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On Some Metacercariae and Adult Trematodes of Fishes Doctorate Research Award-2014 in Parasitology ON SOME METACERCARIAE AND ADULT TREMATODES OF FISHES By Barrister Kumar Gupta Department Of Zoology University Of Lucknow, Lucknow Supervisor Prof. Nirupama Agarwal International Library for Thesis Indexed on: December, 2014 All Rights Reserved with International Library for Thesis UBN : 015-A94510112008 1 2 ON SOME METACERCARIAE AND ADULT TREMATODES OF FISHES THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW, LUCKNOW BY BARRISTER KUMAR GUPTA M. Sc. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW, LUCKNOW JUNE, 2011 3 4 CONTENTS Pages Acknowledgements Introduction 8-9 Material and methods 10 Historical review 11-13 Part I: Metacercaria 1. Neascus bhopalensis n. sp. 15-18 2. Neascus dohrighatensis n. sp. 19-21 3. Neascus khurramnagarensis n. sp. 22-24 4. Neascus kaisarbaghensis n.sp. 25-27 5. Tetracotyle bhopalensis n. sp. 28-30 6. Tetracotyle mauensis n. sp. 31-33 7. Tetracotyle allahabadensis n. sp. 34-36 8. Tetracotyle madhubanensis n. sp. 37-39 9. Tetracotyle saiensis n. sp. 40-42 10. Tetracotyle daliganjensis n. sp. 43-45 11. Tetracotyle megapseudosuckerai n. sp. 46-48 12. Tetracotyle multilobulata n. sp. 49-51 13. Tetracotyle varanasiensis n. sp. 52-54 14. Tetracotyle trilobulata n. sp 55-57 15. Metacercaria of Bucephalopsis garuai Verma, 1936 58-60 16. Metacercaria of B. linguiformis Chakrabarti and Baugh, 1974 61-63 17. Metacercaria of Orchipedum Braun, 1901 64-66 18. Metacercaria of Opisthorchis elongatus Agrawal, 1975 67-69 19. Plagiorchiid metacercaria 70-72 20. Metacercaria of Ommatobrephus Mehra, 1928 73-75 5 21. Metacercaria of Isoparachis hypselobagri (Billet, 1898) Odhner, 1927 76-78 22. Metacercaria of Genarchopsis goppo Ozaki, 1925 79-81 Part II: Adult Trematodes 1. Bucephalus bhagalpurensis n. sp. 83-85 2. Bucephalopsis karvei Bhaleroa, 1937 86-88 3. Bucephalopsis fusiformis Verma, 1936 89-91 4. Allocreadium itwarensis n. sp. 92-94 5. Allocreadium catlai Kakaji, 1969 95-97 6. Allocreadium badatalabensis n. sp. 98-100 7. Eucreadium madhubanensis n. sp. 101-103 8. Rhynchocreadium dohrighatensis n. sp. 104-106 9. Neopodocotyle dohrighatensis n. sp. 107-109 10. Peracreadium bhopalensis n. sp. 110-112 11. Genarchopsis goppo Ozaki, 1925 113-115 12. Haplorchoides varanasiensis n. sp. 116-118 13. Opisthorchis pedicellata Verma, 1927 119-121 14. Oudhia itwaraensis n. sp. 122-124 15. Phyllodistomum vachius Dayal, 1949 125-128 16. Pleuragenoid madhubanensis n. sp. 129-131 References 132-169 Summary 170-175 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT One of the special advantages I have had is my access to the extraordinary community of researchers at the University. I express my profound gratitude to my Teacher and my Supervisor Prof. Nirupama Agrawal, for her valuable suggestions, consistent advice and scholary critics throughout my research tenure, who corrected my misconceptions and in many cases reviewed chapters. It is a great privilege to express my deep gratitude and indebtedness to Prof. K. C. Pandey, (My PI, DST sponsored project) Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow for his encouragement, and help during the study has kept me on track if not always on schedule, showing inordinate patience. The new art for this thesis includes work from Fine Line Illustrations, coordinated by him. I have been gratified to witness the process by which my often indecipherable scribbles have been transformed into the elegant figures that grace this thesis. My sincere thanks are due to Dr. P. K. Tyagi Reader, Vardhman College, Department of Zoology, Bijnor for advice, moral support and help. It was a great privilege to work with so talented and energetic research colleagues. My colleagues provided me with timely data, critiqued sections of the text, helped me develop figures, answered my questions, and helped in innumerable ways. Space precludes a detailing of every contribution, but I am especially grateful to the following colleagues Dr. Sasikant Shukla, Dr. Richa shukla, Dr. Amita Devak, Dr. Anuradha Pandey, Dr. R. K. Sharma, Dr. Kaushal kishor Singh, Mr. P. G. Yadav, Ms. Ritika Srivastava, Mr. Shailendra Ray, Ms. Amrin Ali, Ms. Saroj and Mr. Lavkush Kumar. The thesis has benefited enormously from the combined wisdom and experience of countless reviewers. I, of course, assume full responsibility for errors of fact or emphasis. I am indebted to all of them for their creative input. Constructive challenges inspired many of the improvements in this thesis. 7 I should not forget the selfless love of my grand mother and bereaved soul of my grand father whose virtual presence inspired me to proceed with my task and other members of the family who endured my odd time working besides providing me financial support. Thanks to all my family members for their support to build up my academic carrier through constant inspiration. My heartiest thanks to my father Shri Ram Gupta, mother Kama Devi for their constant encouragement and blessings. I express my respect and honour to my Father-in-law Mr. Om Prakash, Mother-in-law Mrs. Mithilesh Devi and brother-in-law Pankaj Gupta and Amit Jaiswal for their inspiration and encouragement during research work, so that I could provide much time for preparation of the manuscript and complete the thesis. Also I have no words to express my feelings for my elder brother Mr. Balmiki Gupta, his wife Mrs. Savita Gupta for their enthusiastic inspiration and help alongwith their daughter Barsha for her pleasant presence. My writing has been supported by many people whose advice and encouragement were critical throughout the years of research, my uncles and aunties are some of them. The final manuscript benefited from the superb copyediting by my better-half Priyanka Gupta and my younger brother Dhananjay Gupta. They have all had much to do with the quality of the thesis before you. I shall be failing in my duty if I do not show gratefulness to my friend circle Nirpendar, Sonu, Ashish, Gaurav, Anjali, Nandita, and Bijayata. This is an opportune time to express my thankfulness to all the members of the Deptartment of Zoology, Lucknow University who cooperated in many ways. Financial assistance for this study has been provided by DST, New Delhi also gratefully acknowledged. My sincere apologies to all the wonderful people I have missed. Barrister Kumar Gupta 8 INTRODUCTION Helminth studies in India has developed enormously during last forty years or so due to contributions of earlier worker like late Mehra, Thapar, Bhalerao, Srivastava, Lal, Dayal, Johari, Pande, Chatterjee, Gogate, Gupta, Singh, and some of the recent worker like Hanumantha Rao, Pandey, Agrawal, Singh, Srivastava, Sood, Ghosh, Tandon, Madhavi and many others. However in comparison to other helminth groups like cestodes, nematodes and acanthocephalan, trematodes have received the maximum attention. Morphology and systematics have been the two main fields of investigation in the study of trematodes by above workers. Adult trematodes are found infecting almost all vertebrate groups ranging from fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Their larval form metacercariae are also found infecting fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and some times even birds. Fish provides nutritious food and are important source of fresh animal proteins. However, almost all of them carry infections of adult trematodes or metacercariae. They infect all the body parts and cause diseases thus reducing their food value. In case of heavy infections, mortality is also caused, which in turn is a great loss to fish industry. They can also transfer infections to man when infected with trematodes larvae i.e. metacercariae. They are dangerous parasites, primarily of carps and siluroids, causing massive epizootics. In view of growing importance of fish as food in our country, it was suggested by Prof. Nirupama Agrawal to investigate trematode infection of fishes. Since a colleague of mine was already working on trematodes of marine fishes, I selected the freshwater fish for my study. During course of study from 2007-2010 fishes were therefore, examined and author has 9 succeeded in making a collection of some metacercariae and adult trematode parasites which form the basis of the present work. The thesis has been divided in to two parts. Part I deals with description of metacercariae while Part II deals with adult trematodes. Some of them are new to science while others are recorded only. In the beginning of the thesis, material and methods, applied for the work and a brief history of Indian work done have been given. In the end, a list of references consulted for the work is also appended. 10 MATERIAL AND METHODS Fish for the present work were collected from the water bodies of districts Aazamgarh, Allahabad, Ballia, Basti, Belthara, Bhagalpur, Bhatpar Rani, Bhopal (M. P.), Bijnor, Chapra (Bihar), Deoria, Dohrighath, Faizabad, Gonda, Gorakhpur, Jhansi, Kanpur, Lakhimpur Khieri, Lucknow, Madhuban, Mau, Merrut, Pallia, Sahi (U. P.) and Varanasi, and fish markets during 2007- 2011. They were identified using fish base (Froese R., Pauly D. 2007). Their visceral organs were slit open and washed thoroughly in petridishes, containing normal saline. Other organs like body muscles, scales, fins, eye, nasal organ, gills, gall bladder, liver, air bladder, and urinary bladder were also examined thoroughly under dissecting microscope. The worms collected were washed in distilled water and transferred to clean petridishes containing normal saline. They were then studied alive. Subsequently, they were fixed in 70% alcohol under slight pressure of cover slip with grease applied at corners for 24 hours. In case of prolonged storage, 70%, alcohol was used. After fixation, they were washed in distilled water, stained with aquous Aceto-alum Carmine, differentiated in acid water, dehydrated in ascending grades of alcohol, cleared in Clove oil and mounted in Canada Balsam. Drawings were made using drawing tube, attached to a phase contrast microscope (Image analyzer Model BX-51). The measurements in millimeter were taken with the help of an oculometer.
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