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Indigenous Plant Recruitment Limitation by Bitou Bush (Chrysanthemoides Monilifera Spp

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Indigenous Plant Recruitment Limitation by Bitou Bush (Chrysanthemoides Monilifera Spp University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Year Indigenous plant recruitment limitation by bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera spp. rotundata): effect on life history stages and allelopathic mechanisms Emilie-Jane Ens University of Wollongong Ens, Emilie-Jane, Indigenous plant recruitment limitation by bitou bush (Chrysan- themoides monilifera spp. rotundata): effect on life history stages and allelopathic mechanisms, PhD thesis, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2007. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/745 This paper is posted at Research Online. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/745 Indigenous plant recruitment limitation by bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera spp. rotundata): effect on life history stages and allelopathic mechanisms A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy From the School of Biological Sciences University of Wollongong by Emilie-Jane Ens B. Sc. (Hons) 2007 Indigenous coastal vegetation Bitou bush invasion Regenerating bitou bush Content Table of Contents Abstract…………….......................................................................................xi Acknowledgements......................................................................................xvii Chapter 1: General Introduction...................................................................1 1.1 The phenomenon of exotic plant invasion........................................................... 1 1.1.1 Definitions........................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 History and modes of exotic invasive plant introduction ................................... 1 1.2 Impacts of plant invasion ..................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Detection and difficulty of impact assessment.................................................... 3 1.2.2 Effects on resident plants .................................................................................... 6 1.2.3 Effects on ecosystem function ............................................................................ 8 1.3 Mechanisms of plant invasion.............................................................................. 9 1.3.1 Exploitation competition................................................................................... 13 Deleted: 17 1.3.2 Interference competition ................................................................................... 18 1.3.3 Occupation of free space................................................................................... 20 1.4 Bitou bush invasion in Australia........................................................................ 21 1.4.1 History of invasion............................................................................................ 21 1.4.2 Biodiversity impacts ......................................................................................... 22 1.4.3 Mechanisms of invasion.................................................................................... 22 1.5 Research aims...................................................................................................... 24 1.6 Thesis outline....................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 2: Exotic woody invader limits the recruitment of three indigenous plant species..............................................................27 2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 27 2.2 Methods................................................................................................................ 31 2.2.1 Study location and study species ...................................................................... 31 2.2.2 Population structure.......................................................................................... 33 2.2.3 Morphological and physiological responses..................................................... 33 2.2.4 Statistical analysis............................................................................................. 34 i Content 2.3 Results .................................................................................................................. 35 2.3.1 Population structure.......................................................................................... 35 2.3.2 Morphological and physiological responses of mature indigenous species ..... 37 2.4 Discussion............................................................................................................. 40 Chapter 3: Seasonal photosynthetic patterns of mature Australian coastal plants and physiological tolerance to exotic woody weed invasion. .......................................................................................47 3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 47 3.2 Materials and methods ....................................................................................... 50 3.2.1 Study location................................................................................................... 50 3.2.2 Microhabitat physico-chemical characteristics................................................. 51 3.2.3 Seasonal in-situ ΦPSII and Pmax of C. alba, M. elliptica and L. longifolia in invaded and non-invaded habitats..................................................................... 52 3.2.4 Seasonal Fv/Fm of C. alba, M. elliptica and L. longifolia in invaded and non- invaded habitats................................................................................................. 53 3.2.5 Statistical analysis............................................................................................. 53 3.3 Results .................................................................................................................. 54 3.3.1 Climate .............................................................................................................. 54 3.3.2 Microhabitat physico-chemical characteristics................................................. 56 3.3.2 Seasonal in-situ ΦPSII and Pmax of mature C. alba, M. elliptica and L. longifolia ........................................................................................................... 59 3.3.4 Seasonal Fv/fm of C. alba, M. elliptica and L. longifolia in invaded and non- invaded habitats................................................................................................. 60 3.4 Discussion............................................................................................................. 64 Chapter 4: Determination of potential allelopathy and indirect soil chemical interference by an exotic invasive plant using a comprehensive bioassay protocol...............................................68 4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 68 4.1.1 Protocol for determination of phytotoxicity, allelopathy and indirect soil effects................................................................................................................ 70 ii Content 4.2 Materials and methods ....................................................................................... 72 4.2.1 Exotic extract species........................................................................................ 72 4.2.2 Bioassay test species ......................................................................................... 74 4.2.3 Extraction procedure ......................................................................................... 74 4.2.4 Extract concentrations....................................................................................... 75 4.2.5 Bioassay procedure........................................................................................... 75 4.2.6 Statistical analysis............................................................................................. 77 4.3 Results .................................................................................................................. 78 4.3.1 Bitou bush and acacia extracts .......................................................................... 78 4.3.2 Effects on germination ...................................................................................... 80 4.3.3 Effects on shoot and root length........................................................................ 82 4.3.5 Phytotoxic, allelopathic and indirect soil effects .............................................. 84 5.4 Discussion............................................................................................................. 85 Chapter 5: Identification of volatile compounds released by roots of an invasive plant, bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera spp. rotundata), and their potential biological role...........................90 5.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 90 5.2 Materials and methods ....................................................................................... 95 5.2.1 Root collection and extraction .......................................................................... 95 5.2.2 Soil collection and extraction...........................................................................
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