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Young Homeless of Vienna Characteristics, Challenges, Prospects

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Young Homeless of Vienna Characteristics, Challenges, Prospects Junge Wohnungslose Wiens Merkmale, Herausforderungen, Perspektiven Young Homeless of Vienna characteristics, challenges, prospects Masterarbeit Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Master of Arts in Social Sciences der Fachhochschule FH Campus Wien Masterstudiengang Sozialraumorientierte und Klinische Soziale Arbeit Vorgelegt von: Florian Baumgarten, BA Personenkennzeichen: c1510534007 Erstbegutachter: FH-Prof. Mag. Andreas Bengesser, DSA Zweitbegutachterin: FH-Prof.in Mag.a Dr.in Elisabeth Steiner Eingereicht am: 20.09.2017 Erklärung: Ich erkläre, dass die vorliegende Masterarbeit von mir selbst verfasst wurde und ich keine anderen als die angeführten Behelfe verwendet bzw. mich auch sonst keiner unerlaubter Hilfe bedient habe. Ich versichere, dass ich diese Masterarbeit bisher weder im In- noch im Ausland (einer Beurteilerin/einem Beurteiler zur Begutachtung) in irgendeiner Form als Prüfungsarbeit vorgelegt habe. Weiters versichere ich, dass die von mir eingereichten Exemplare (ausgedruckt und elekt- ronisch) identisch sind. Datum: ................................ Unterschrift Kurzfassung Ziel: Diese Arbeit untersucht Charakteristika und Herausforderungen wohnungsloser Emerging Adults Wiens. Ergebnisse werden in Verbindung zu Perspektiven innerhalb der Wiener Wohnungslosenhilfe gebracht. Aufgrund der Multikomplexität und den Gesund- heitseinflüssen von Wohnungslosigkeit im Allgemeinen sowie der untersuchten Passung zwischen Klient_innensystem und Umwelt im Speziellen, trägt diese Untersuchung in ho- hem Ausmaß zum Theoriebestand Klinischer Sozialer Arbeit bei. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Forschungen zum Übergang ins Erwachsenenalter empfeh- len das Konzept Emerging Adulthood. Dieses fokussiert die Altersgruppe 18a-29a. Eigen- ständigkeit und Instabilität dieser Phase ist evident. Parallel kann Wohnungslosigkeit als Produkt von Destabilität interpretiert werden, die Fähigkeiten zur Krisenbewältigung blo- ckiert. Aufgrund individueller Verhältnisse destabilisierender Faktoren ist Wohnungslosig- keit multidimensional und biographisch. Dennoch unterscheiden sich Wege der Woh- nungslosigkeit im Alter und weisen spezielle Charakteristika und Herausforderungen auf. Konzepte der Wohnungslosenhilfe versuchen diese Gruppe explizit zu adressieren. Den- noch zeigen Evaluationen auf, dass Anbieter_innen nicht immer adäquaten Zugang oder Unterstützung per se gewährleisten. Die Wiener Wohnungslosenhilfe ist in einem Stufen- modell organisiert. Jede Stufe bietet mehr Stabilität, ist allerdings restriktiver im Zugang. Dies trifft besonders für die Stufe betreuter Wohnformen zu, die durch Zugangskriterien geregelt ist. Eine Wiener Expert_innengruppe deutet, basierend auf Vergleichen quantita- tiver Daten zu Notquartiersnutzer_innen und Bewohner_innen betreuter Wohnformen, auf Benachteiligung im Zugang wohnungsloser Emerging Adults hin. Methodik: Um Einflüsse auf den Zugang zu betreuten Wohnformen wohnungsloser Emerging Adults Wiens (18a-30a) zu untersuchen, werden Charakteristika und Herausfor- derungen anhand quantitativer Daten des Unterstützungssystems und einer Qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse von Falldokumentationen (n=82) des Jahres 2016 identifiziert. Ergebnisse ebendieser werden in deren Häufigkeit gemessen und ins Verhältnis zur Betreuungsdauer gesetzt. Diese dienen als unabhängige und der Zugang zum Unterstützungssystem als abhängige Variable in der Berechnung logistischer Regressionsmodelle (n=62). Fazit: Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Multidimensionalität von Wohnungslosigkeit so- wie die Relevanz des Alters. Ein Drittel der Klient_innen ist der Alterskohorte 18a-30a zu- gehörig. Zwanzig relevante Charakteristika und Herausforderungen konnten identifiziert werden, welche die Heterogenität der Population bestätigen. Obwohl jene betreffend die existentielle Grundsicherung (z.B. Transferleistungen oder Notquartier) die relevantesten sind, beinhalten Beratungen meist einige der anderen Themen (z.B. Konsum oder Kom- munikationsprobleme in der Beratung) in extremer Ausprägung. Zwei Regressionsmodelle sind relevant. Während das Modell Betreuungsintensität auf ein- fach generierbaren Variablen basiert, erklärt das Modell der Qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse Einflüsse auf den Zugang zu betreuten Wohnformen am besten. Diese Modelle enthalten acht signifikante Prädikatoren. Deren Interpretation legt eine Defizitorientierung im Zugang zu betreuten Wohnformen nahe. Daher wird die Berücksichtigung von Ressourcen Be- troffener nahegelegt. iii Abstract Aim: The research examines characteristics and challenges of homeless Emerging Adults in Vienna. Findings are linked to perspectives within Vienna’s supporting system for home- less people. Due to multi-complexity or health influences of homelessness in general as well as the examined fitting of client systems and their environment in particular, this re- search highly contributes to knowledge of Clinical Social Work. Theoretical Background: Studies on transition to adulthood propose the conception of Emerging Adulthood, focusing on the age period 18 to 29. Evidence is provided to the distinctness and instability of this period. At the same time, homelessness can be seen as a product of destabilisation, blocking the ability to cope with crises. Due to individual rela- tions of destabilising factors, homelessness is multidimensional and storied. However, drafts on pathways of homelessness reveal differences in age, showing specific character- istics and challenges of Emerging Adults pathways. Concepts of support service providers therefore try to address this population explicitly. Still, evaluations point out, that providers are not always able to offer adequate access to support or adequate support per se. The support system Vienna’s for homeless people is primarily based on stages. Each stage offers more stability, but is more restricted in access. This applies in particular to the stage of transitional living, which access is regulated by certain criteria. A Viennese expert group suggest disadvantages in accessibility for homeless Emerging Adults by the system, based on relations of quantitative data on shelter users and transition home users. Methods: To examine influences on access to transitional living of homeless Emerging Adults Vienna’s (18a to 30a) characteristics and challenges are identified by quantitative data of the supporting system and a Qualitative Content Analyse on documentation (n=82) of cases in the year 2016. Findings of the Qualitative Content Analyse are measured in frequency and described relative to durations of support for each client. Using those gen- erated items as independent variables and the access status as dependent variable, lo- gistic regression models (n = 62) are calculated to identify influences on accessibility. Results: The findings underline the multidimensionality of homelessness as well as the relevance of age. One third of the clients belong to the age cohort 18-30. Twenty relevant characteristics and challenges could be identified, giving proof to the populations hetero- geneity. Even though, those characteristics concerning existential safety (e.g. financial sup- port or shelter) are the most relevant over all, most clients counselling contained several of other topics (e.g. drug use or challenging communication during counselling) in high ex- tend. Model performances of the logistic regression suggest two models relevant. While the model Support-Intensity is based on standardised or easily generated variables, the model Qualitative Content Analyse explains influences on the access to transitional housing of homeless Emerging Adults the best. Those models contain eight significant variables. Due to their regression coefficients and odds ratio, access to transition living for homeless emerging adults seem highly dependent on the intensity of deficits. Therefore, the conside- ration of client’s resources is suggested. iv Abkürzungsverzeichnis -2LLV - maximierte Likelihood-Wert des Vorhersagemodells AV - Abhängige Variabel BAWO - Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft Wohnungslosenhilfe BI - Betreuungsintensität BMS - Bedarfsorientierte Mindestsicherung bzWo - Beratungszentrum Wohnungslosenhilfe ETHOS - Typology on Homelessness and Housing Exclusion EU - Europäische Union EWR - Europäischer Wirtschaftsraum FEANTSA - Europäische Dachverband der Wohnungslosenhilfe FSW - Fond Soziales Wien HUD - U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development LR - Likelihood-Ratio M - arithmetisches Mittel Md - Median OR - Odds Ratio p - Wahrscheinlichkeit P7 - P7 - Wiener Service für Wohnungslose QIA - Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse SD - Standardabweichung UV - Unabhängige Variable WWH - Wiener Wohnungslosenhilfe 5 Schlüsselbegriffe Arten der Wohnungslosigkeit Defizit- / Ressourcenorientierung Emerging Adulthood Hard-to-reach Herausforderungen Junge Wohnungslose Klinische Soziale Arbeit Logistische Regression Multiproblemlagen Niederschwelligkeit Nutzung des Unterstützungssystems Passung Perspektiven Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse Unterstützungs- / Betreuungsbedarf Wiener Wohnungslosenhilfe Wohnungslosigkeit Zielgruppeneinschränkung Zugang 6 INHALT KURZFASSUNG ............................................................................................... III ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................IV ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS ............................................................................. 5 SCHLÜSSELBEGRIFFE ..................................................................................... 6 INHALT ..........................................................................................................
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