Sample Research Protocol
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Observational Clinical Research
E REVIEW ARTICLE Clinical Research Methodology 2: Observational Clinical Research Daniel I. Sessler, MD, and Peter B. Imrey, PhD * † Case-control and cohort studies are invaluable research tools and provide the strongest fea- sible research designs for addressing some questions. Case-control studies usually involve retrospective data collection. Cohort studies can involve retrospective, ambidirectional, or prospective data collection. Observational studies are subject to errors attributable to selec- tion bias, confounding, measurement bias, and reverse causation—in addition to errors of chance. Confounding can be statistically controlled to the extent that potential factors are known and accurately measured, but, in practice, bias and unknown confounders usually remain additional potential sources of error, often of unknown magnitude and clinical impact. Causality—the most clinically useful relation between exposure and outcome—can rarely be defnitively determined from observational studies because intentional, controlled manipu- lations of exposures are not involved. In this article, we review several types of observa- tional clinical research: case series, comparative case-control and cohort studies, and hybrid designs in which case-control analyses are performed on selected members of cohorts. We also discuss the analytic issues that arise when groups to be compared in an observational study, such as patients receiving different therapies, are not comparable in other respects. (Anesth Analg 2015;121:1043–51) bservational clinical studies are attractive because Group, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists they are relatively inexpensive and, perhaps more Anesthesia Quality Institute. importantly, can be performed quickly if the required Recent retrospective perioperative studies include data O 1,2 data are already available. -
NIH Definition of a Clinical Trial
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO HUMAN RESEARCH PROTECTIONS PROGRAM NIH Definition of a Clinical Trial The NIH has recently changed their definition of clinical trial. This Fact Sheet provides information regarding this change and what it means to investigators. NIH guidelines include the following: “Correctly identifying whether a study is considered to by NIH to be a clinical trial is crucial to how [the investigator] will: Select the right NIH funding opportunity announcement for [the investigator’s] research…Write the research strategy and human subjects section of the [investigator’s] grant application and contact proposal…Comply with appropriate policies and regulations, including registration and reporting in ClinicalTrials.gov.” NIH defines a clinical trial as “A research study in which one or more human subjects are prospectively assigned to one or more interventions (which may include placebo or other control) to evaluate the effects of those interventions on health-related biomedical or behavioral outcomes.” NIH notes, “The term “prospectively assigned” refers to a pre-defined process (e.g., randomization) specified in an approved protocol that stipulates the assignment of research subjects (individually or in clusters) to one or more arms (e.g., intervention, placebo, or other control) of a clinical trial. And, “An ‘intervention’ is defined as a manipulation of the subject or subject’s environment for the purpose of modifying one or more health-related biomedical or behavioral processes and/or endpoints. Examples include: -
E 8 General Considerations for Clinical Trials
European Medicines Agency March 1998 CPMP/ICH/291/95 ICH Topic E 8 General Considerations for Clinical Trials Step 5 NOTE FOR GUIDANCE ON GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CLINICAL TRIALS (CPMP/ICH/291/95) TRANSMISSION TO CPMP November 1996 TRANSMISSION TO INTERESTED PARTIES November 1996 DEADLINE FOR COMMENTS May 1997 FINAL APPROVAL BY CPMP September 1997 DATE FOR COMING INTO OPERATION March 1998 7 Westferry Circus, Canary Wharf, London, E14 4HB, UK Tel. (44-20) 74 18 85 75 Fax (44-20) 75 23 70 40 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.emea.eu.int EMEA 2006 Reproduction and/or distribution of this document is authorised for non commercial purposes only provided the EMEA is acknowledged GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CLINICAL TRIALS ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline Table of Contents 1. OBJECTIVES OF THIS DOCUMENT.............................................................................3 2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES...................................................................................................3 2.1 Protection of clinical trial subjects.............................................................................3 2.2 Scientific approach in design and analysis.................................................................3 3. DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY...............................................................................6 3.1 Considerations for the Development Plan..................................................................6 3.1.1 Non-Clinical Studies ........................................................................................6 -
Double Blind Trials Workshop
Double Blind Trials Workshop Introduction These activities demonstrate how double blind trials are run, explaining what a placebo is and how the placebo effect works, how bias is removed as far as possible and how participants and trial medicines are randomised. Curriculum Links KS3: Science SQA Access, Intermediate and KS4: Biology Higher: Biology Keywords Double-blind trials randomisation observer bias clinical trials placebo effect designing a fair trial placebo Contents Activities Materials Activity 1 Placebo Effect Activity Activity 2 Observer Bias Activity 3 Double Blind Trial Role Cards for the Double Blind Trial Activity Testing Layout Background Information Medicines undergo a number of trials before they are declared fit for use (see classroom activity on Clinical Research for details). In the trial in the second activity, pupils compare two potential new sunscreens. This type of trial is done with healthy volunteers to see if the there are any side effects and to provide data to suggest the dosage needed. If there were no current best treatment then this sort of trial would also be done with patients to test for the effectiveness of the new medicine. How do scientists make sure that medicines are tested fairly? One thing they need to do is to find out if their tests are free of bias. Are the medicines really working, or do they just appear to be working? One difficulty in designing fair tests for medicines is the placebo effect. When patients are prescribed a treatment, especially by a doctor or expert they trust, the patient’s own belief in the treatment can cause the patient to produce a response. -
Developing a Protocol
FACILITATOR/MENTOR GUIDE Developing a Protocol Created: 2013 Developing a Protocol. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2013. DEVELOPING A PROTOCOL Table of Contents LEARNING OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................... 3 ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME ........................................................................................ 3 TARGET AUDIENCE ......................................................................................................... 3 PRE-WORK AND PREREQUISITES ..................................................................................... 3 MATERIALS .................................................................................................................... 4 OPTIONS FOR FACILITATING THIS TRAINING ....................................................................... 4 ICON GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................ 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... 5 FACILITATOR RESPONSIBILITIES ...................................................................................... 7 SECTIONS 1 & 2: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW .............................................................. 8 SECTION 3: WRITING A PROPOSAL OR CONCEPT PAPER ..................................................... 9 SECTION 4: WRITING A DRAFT OF THE PROTOCOL ........................................................... -
Definition of Clinical Trials
Clinical Trials A clinical trial is a prospective biomedical or behavioral research study of human subjects that is designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions (vaccines, drugs, treatments, devices, or new ways of using known drugs, treatments, or devices). Clinical trials are used to determine whether new biomedical or behavioral interventions are safe, efficacious, and effective. Clinical trials include behavioral human subjects research involving an intervention to modify behavior (increasing the use of an intervention, willingness to pay for an intervention, etc.) Human subjects research to develop or evaluate clinical laboratory tests (e.g. imaging or molecular diagnostic tests) might be considered to be a clinical trial if the test will be used for medical decision-making for the subject or the test itself imposes more than minimal risk for subjects. Biomedical clinical trials of experimental drug, treatment, device or behavioral intervention may proceed through four phases: Phase I clinical trials test a new biomedical intervention in a small group of people (e.g., 20- 80) for the first time to evaluate safety (e.g., to determine a safe dosage range, and to identify side effects). Phase II clinical trials study the biomedical or behavioral intervention in a larger group of people (several hundred) to determine efficacy and to further evaluate its safety. Phase III studies investigate the efficacy of the biomedical or behavioral intervention in large groups of human subjects (from several hundred to several thousand) by comparing the intervention to other standard or experimental interventions as well as to monitor adverse effects, and to collect information that will allow the intervention to be used safely. -
Sample Size for Clinical Trials Martin Bland Prof
British Standards Institution Study Day Sample size for clinical trials Martin Bland Prof. of Health Statistics University of York http://martinbland.co.uk Outcome variables for trials An outcome variable is one which we hope to change, predict or estimate in a trial. Examples: • Systolic blood pressure in a hypertension trial • Caesarean section rate in an obstetric trial • Survival time in a cancer trial How many outcome variables should I have? If we have many outcome variables: • all possibilities would be covered, • we would be less likely to miss something, • the risk of false positives, finding an apparent effect when there is none in reality, would be increased. If we have few outcome variables: • the trial would be easier and quicker to check and analyse, • the trial would be cheaper, • the trial would be easier for research subjects, • we would avoid multiple testing and the high risk of a false positive result. We get round the problem of multiple testing by having one outcome variable on which the main conclusion stands or falls, the primary outcome variable. If we do not find an effect for this variable, the study has a negative result. Usually we have several secondary outcome variables, to answer secondary questions. A significant difference for one of these would generate further questions to investigate rather than provide clear evidence for a treatment effect. The primary outcome variable must relate to the main aim of the study. Choose one and stick to it. How large a sample should I take? A significance test for comparing two means is more likely to detect a large difference between two populations than a small one. -
Phase 3 Clinical Study Protocol
ModernaTX, Inc. 20 Aug 2020 Protocol mRNA-1273-P301, Amendment 3 mRNA-1273 CLINICAL STUDY PROTOCOL Protocol Title: A Phase 3, Randomized, Stratified, Observer-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Adults Aged 18 Years and Older Protocol Number: mRNA-1273-P301 Sponsor Name: ModernaTX, Inc. Legal Registered Address: 200 Technology Square Cambridge, MA 02139 Sponsor Contact and Tal Zaks, MD, PhD, Chief Medical Officer Medical Monitor: ModernaTX, Inc. 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 Telephone: 1-617-209-5906 e-mail: [email protected] Regulatory Agency Identifier Number(s): IND: 19745 Amendment Number: 3 Date of Amendment 3: 20 Aug 2020 Date of Amendment 2: 31 Jul 2020 Date of Amendment 1: 26 Jun 2020 Date of Original Protocol: 15 Jun 2020 CONFIDENTIAL All financial and nonfinancial support for this study will be provided by ModernaTX, Inc. The concepts and information contained in this document or generated during the study are considered proprietary and may not be disclosed in whole or in part without the expressed written consent of ModernaTX, Inc. The study will be conducted according to the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, E6(R2) Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Guidance. Confidential Page 1 ModernaTX, Inc. 20 Aug 2020 Protocol mRNA-1273-P301, Amendment 3 mRNA-1273 PROTOCOL APPROVAL – SPONSOR SIGNATORY Study Title: A Phase 3, Randomized, Stratified, Observer-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Adults Aged 18 Years and Older Protocol Number: mRNA-1273-P301 Protocol Version Date: 20 Aug 2020 Protocol accepted and approved by: See esignature and date signed on last page of document. -
Chapter 13*: EPIDEMIOLOGY
Monitoring Bathing Waters - A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Assessments and Monitoring Programmes Edited by Jamie Bartram and Gareth Rees © 2000 WHO. ISBN 0-419-24390-1 Chapter 13*: EPIDEMIOLOGY * This chapter was prepared by D. Kay and A. Dufour Epidemiological data are frequently used to provide a basis for public health decisions and as an aid to the regulatory process. This is certainly true when developing safeguards for recreational waters where hazardous substances or pathogens discharged to coastal and inland waters may pose a serious risk of illness to individuals who use the waters. Epidemiological studies of human populations not only provide evidence that swimming-associated illness is related to environmental exposure, but also can establish an exposure-response gradient which is essential for developing risk- based regulations. Epidemiology has played a significant role in providing information that characterises risks associated with exposure to faeces contaminated recreational waters. The use of epidemiological studies to define risk associated with swimming in contaminated waters has been criticised because the approach used to collect the data is not experimental in nature. This perception is unlikely to change, given the highly variable environments where recreational exposures take place. Although the variables may be difficult to control, it is possible to carry out credible studies by following certain standard practices that are given below. This Chapter discusses the place of epidemiological investigations in providing information to support recreational water management and the scientific basis of "health-based" regulation. 13.1 Methods employed in recreational water studies Epidemiology is the scientific study of disease patterns in time and space. -
A Simplified Protocol for Reversing Phenotypic Conversion of Ralstonia
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article A Simplified Protocol for Reversing Phenotypic Conversion of Ralstonia solanacearum during Experimentation Pramod Kumar Sahu 1,* , Shailendra Singh 1 , Amrita Gupta 1, Udai B. Singh 1 , Surinder Paul 1 , Diby Paul 2 , Pandiyan Kuppusamy 3, Harsh V. Singh 1 and Anil Kumar Saxena 1 1 ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan UP-275103, India; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (U.B.S.); [email protected] (S.P.); drharsh2006@rediffmail.com (H.V.S.); [email protected] (A.K.S.) 2 Pilgram Marpeck School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Truett McConnel University, 100 Alumni Dr. Cleveland, GA 30528, USA; [email protected] 3 ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Ginning Training Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440023, India; [email protected] * Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 16 April 2020; Accepted: 11 June 2020; Published: 15 June 2020 Abstract: Background: Ralstonia solanacearum has the problem of losing the virulence in laboratory conditions, during prolonged experimentation. Since pure colonies of R. solanacearum contain cell fractions differing in virulence, it was considered worthwhile to find a way of selecting the cells with lower attenuation. Therefore, a methodology for inducing virulent-type colonies occurrence in Ralstonia solanacearum was developed. Methods: Nutrient gradient was created by swabbing R. solanacearum culture in a slanted KMTTC medium, and Phyllanthus emblica extract was given by well diffusion. Live–dead cell imaging using BacLight, effects of ascorbic acid on cell viability, and production of virulence factors (exopolysaccharides, cellulase, and pectinase) supported this hypothesis. -
Protocol Template (Protocol)
Protocol template (Protocol) NN This is a reprint of a Cochrane protocol, prepared and maintained by The Cochrane Collaboration and published in The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 9 http://www.thecochranelibrary.com For Preview Only Protocol template (Protocol) Copyright © 2013 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. TABLE OF CONTENTS HEADER....................................... 1 ABSTRACT ...................................... 1 BACKGROUND .................................... 1 OBJECTIVES ..................................... 1 METHODS ...................................... 1 Figure1. ..................................... 3 REFERENCES ..................................... 5 ADDITIONALTABLES. 6 APPENDICES ..................................... 7 CONTRIBUTIONSOFAUTHORS . 21 DECLARATIONSOFINTEREST . 21 For Preview Only Protocol template (Protocol) i Copyright © 2013 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [Intervention Protocol] Protocol template NN1 1Not specified Contact address: N N, Not specified. Editorial group: Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group. Publication status and date: New, published in Issue 9, 2013. Citation: N N. Protocol template. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 9. Art. No.: CDXXXXXX. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CDXXXXXX. Copyright © 2013 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ABSTRACT This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of ... How the intervention -
Study Designs, Objectives, and Hypotheses
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of materials on this site. Copyright 2008, The Johns Hopkins University and Mary Foulkes. All rights reserved. Use of these materials permitted only in accordance with license rights granted. Materials provided “AS IS”; no representations or warranties provided. User assumes all responsibility for use, and all liability related thereto, and must independently review all materials for accuracy and efficacy. May contain materials owned by others. User is responsible for obtaining permissions for use from third parties as needed. Study Designs, Objectives, and Hypotheses Mary Foulkes, PhD Johns Hopkins University Section A Variations in Study Designs Many Designs Available Parallel Cross-over Factorial Cluster Others 4 Categories of Trials Phases Control groups Chronic vs. short-term treatment Single vs. multiple centers Exploratory vs. confirmatory 5 Study Designs Focus on trials intended to provide primary evidence of safety and efficacy (“pivotal” trials) Regulations permit substantial flexibility (“adequate and well- controlled trials”) 6 Selecting a Study Design What are the objectives? What are the expectations? − Major advance − Modest advance − Reduction in side effects What are the practicalities? − Available population − Relevant population − Potential impact on medical practice − Ability to blind/mask 7 Parallel Groups Multiple concurrent experimental arms − Different treatments − Different doses Control arm(s) − Placebo, active control Balance/imbalanced randomization 8 Parallel Design Classical clinical trial approach Two study groups Randomized assignment Randomization Treatment A Treatment B Evaluation of Outcomes 9 Adapted from Tinmouth A, Hebert P.