Recent Advances and Novel Approaches in Laboratory-Based Diagnostic Mycology
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Rapid and Precise Diagnosis of Pneumonia Coinfected By
Rapid and precise diagnosis of pneumonia coinfected by Pneumocystis jirovecii and Aspergillus fumigatus assisted by next-generation sequencing in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report Yili Chen Sun Yat-Sen University Lu Ai Sun Yat-Sen University Yingqun Zhou First Peoples Hospital of Nanning Yating Zhao Sun Yat-Sen University Jianyu Huang Sun Yat-Sen University Wen Tang Sun Yat-Sen University Yujian Liang ( [email protected] ) Sun Yat-Sen University Case report Keywords: Pneumocystis jirovecii, Aspergillus fumigatus, Next generation sequencing, Case report Posted Date: March 19th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-154016/v2 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/12 Abstract Background: Pneumocystis jirovecii and Aspergillus fumigatus, are opportunistic pathogenic fungus that has a major impact on mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. With the potential to invade multiple organs, early and accurate diagnosis is essential to the survival of SLE patients, establishing an early diagnosis of the infection, especially coinfection by Pneumocystis jirovecii and Aspergillus fumigatus, still remains a great challenge. Case presentation: In this case, we reported that the application of next -generation sequencing in diagnosing Pneumocystis jirovecii and Aspergillus fumigatus coinfection in a Chinese girl with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Voriconazole was used to treat pulmonary aspergillosis, besides sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP), and caspofungin acetate to treat Pneumocystis jirovecii infection for 6 days. On Day 10 of admission, her chest radiograph displayed obvious absorption of bilateral lung inammation though the circumstance of repeated fever had not improved. -
Estimated Burden of Fungal Infections in Oman
Journal of Fungi Article Estimated Burden of Fungal Infections in Oman Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi 1,2,3,* , Mohammed A. Al-Shuhoumi 4 and David W. Denning 5 1 Department of microbiology, Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman 2 Department of microbiology, Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands 3 Foundation of Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 1214GP Hilversum, The Netherlands 4 Ibri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ibri 115, Oman; [email protected] 5 Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +968-25446328; Fax: +968-25446612 Abstract: For many years, fungi have emerged as significant and frequent opportunistic pathogens and nosocomial infections in many different populations at risk. Fungal infections include disease that varies from superficial to disseminated infections which are often fatal. No fungal disease is reportable in Oman. Many cases are admitted with underlying pathology, and fungal infection is often not documented. The burden of fungal infections in Oman is still unknown. Using disease frequencies from heterogeneous and robust data sources, we provide an estimation of the incidence and prevalence of Oman’s fungal diseases. An estimated 79,520 people in Oman are affected by a serious fungal infection each year, 1.7% of the population, not including fungal skin infections, chronic fungal rhinosinusitis or otitis externa. These figures are dominated by vaginal candidiasis, followed by allergic respiratory disease (fungal asthma). An estimated 244 patients develop invasive aspergillosis and at least 230 candidemia annually (5.4 and 5.0 per 100,000). -
Outcome and Prognostic Factors of Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia
Gaborit et al. Ann. Intensive Care (2019) 9:131 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-019-0604-x RESEARCH Open Access Outcome and prognostic factors of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromised adults: a prospective observational study Benjamin Jean Gaborit1,6* , Benoit Tessoulin2, Rose‑Anne Lavergne3, Florent Morio3, Christine Sagan4, Emmanuel Canet5, Raphael Lecomte1, Paul Leturnier1, Colin Deschanvres1, Lydie Khatchatourian1, Nathalie Asseray1, Charlotte Garret5, Michael Vourch5, Delphine Marest5, François Raf1, David Boutoille1,6 and Jean Reignier5 Abstract Background: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) remains a severe disease associated with high rates of invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) and mortality. The objectives of this study were to assess early risk factors for severe PJP and 90‑day mortality, including the broncho‑alveolar lavage fuid cytology profles at diagnosis. Methods: We prospectively enrolled all patients meeting pre‑defned diagnostic criteria for PJP admitted at Nantes university hospital, France, from January 2012 to January 2017. Diagnostic criteria for PJP were typical clinical features with microbiological confrmation of P. jirovecii cysts by direct examination or a positive specifc quantitative real‑time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Severe PJP was defned as hypoxemic acute respiratory failure requiring high‑ fow nasal oxygen with at least 50% FiO2, non‑invasive ventilation, or MV. Results: Of 2446 respiratory samples investigated during the study period, 514 from 430 patients were positive for P. jirovecii. Of these 430 patients, 107 met criteria for PJP and were included in the study, 53 (49.5%) patients had severe PJP, including 30 who required MV. All patients were immunocompromised with haematological malignancy ranking frst (n 37, 35%), followed by solid organ transplantation (n 27, 25%), HIV‑infection (n 21, 20%), systemic diseases (n 13,= 12%), solid tumors (n 12, 11%) and primary immunodefciency= (n 6, 8%). -
Pneumocystis Pneumonia: Immunity, Vaccines, and Treatments
pathogens Review Pneumocystis Pneumonia: Immunity, Vaccines, and Treatments Aaron D. Gingerich 1,2, Karen A. Norris 1,2 and Jarrod J. Mousa 1,2,* 1 Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; [email protected] (A.D.G.); [email protected] (K.A.N.) 2 Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: For individuals who are immunocompromised, the opportunistic fungal pathogen Pneumocystis jirovecii is capable of causing life-threatening pneumonia as the causative agent of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). PCP remains an acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS)-defining illness in the era of antiretroviral therapy. In addition, a rise in non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated PCP has been observed due to increased usage of immunosuppressive and im- munomodulating therapies. With the persistence of HIV-related PCP cases and associated morbidity and mortality, as well as difficult to diagnose non-HIV-related PCP cases, an improvement over current treatment and prevention standards is warranted. Current therapeutic strategies have pri- marily focused on the administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, which is effective at disease prevention. However, current treatments are inadequate for treatment of PCP and prevention of PCP-related death, as evidenced by consistently high mortality rates for those hospitalized with PCP. There are no vaccines in clinical trials for the prevention of PCP, and significant obstacles exist that have slowed development, including host range specificity, and the inability to culture Pneumocystis spp. in vitro. In this review, we overview the immune response to Pneumocystis spp., and discuss current progress on novel vaccines and therapies currently in the preclinical and clinical pipeline. -
COVID-19 Pneumonia: the Great Radiological Mimicker
Duzgun et al. Insights Imaging (2020) 11:118 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-020-00933-z Insights into Imaging EDUCATIONAL REVIEW Open Access COVID-19 pneumonia: the great radiological mimicker Selin Ardali Duzgun* , Gamze Durhan, Figen Basaran Demirkazik, Meltem Gulsun Akpinar and Orhan Macit Ariyurek Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread worldwide since December 2019. Although the reference diagnostic test is a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), chest-computed tomography (CT) has been frequently used in diagnosis because of the low sensitivity rates of RT-PCR. CT fndings of COVID-19 are well described in the literature and include predominantly peripheral, bilateral ground-glass opacities (GGOs), combination of GGOs with consolida- tions, and/or septal thickening creating a “crazy-paving” pattern. Longitudinal changes of typical CT fndings and less reported fndings (air bronchograms, CT halo sign, and reverse halo sign) may mimic a wide range of lung patholo- gies radiologically. Moreover, accompanying and underlying lung abnormalities may interfere with the CT fndings of COVID-19 pneumonia. The diseases that COVID-19 pneumonia may mimic can be broadly classifed as infectious or non-infectious diseases (pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, neoplasms, organizing pneumonia, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, sarcoidosis, pulmonary infarction, interstitial lung diseases, and aspiration pneumonia). We summarize the imaging fndings of COVID-19 and the aforementioned lung pathologies that COVID-19 pneumonia may mimic. We also discuss the features that may aid in the diferential diagnosis, as the disease continues to spread and will be one of our main diferential diagnoses some time more. -
Mucormycosis of the Central Nervous System
Journal of Fungi Review Mucormycosis of the Central Nervous System 1 1,2, , 3, , Amanda Chikley , Ronen Ben-Ami * y and Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis * y 1 Infectious Diseases Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel 2 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel 3 Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.B.-A.); [email protected] (D.P.K.) These authors contribute equally to this paper. y Received: 6 June 2019; Accepted: 7 July 2019; Published: 8 July 2019 Abstract: Mucormycosis involves the central nervous system by direct extension from infected paranasal sinuses or hematogenous dissemination from the lungs. Incidence rates of this rare disease seem to be rising, with a shift from the rhino-orbital-cerebral syndrome typical of patients with diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis, to disseminated disease in patients with hematological malignancies. We present our current understanding of the pathobiology, clinical features, and diagnostic and treatment strategies of cerebral mucormycosis. Despite advances in imaging and the availability of novel drugs, cerebral mucormycosis continues to be associated with high rates of death and disability. Emerging molecular diagnostics, advances in experimental systems and the establishment of large patient registries are key components of ongoing efforts to provide a timely diagnosis and effective treatment to patients with cerebral mucormycosis. Keywords: central nervous system; mucormycosis; Mucorales; zygomycosis 1. Introduction Mucormycosis is the second most frequent invasive mold disease after aspergillosis [1–3], with rising incidence reported in some countries [4–7]. -
The Diagnostic Challenge of Pneumocystis Pneumonia and COVID-19 Co-Infection in HIV Alistair G.B
Official Case Reports Journal of the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology Respirology Case Reports The diagnostic challenge of pneumocystis pneumonia and COVID-19 co-infection in HIV Alistair G.B. Broadhurst1 , Usha Lalla2, Jantjie J. Taljaard3, Elizabeth H. Louw2, Coenraad F.N. Koegelenberg2 & Brian W. Allwood2 1Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. 2Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. 3Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. Keywords Abstract COVID-19, HIV, pneumocystis pneumonia, SARS- CoV-2. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) share many overlapping features and may be clinically indistin- Correspondence guishable on initial presentation in people living with HIV. We present Alistair G.B. Broadhurst, Division of General Medicine, the case of co-infection with COVID-19 and PCP in a patient with pro- DepartmentofMedicine,FacultyofMedicineand gressive respiratory failure admitted to our intensive care unit where the Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg dominant disease was uncertain. This case highlights the difficulty in dif- Hospital, Francie van Zijl Drive, 7505 Cape Town, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] ferentiating between the two diseases, especially in a high HIV preva- lence setting where PCP is frequently diagnosed using case definitions Received: 29 September 2020; Accepted: 3 February and clinical experience due to limited access to bronchoscopy, appropri- 2021; Associate Editor: Charles Feldman. -
GAFFI Fact Sheet Pneumocystis Pneumonia
OLD VERSION GLOBAL ACTION FUNDGAL FOR INFECTIONS FUN GAFFI Fact Sheet Pneumocystis pneumonia GLOBAL ACTION FUNDGAL FOR INFECTIONS Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening illness of largely FUN immunosuppressed patients such as those with HIV/AIDS. However, when diagnosed rapidly and treated, survival rates are high. The etiologic agent of PCP is DARKER AREAS AND SMALLER VERSION TEXT FIT WITHIN CIRCLE (ALSO TO BE USED AS MAIN Pneumocystis jirovecii, a human only fungus that has co-evolved with humans. Other LOGO IN THE FUTURE) mammals have their own Pneumocystis species. Person to person transmission occurs early in life as demonstrated by antibody formation in infancy and early childhood. Some individuals likely clear the fungus completely, while others become carriers of variable intensity. About 20% of adults are colonized but higher colonization rates occur in children and immunosuppressed adults; ethnicity and genetic associations with colonization are poorly understood. Co-occurrence of other respiratory infections may provide the means of transmission in most instances. Patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) are highly infectious. Prophylaxis with oral cotrimoxazole is highly effective in preventing infection. Pneumocystis pneumonia The occurrence of fatal Pneumocystis pneumonia in homosexual men in the U.S. provided one of earliest signals of the impending AIDS epidemic in the 1980s. Profound immunosuppression, especially T cell depletion and dysfunction, is the primary risk group for PCP. Early in the AIDS epidemic, PCP was the AIDS-defining diagnosis in ~60% of individuals. This frequency has fallen in the western world, but infection is poorly documented in most low-income countries because of the lack of diagnostic capability. -
Epidemiological Alert: COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis
Epidemiological Alert: COVID-19 associated Mucormycosis 11 June 2021 Given the potential increase in cases of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM) in the Region of the Americas, the Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) recommends that Member States prepare health services in order to minimize morbidity and mortality due to CAM. Introduction In recent months, an increase in reports of cases of Mucormycosis (previously called zygomycosis) is the term used to name invasive fungal infections (IFI) COVID-19 associated Mucormycosis (CAM) has caused by saprophytic environmental fungi, been observed mainly in people with underlying belonging to the subphylum Mucoromycotina, order diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic Mucorales. Among the most frequent genera are ketoacidosis, or on steroids. In these patients, the Rhizopus and Mucor; and less frequently Lichtheimia, most frequent clinical manifestation is rhino-orbital Saksenaea, Rhizomucor, Apophysomyces, and Cunninghamela (Nucci M, Engelhardt M, Hamed K. mucormycosis, followed by rhino-orbital-cerebral Mucormycosis in South America: A review of 143 mucormycosis, which present as secondary reported cases. Mycoses. 2019 Sep;62(9):730-738. doi: infections and occur after SARS CoV-2 infection. 1,2 10.1111/myc.12958. Epub 2019 Jul 11. PMID: 31192488; PMCID: PMC6852100). Globally, the highest number of cases has been The infection is acquired by the implantation of the reported in India, where it is estimated that there spores of the fungus in the oral, nasal, and are more than 4,000 people with CAM.3 conjunctival mucosa, by inhalation, or by ingestion of contaminated food, since they quickly colonize foods rich in simple carbohydrates. -
An Aggressive Case of Mucormycosis
Open Access Case Report DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9610 An Aggressive Case of Mucormycosis Donovan Tran 1 , Berndt Schmit 2 1. Diagnostic Radiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, USA 2. Radiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, USA Corresponding author: Donovan Tran, [email protected] Abstract Mucormycosis is an aggressive fungal disease that can occur in individuals with certain predisposing factors, such as diabetes mellitus and pharmacologic immunosuppression. An astounding aspect of this disease is the speed at which it can spread to surrounding structures once it begins to germinate inside the human body. This case involves a 24-year-old male patient who presented to the emergency room complaining of a headache after a dental procedure who developed fulminant rhinocerebral mucormycosis within days. The objective of this report is to shed light on how fast this disease spreads, discuss current management of rhinocerebral mucormycosis, and illustrate the subtle, but critical radiographic findings to raise clinical awareness for this life-threatening disease. Categories: Emergency Medicine, Radiology, Infectious Disease Keywords: rhinocerebral mucormycosis, mucormycosis, rhizopus, invasive fungal sinusitis, retroantral fat, isavuconazole Introduction We share our world with fungi. They are ubiquitous in nature; current estimates put the number of fungal species to be as high as 5.1 million [1]. As plentiful as they are, only hundreds of these species are pathogenic to humans, collectively killing more than 1.6 million people annually [2]. Common fungi that cause illness are Aspergillus species, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Rhizopus species. The term mucormycosis refers to any fungal infection caused by fungi belonging to the Mucorales order [3]. -
A Case of Dermatomyositis Causing Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia
Open Access Case Report DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6296 A Case of Dermatomyositis Causing Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia Jeffrey A. Miskoff 1 , Rana Ali 2 , Moiuz Chaudhri 3 1. Internal Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune City, USA 2. Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health Jersey Shore University Medical Center, New Jersey , USA 3. Internal Medicine, Shore Pulmonary, New Jersey, USA Corresponding author: Jeffrey A. Miskoff, [email protected] Abstract Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), also known as idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), is a rare inflammatory condition. It often presents as sequelae of existing chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and various connective tissue conditions. This case describes a 28-year-old African American female who presented with a complex clinical picture involving chronic inflammatory processes and the pulmonary system. The initial evaluation suggested pneumonia to be the underlying cause of respiratory symptoms; however, ultimately, a diagnosis of BOOP with dermatomyositis was made. Categories: Rheumatology, Pulmonology, Internal Medicine Keywords: chronic organizing pneumonia, bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, interstitial lung diseases, chronic inflammatory conditions, dermatomyositis Introduction Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) is the idiopathic form of organizing pneumonia, previously known as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). It is a form of diffuse interstitial -
Clinical Features of Pulmonary Mucormycosis in Patients with Different Immune Status
5052 Original Article Clinical features of pulmonary mucormycosis in patients with different immune status Min Peng1#, Hua Meng2#, Yinghao Sun3, Yu Xiao4, Hong Zhang1, Ke Lv2, Baiqiang Cai1 1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 2Department of Ultrasound, 3Department of Internal Medicine, 4Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China Contributions: (I) Conception and design: M Peng, H Zhang, K Lv; (II) Administrative support: None; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: M Peng, Y Xiao, H Zhang; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: H Meng; Y Sun; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: M Peng, H Zhang; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors. #These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence to: Dr. Hong Zhang; Dr. Ke lv. No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]. Background: Pulmonary mucormycosis (PM) is a relatively rare but often fatal and rapidly progressive disease. Most studies of PM are case reports or case series with limited numbers of patients, and focus on immunocompromised patients. We investigated the clinical manifestations, imaging features, treatment, and outcomes of patients with PM with a focus on the difference in clinical manifestations between patients with different immune status. Methods: Clinical records, laboratory results, and computed tomography scans of 24 patients with proven or probable PM from January 2005 to December 2018 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Ten female and 14 male patients were included (median age, 43.5 years; range, 13–64 years).