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Special Status Report Hate Crime in the United States

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Special Status Report Hate Crime in the United States SPECIAL STATUS REPORT HATE CRIME IN THE UNITED STATES 20 State Compilation of Official Data 1 © 2016 Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism; California State University, San Bernardino The author and editor received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this report. Any errors or omissions in this study are solely those of the author and editor. 2 Brian Levin (Author) is a professor of criminal justice at California State University, San Bernardino, where he is the director of the Center for the Study of Hate & Extremism. He has testified before both houses of Congress and various state legislatures on hate and terrorism. He is also the principal author of various United States Supreme Court amici briefs on hate crimes. Professor Levin formerly worked for civil rights groups and as a New York City Police Officer. He received his JD from Stanford Law School where he was awarded the Block Civil Liberties Award and his BA summa cum laude from the University of Pennsylvania with multiple honors in American History. Kevin Grisham (Editor/Graphics) is an associate professor of geography and environmental studies and assistant director of research for the Center for the Study of Hate & Extremism at California State University, San Bernardino (CSUSB). He specializes in analysis of terrorism, violent political movements and globalization. He teaches within the Global Studies option of the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies at CSUSB. His most recent book is Transforming Violent Political Movements: Rebels today, what tomorrow? (Routledge, 2014). He received his PhD and MA in Political Science from the University of California, Riverside and his BA in Criminal Justice from CSUSB. The author and editor of this report would also like to thank Dr. James J. Nolan of West Virginia University for his assistance with NIBRS research contained in the analysis presented as well as crime reporting and human relation agencies in Delaware, Texas, Ohio, Iowa, Kansas, Los Angeles County, New York City, and New Jersey. 3 Table of Contents Abstract: Summary Overview ..................................................................................... 5 Background: Stereotypes, Attitudes and Behavior ............................................... 12 Mission Offenders as Terrorists ............................................................................... 13 Stereotypes in the Socio-Political Arena ................................................................. 14 Hate Crimes against Muslims and Arabs Rise Dramatically in 2015 ..................... 15 NGO (Non-Governmental Organizations) and University Data ............................. 19 Causes: Its Complicated ........................................................................................... 22 Do Words Matter: Is there a Bush or Trump Effect? .............................................. 26 Jewish Americans ...................................................................................................... 36 African-Americans and Race .................................................................................... 39 Latinos ........................................................................................................................ 42 LGBT ........................................................................................................................... 45 Differing Standards Exist For Communities, Investigators and Prosecutors ...... 46 Hate Crime Laws and Supreme Court Decisions .................................................... 49 Statutory Coverage .................................................................................................... 50 Federal Law ................................................................................................................ 51 Sources ....................................................................................................................... 53 4 2015 Hate Crime Analysis: Five Percent Overall Rise, As Murders & Anti-Muslim Incidents Surge NYPD Hate Crime Task Force Detectives confer at their Manhattan offices. 2005/ B. Levin Abstract: Summary Overview A new multi-state national compilation of official hate crime data across twenty states found incidents overall increased by 5.03% in 2015. Hate crimes against Muslims, however, surged 78% to a total of 196 reported incidents last year. These are levels not surpassed since the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks in 2001, and come at a time of heightened prejudice, recurring terrorism and polarized politics. Projections for anti-Muslim hate crimes for the entire nation for 2015 are at 260 incidents, a 68.9% annual increase, but caution must be exercised regarding estimates. The proportion of Muslims targeted in all hate crime also rose dramatically to 4.51%. The newer data categories of anti-Arab and Anti-Gender/Transgender also increased substantially, 219% and 40% respectively; but some of this increase may arise from improved reporting. Tabulations for larger categories were relatively stable with annual variances within a range of about plus or minus five percent or less. Muslims, Jews, African-Americans, and LGBT people continue to experience hate crime far in excess of their proportion of the population, while anti-Latino incidents remained stable. This new analysis of hate crimes from official government data complied by the Center for the Study of Hate & Extremism, includes four of the five most populous U.S. states and represents 53.5% of the nation’s population. Additional data also revealed a severe increase in hate crime homicides in 2015 to at least 14, a level not seen in well over a decade, as fatal armed attacks by lone-wolf extremists become more deadly, both in total numbers and proportionately. Lastly, our analysis of daily data following terrorist attacks found a tolerant statement about Muslims by a political leader was accompanied by a sharp decline in hate crime, while a less tolerant announcement was followed by a precipitous increase in both the severity and number of anti-Muslim hate crimes. 5 Twenty U.S. State Annual Change by Group NUMBER OF NUMBER OF % of Change BIAS MOTIVE INCIDENTS INCIDENTS (2014 to 2015) (2015) (2014) 20 State Total 4,347 4139 +5.03% ▲ Anti-Islam 196 110 +78.2% ▲ Anti-Arab1 67 21 +219% ▲ Anti-Jewish 502 489 +2.66% ▲ Anti-Latino 197 200 -1.5% ▼ Anti- Black2 1103 1058 +4.25% ▲ Anti-White3 416 396 +5.1% ▲ Anti-LGB4 601 629 -4.45% ▼ Anti-Gender/Transgender5 63 45 +40% ▲ 1 Due to limited availability of data, the analysis of Anti-Arab hate crimes in the U.S. only includes 10 U.S. states. The limited availability of the data is due to this being a new hate crime data category by the FBI and in many areas of the U.S. 2 The analysis of Anti-Black hate crimes in the U.S were drawn from a sample of 11 large U.S. states that had at least 100 or more incidents in at least one of the last two years. 3 The sample of data used for analyzing anti-White hate crimes was only the 11 large U.S. states referenced above. 4 Similar to anti-Black and anti-White hate crime data, this sample only included 11 large U.S. states. 5 Due to this being a newer category, the analysis of gender/transgender hate crimes was only drawn from 9 U.S. states. 6 Multi-State Hate Crime Compilation- 2015 20 States by Year, Bias Motive, Number of Incidents, and Percentage of Change from Previous Year 6 Hate Population % of US Islam Arab Jewish Latino Crime (2015 est.) Pop. Totals US TOTAL 196 67 502 197 4,347 321,418,820 53.55% (2015) +78.2% +219% +2.66% -1.5% +5.03% included CA 40 97 81 837 (2015) +122% +21.25% +35% +10.4% 39,144,818 12.2% CA 18 80 60 758 (2014) CO 1 7 15 107 (2015) -50% +133.3% +50% +12.6% 5,456,574 1.7% CO 2 3 10 95 (2014) DE 0 0 0 1 14 (2015) -17.7% 945,934 0.29% DE 0 0 1 0 17 (2014) HI 0 0 0 2 (2015) +100% 1,431,603 0.45% HI 0 0 0 1 (2014) ID 2 1 2 22 (2015) -33.3% -15.4% 1,654, 930 0.5% ID 0 0 3 26 (2014) IL 2 4 6 5 96 (2015) -50% -33.3% -15% 12,859,995 4.0% IL 4 9 5 113 (2014) 6 The 20 U.S. states contained in this analysis makeup 53.55% of the overall U.S. population. 7 Hate Population % of US Islam Arab Jewish Latino Crime (2015 est.) Pop. Totals IA 1 0 0 0 6 (2015) -50% 3,123,899 1.0% IA 0 0 0 1 12 (2014) KS 1 4 1 64 (2015) -33% -89% -20% 2,911,641 0.9% KS 1 3 9 80 (2014) KY 13 1 4 10 278 (2015) -20% -37.5% +18.3% 4,425,092 1.4% KY 0 0 5 16 235 (2014) MI 27 31 12 10 495 (2015) +50% +3000% -7.69% -28.6% -7% 9,992,576 3.1% MI 18 1 13 14 532 (2014) MN 11 8 3 1 96 (2015) +37.5% -87.5% -2% 5,489,594 1.7% MN 8 0 3 8 98 (2014) NJ 14 7 113 8 367 (2015) +250% +40% +4.6% -52.9% -1.6% 8,958,013 2.8% NJ 4 5 108 17 373 (2014) NY 33 0 206 19 503 (2015) +37.5% -100% -12.3% +46.2% -9.9% 6.16% NY 24 3 235 13 558 (2014) 8 Hate Population % of US Islam Arab Jewish Latino Crime (2015 est.) Pop. Totals OH 15 15 16 7 726 (2015) +50% -36.4% -41.7% +6.6% 11,613,423 3.6% OH 10 11 16 12 681 (2014) OK 1 2 2 32 (2015) -60% 3,911,338 1.2% OK 1 0 5 32 (2014) RI 2 0 0 0 18 (2015) -100% -25% 1,056,298 0.33% RI 2 0 0 2 24 (2014) TN 10 10 17 332 (2015) +66.7% +900% +240% +58.1% 6,600,299 2.1% TN 6 1 5 210 (2014) TX 16 1 13 15 195 (2015) +128.6% +333.3% +17.5% 27,469,114 8.6% TX 7 1 3 15 166 (2014) VA 7 8 3 155 (2015) +40% -11.1% -40% 21.1% 8,382,993 2.6% VA 5 9 5 128 (2014) WY 0 0 0 2 (2015) 586, 107 0.2% WY 0 0 0 0 (2014) 9 Sexual Orientation, Gender/Transgender & Race: 11 States Gender/Trans- Anti-LGB gender/Non Anti-Black Anti-White Conf. CA 2015 185 27 231 34 CA 2014 186 24 238 28 CO 2015 22 3 30 11 CO 2014 28 Incl.
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