study region as used in many previous stud- Central 2574 125 Razaviyeh 1320 65 ies (Kaly and Pratt 2000; Dercon 2004; Deressa Ahmadabad 1086 53 2010). Snowball method was used to determine Torghabeh district 960 50 Total 5940 293 experts related to the study objectives. In other words, we asked the experts who were known in the research process to introduce other ex- the dominant crop in the region, so the statistical perts to us. Finally 45 experts were chosen sample of this study consisted of wheat farmers among which, 31 experts resend the question- who live in Mashhad County. The selected re- naires and their data was used. They were peo- gion was severely affected by drought during ple who had field research about drought or the year 2009-2011. Mashhad County is divided extension experts who were directly engaged in into four districts (Bakhsh), with their capitals programs or activities related to drought in the (Figure 1): Ahmadabad (capital: Malekabad), area of study. A primary questionnaire including Central (capital: Mashhad), Razaviyeh (capital: open-ended questions (i.e. determine the most Razaviyeh) and Torghabeh (capital: Torghabeh). important socioeconomic and technical vulner- A proportional stratified random sampling was ability indicators at Mashhad County) were dis- applied to access the respondents and using tributed among experts. In the next step, first Cochran's test the size of sample was deter- questionnaire data were used to determine and mined 293 wheat farmers (Table 1). categorize common major social, economic and Two questionnaires and methods of interview technical indicators with the most frequency. were designed and used to gathering data. The Acquired data were used to design another ques- first questionnaire includedArchive open questions to tionnaire of including SID the primary indicators which determine the most important socioeconomic were edited to send again to the experts to be and technical vulnerability indicators in the confirmed by them. In the third step, the ques- Mashhad County by Delphi technique. The sec- tionnaire was consisted of final confirmed eco- ond questionnaire was consisted of three parts. nomic, social and technical indicators and also The first part was to collect data about farmers' a section for determining the weight (relative personal and professional
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