– A New Look at Opportunities for America’s First Resource

April 24, 2019

Materials will be available at: www.eesi.org/042419hydropower Tweet about the briefing: #eesitalk @eesionline @NatlHydroAssoc • Founded in 1984 by a bipartisan Visit www.eesi.org to: Congressional caucus. • Subscribe to our weekly newsletters, Climate • Now an independent, bipartisan Change News and nonprofit with no Congressional funding. Sustainable Bioenergy, Farms, and Forests. • We provide fact-based information on • View videos of our energy and environmental policy for Congressional briefings. Congress and other policymakers. • Sign up to receive our • We focus on win-win solutions to make briefing notices and our energy, buildings, and transportation fact sheets. sectors sustainable and resilient. Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable.

National Hydropower Association

Hydropower –A New Look at Opportunities for America’s First Renewable Energy Resource

Environmental and Energy Study Institute Briefing April 24, 2019 3 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable. Presentation Overview

• About NHA • Current state of hydropower • Growth potential • Benefits – climate, environmental, grid reliability • Federal and state policy, market and valuation challenges • Q&A

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Current state of hydropower

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LatePostTheWWIIHydropowerEarly 1920Depressionthth- WarCentury U.Century Hydropower20th S. Hydropower CenturyHydropower Development EraHydropowerHydropower Hydropower Construction Hydropower Development Developmentsince Fleet 1990

Build Time pre 1900 1900 - 1929 1930 - 1939 1940 - 1949 1950 - 1969 1970 - 1989 1990 - 2008

8 Sources: ORNL, NID Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable. Wind surpassed hydro in capacity in 2016.

2019 Sustainable Energy Factbook. Bloomberg Finance LP 2018. Developed in partnership with 9 The Business Council for Sustainable Energy. P.22 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable. Hydro still top generator of RE power.

2019 Sustainable Energy Factbook. Bloomberg Finance LP 2018. Developed in partnership with The Business Council for Sustainable Energy. P.22 10 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable.

RE comparisons

Total renewable capacity has nearly doubled since 2008, reaching 239GW in 2017 (excluding pumped hydro).

Nearly all the growth has come from wind and solar, which together jumped 471% during that period while other technologies held flat, in part due to weaker tax policy support. Wind and solar have also benefited from state-level renewable portfolio standards (RPS) and rapidly declining system costs.

2018 Sustainable Energy Factbook. Bloomberg Finance LP 2018. Developed in partnership with The Business Council for Sustainable Energy. P.25 11 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable.

Growth Potential

12 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable. DOE Hydropower Vision

With NHA as the lead partner, DOE issued a first-of-its kind report in 2016 of hydro’s contributions to the nation’s energy portfolio as well as its future growth.

Hits the reset button on hydropower.

The Report finds upwards of 26 GW by 2030 and almost 50 GW by 2050.

https://energy.gov/eere/water/articles/ hydropower-vision-new-chapter-america-s -1st-renewable-electricity-source

13 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable. Hydro is not tapped out.

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80,000+ U.S. Dams – only 3% powered

15 Source: USACE, ORNL Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable.

Conventional Hydro Growth – Upgrades at Existing Facilities

The potential for new conventional hydro generation is not just about adding capacity at non-powered dams.

Existing hydro facilities are expanding through upgrades and efficiency improvements.

In fact, since EPAct 2005 and the inclusion of hydro in the production tax credit (PTC) and later the investment tax credit (ITC), 150+ projects have seen, on average, about a 9 percent gain in generation. (FERC data)

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Typical Pumped Storage Plant Arrangement (Source: GE)

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Marine and Hydrokinetic Resource Potentials

From DOE Waterpower Technologies Office https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/marine-and-hydrokinetic-resource-assessment-and-characterization 19 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable.

Benefits: climate, environmental, and grid reliability

20 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable. Climate, environmental benefits

DOE 2016 Hydropower Vision Report 21 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable. Grid reliability and resiliency benefits

Hydropower is a premiere flexible generating resource.

It provides the following reliability components including: energy, peak capacity, voltage support, regulation, spinning and non-spinning reserves, storage, capability, and inertia.

For more details see House E&C Committee testimony of Steve Wright, General Manager of Chelan County PUD. October 2017 22 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable.

Source: PJM 2017

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Federal and state policy, market, and valuation challenges

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Challenges to Hydro Growth

• Permitting and licensing can take up to/longer than a Long development decade, followed by construction. lead times • Incentives expired, or extended on short-term basis.

Large up-front • Beyond licensing, studies, PM&E costs, projects require capital investment significant capital. (new pumped storage - $1-2 billion). required • Projects economic over long term, but high upfront costs.

Uncertainty re: • Financial community concerned that incentives for hydro are not be renewed before project comes online. incentives, markets • Market policies don’t fully compensate hydro’s services. and regulatory policy • Affects utilities and developers (large & small) alike.

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Relicensing Pipeline

Over 300+ existing hydro projects will have licenses that expire over the next 10+ years.

Many of these projects are small.

Areas of concentration include New York, New England and Upper Midwest.

See a listing at FERC at: https://ferc.gov/industries/hydropower.asp

27 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable. Additional Policy Challenges

Federal Example – Production & Investment Tax Credits (PTC and ITC)

• Current tax policy is picking winners and losers, driving investment away from hydro, pumped storage and .

• Today, tax incentives (PTC/ITC) for hydropower and marine energy have lapsed, while the credits for other renewables, industries with which hydro competes have enjoyed long-term extensions.

This puts hydro at a severe competitive economic disadvantage in the marketplace, particularly for investors seeking clarity and certainty.

Also, there is no federal tax incentive for .

28 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable. State Example – RPS Eligibility

• Current state RPSs do not value existing hydro commensurate with other renewables. This reflects original design intent and targets.

• Excluding Federal capacity, and assuming $5/REC in states w/o price data, a value gap for hydro of about $1.5 billion per year exists versus if hydro was supported similarly to wind and solar under State RPSs.

• The policy decision to exclude existing hydro may have made sense 25 years ago when there was significant existing hydro and minimal generation from other RE resources. But that has now changed. Yet, all of the now existing other RE generation continues to receive the financial benefit of RECs going forward, where existing hydro remains excluded.

29 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable. State Example – energy storage targets and treatment of pumped storage

• There is an inconsistent treatment of pumped storage in energy storage policy (deadlines that do not account for longer development timelines, project size restrictions, technology definitions).

• Example - the CA Public Utilities Commission established 1,325 MW of energy storage by 2020, but severely limited pumped storage eligibility.

• “However, the sheer size of pumped storage projects would dwarf other smaller, emerging technologies; and as such, would inhibit the fulfillment of market transformation goals. The majority of pumped storage projects are 500 MW and over, which means a single project could be used to reach each target within a utility territory. Therefore, we find it is appropriate to exclude large-scale pumped storage projects from the procurement mechanism outlined in this decision. Accordingly, large-scale pumped storage projects greater than 50 MW will not be eligible to bid…” 30 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable.

2019 Sustainable Energy Factbook. Bloomberg Finance LP 2018. Developed in partnership with The Business Council for Sustainable Energy. P.94 31 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable.

Market Policy Example – compensation of grid services

NHA agrees with the analysis by the DOE in the 2016 Hydropower Vision Report:

“Changes and trends in the electric sector call for a fresh look at the future role for hydropower. Lower prices, as well as and plant retirements, contribute to a changing generation mix and potential markets for new generation sources. An increasing need to integrate variable generation resources, such as solar and wind, will lead to greater demand for grid flexibility and balancing services. Hydropower generation and PSH provide these needed services due to their consistent availability and their capability for rapid response to changes in demand.”

DOE Hydropower Vision Report. Executive Summary P.12 32 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable.

The Vision Report goes on:

“Inherent market and regulatory challenges must be overcome to realize hydropower’s potential to improve grid flexibility and facilitate integration of variable generation resources. The full valuation, optimization, and compensation for hydropower generation and ancillary services in power markets is difficult, and not all benefits and services provided by hydropower facilities are readily quantifiable or financially compensated in today’s market framework. In traditional and restructured markets, as well as in emerging environmental markets, many hydropower services and contributions are not explicitly monetized. In some cases, market rules undervalue operational flexibility, which is important to maintaining grid reliability and is a prime attribute of hydropower.”

DOE Hydropower Vision Report. Executive Summary P.12 33 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable.

NHA Messages to Policymakers

Regulatory • Provide for a more efficient regulatory process for Improvements hydropower licensing, both new and existing projects.

• Properly value the grid benefits that hydropower and pumped storage provides (PUCs, RTOs and ISOs) Markets/Incentives • Provide continued federal tax policies that incentivize hydropower growth.

• Support technology advancement and project Funding deployment with continued robust appropriations in FY 2020 for the DOE Water Power Technologies Office and the federal hydropower owners’ budgets.

Clean Energy • Include hydropower in programs designed to spur clean electricity growth (e.g. RPS, CES, climate, federal Programs renewable power procurement, etc.)

34 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable. NHA Conclusions

• Hydro is an important tool in the addressing climate challenges, not only for its own clean, renewable generation, but for its ability to integrate more renewables and for grid reliability services.

• Hydro is not tapped out - capacity additions/efficiency improvements at existing plants, building on existing infrastructure (dams and conduits), pumped storage, and marine energy.

• However, significant policy and market barriers prevent the full utilization of this growth, and the preservation of existing assets.

• Attention needed by all levels of government - federal, state, regional.

35 Available. Reliable. Affordable. Sustainable. Contact Jeff Leahey Deputy Executive Director 202.750.8403 [email protected]

Visit us on the Web

www.hydro.org Questions? NatlHydroAssoc

@NatlHydroAssoc 36

Reinvestment Environment

 Between 2019 and 2030, the federal operating licenses of 325 hydropower projects will expire (an installed capacity of over 16 gigawatts)

 Licensees are evaluating whether and how to relicense projects, and at what acceptable cost.

 Markets that do not value hydropower grid services

 State renewable portfolio policies limit hydropower eligibility and tax policy disfavors hydropower

 Corporate purchasing policies favor “new” wind and solar

 Hydropower has the longest licensing process of any generating resource

 Research budgets underfund hydropower compared to other resources

 Quality and contracting issues are affecting equipment longevity How does hydro stack up?

Capacity (GW) 100

80

60

40

20

0 Hydropower Wind Solar

Wind and have grown exponentially over the last decade. Hydropower has remained fairly steady, depending on water availability.

The Northwest: A Case Study

Source: Value of Hydropower to the Northwest Grid. PNUCC 2016. Northwest as defined as all generation in ID, MT, OR, WA, plus Jim Bridger and 50% of Valmy. 2013 – 2015 average. Growth by Decade

U.S. hydropower (80 GW) and pumped storage hydropower (20 GW) annual capacity additions and cumulative capacity from 1890–2015 (GW) How to Reinvigorate Hydropower

 Recognize market value for hydropower’s attributes (e.g. capacity, flexible capacity, operating reserves, inertia, frequency response).

 Choose technology neutral polices for carbon reduction and ensure incentives treat hydropower equitably

 Allow reinvestment in existing hydropower to meet “additionality” criteria How to Reinvigorate Hydropower

 Shorten and simplify the licensing process

 Expand research and development budgets and support hydropower’s digital transformation

 Improve contracting and quality control practices to encourage long-term investments Recent Developments

 Washington’s clean energy transformation bill

 Hydropower recognized as a renewable

 Tax parity?

 America’s Water Infrastructure Act

 Incentivizes early investments at hydropower projects before relicensing

 Corporate purchaser outlook: Microsoft power supply contract

 Hydropower Research Institute Highlighted: Congressional Areas of Focus

Recognize market value of hydropower’s attributes Shorten and simplify the licensing process

Include hydropower in new energy and climate policies Improved Revisit “additionality” limitations in and provide equitable renewable policies incentives Investment in Hydropower Expand research and development budgets and support hydropower’s digital Improve contracting and quality transformation practices to ensure long-term investment grid Questions?

Suzanne Grassell Government Affairs Program Manager Chelan County Public Utility District (509) 264-1010

[email protected] Potential Policy Solutions for Hydropower

Chuck Sensiba Troutman Sanders, LLP Recent Hydropower Policy Successes

Hydropower Regulatory Efficiency Act of 2013 (Pub. L. No. 113-267)  Expands small power project exemptions from 5 MW to 10 MW  Establishes a subset of conduit hydropower—”qualifying conduit hydropower facilities”—that require no FERC authorization (up to 5 MW)  Authorizes FERC to grant preliminary permits up to 3 years, with a 2 year extension  Directed FERC to investigate the feasibility of developing a regulatory process for issuing licenses for projects at non-powered dams and closed- loop pumped storage within 2 years, including a pilot program

America’s Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (Pub. L. No. 115-270)  Authorizes FERC to grant preliminary permits for up to 4 years, with a 4 year extension  Authorizes FERC to grant longer extensions to begin construction  Requires FERC to account for early project investments when establishing new license term  Directs FERC to establish procedures to expedite licensing of non- powered dams and closed-loop pumped storage  Expands the HREA 2013 program for “qualifying conduit hydropower facilities” up to 40 MW Building on Success: Potential Hydropower Policy Solutions

Potential New Policy Opportunities for Hydropower . Modernize the hydropower licensing process by requiring all federal and state decisionmakers to consult early in the process; designating FERC as the lead agency; and providing a mechanism for schedule discipline . Modify existing federal definitions of renewable energy to include hydropower—in all its forms . Focus federal resource agency hydro licensing decisionmaking on mitigation of identified project effects—i.e., based on a project “nexus” . Ensure that federal decisionmakers at the local level are meeting established statutory requirements and agency policy . Establish an expedited relicensing process for projects that already have been licensed before under the more stringent environmental standards of the Electric Consumers Protection Act of 1986 (i.e., requiring FERC to give “equal consideration” to developmental and non-developmental values) Building on Success: Potential Hydropower Policy Solutions

Potential New Policy Opportunities for Hydropower . Extend to federal agencies the same “equal consideration” obligation as FERC, to ensure that licensed hydropower projects are balanced in the public interest . Authorize FERC to expand the current “exemption” program by allowing certain projects meeting environmental standards to shift from a license (that requires periodic renewal) to an exemption (that is perpetual) . Continue to build on lessons learned from HREA 2013 and AWIA 2018 to promote pumped-storage and development of non-powered dams—the pivotal growth areas identified in DOE’s Hydropower Vision report . Establish tax and other economic development policies that treat all renewable resources equally . Prioritize research and development for emerging conventional hydropower and marine andhydrokinetic technologies For more information:

Chuck Sensiba (202) 274-2850 [email protected] EESI: “A New Look at Opportunities for America’s First Renewable Energy Resource”

Matthew Swindle Chairman and CEO

April 24, 2019 The Enlightenment of Small Hydro

• First Renaissance • 1848 – James Francis invents Francis reaction turbine Experimental • 1870 – Lester Allen Pelton invents impulse Pelton wheel Hydro • 1882 – Schoellkopf No. 1, Niagara Falls, NY

• Second Renaissance Major Hydro: • 1900-1960’s – Bulk of global development 30-1500 MW Grand Coulee • Third Renaissance • 1978-1986 – FERC PURPA and Qualifying Facilities (QF)

• Fourth Renaissance Mid-size Hydro: • 2009 – Present – RPS, Feed-in-Tariff, HREA, AWIA 5-30 MW

• Fifth Renaissance? • Novel upstream and downstream fish passage Small Hydro: • Fish-friendly turbine technologies 5 MW (<1MW) • New environmentally-sensitive designs at dams and rivers • Corporate interest in renewable and clean projects In-Conduit Hydro

55 Source: NLine New, Modular Technologies

56 Source: AmJet, Obermeyer, NEHC, Natel Corporate Appetite for Renewables

57 Source: BRC Thank You!

58 Source: FCA NLine Energy, Inc. 5170 Golden Foothill Parkway El Dorado Hills, CA 95762 o: 916.235.6852 | f: 866.444.4320 www.nlineenergy.com Don Pedro Hydroelectric Project Relicensing Case Study Lori J. Pickford, The Ferguson Group April 24, 2019 Located on the Tuolumne River in the Central Valley of California Don Pedro New Don Pedro Owned by two not- Project – Original Dam was Completed in 1971 for-profit Irrigation built in 1923 (500 ft. Districts, the replacement dam) Modesto Irrigation Case Study District & Turlock Irrigation District

Provides 2,030,00 City and County of 203 MW of License Expired AF of water San Francisco Hydropower April 30, 2016 Generation storage, irrigation and recreation Since 2011, the Districts and the City and County of San Francisco have been working to relicense the Dam under the Integrated Licensing Process Don Pedro Relicensing is a complicated undertaking Project - Case because you have a living river shared by various species, used for multiple purposes- Study irrigation, storage and recreation.

However, 10 years to renew a license on a Dam when no physical changes being made seems excessive. Over the years, however, Congress and FERC have tried to make improvements. FERC’s Integrated FERC adopted the Integrated Licensing Process in 2003 Licensing Process and made incremental improvements in the Energy (ILP) Policy Act of 2005. ILP PURPOSE: To provide “predictable, efficient, and timely licensing process.”

Three Principles: 1. early issue identification and resolution of studies; 2. integration of other stakeholder permitting process needs; and 3. established time frames to complete process. Don Pedro Project – Case Study

Using the Integrated Licensing Process, the Districts, with Federal and State agencies, Indian tribes and the public: • Conducted over 30 FERC-approved resources studies $35 million, • Held 20 consultation workshops on environmental resources • Developed seven (7) site-specific FERC-approved models to evaluate fishery benefits, impacts to water supply and economic impact of any proposed license condition. FERC’s Integrated Licensing Process (ILP)

The ILP process creates a FERC-Approved Study Plan

ILP final rule is binding on licensees only….so licensees must comply with the FERC-Approved Study Plan…

In contrast, FERC has no authority over federal resources agency. FERC said, however, it “fully expects these entities to participate in the integrated process in good faith in order that the Commission's decisional record will, to the extent reasonably possible, serve as the basis for the decisions of entities with conditioning authority, and that any additional information these entities may require is known early in the process.” Recommended increased and Licensees properly timed environmental flows for fish and wildlife. Submit Final Provides predicted fishery License improvements based on ILP Application approved studies and models. Based on

Record before Recommended recreation FERC improvements built around needs demonstrated through the ILP. Resource Preliminary flow requirements for fishery benefits are not Agencies based on the record.

Propose or Federal family’s proposed Require License mandatory conditions and their reasons for them are not Conditions not aligned or are contradictory Supported by with each other. the ILP Approved Resources agencies failed to use Studies or ILP approved models to develop or evaluate their preliminary Models recommendations. Recommendations

• The FERC process can work while protecting the intent of ESA and Clean Water Act. • Hydro licensing process improvements are needed. • Federal resource agencies must be held accountable to the same standards as licensees. • Climate change requires us to look at hydropower differently – promotes a carbon- free, reliable and resilient electric grid EESI HYDROPOWER BRIEFING MARINE ENERGY UPDATE Technology Commercialization April 24, 2019

Enabling the Blue Economy and Supporting Job Growth MARINE ENERGY RESOURCES Vast Amounts of Untapped and Predictable Power

Wave Energy is converted from offshore, near shore, and shore based locations. It is driven by wind blowing over water creating waves from which energy is captured.

Tidal Energy is converted from the ebb and flow of tides and is driven by the gravity of the moon and sun. Tidal energy can be predicted years in advance.

Ocean/River Current Energy converts the power from moving ocean or river currents.

Wave Energy Tidal Energy Ocean Current Energy In-Stream/River Current

Columbia Power Technologies Verdant Power Minesto Emrgy Free Flow System Turbines Turbine River Power Plant U.S. MARKET BACKGROUND AND FEDERAL SUPPORT

DOE estimates the technically extractable marine energy resource potential in the U.S. to be 1250 TWh/yr. Just 5% of the extractable resource could power 8 million (7%) U.S. homes. A SIGNIFICANT MARKET OPPORTUNITY!

EPACT 2005 officially recognized marine energy as a qualified renewable resource.

EISA 2007 authorized new DOE Water Power marine energy R&D activities. $10 million appropriated in FY 2008 - $70 million appropriated in FY 2019.

Increasing investments are critical to the emerging marine energy sector. Approximately $600 million ($540 million from DOE/DOD), cost-matched by the private sector, has funded 100+ R&D projects in the U.S since 2006. U.S. MARINE ENERGY R&D INVESTMENTS Examples of Recent Progress

The U.S. Navy Wave Energy Test Site - Full-scale devices deployed at Marine Corps Base Hawaii with testing and technical support from the Hawaii National Marine Renewable Energy Center.

The Pacific Marine Energy Center leads wave and tidal energy research. Oregon State University is constructing the grid connected PacWave offshore test facility near Newport, Oregon.

National Labs (NREL, SNL, PNNL, ORNL) supporting component testing and modeling of various generators and blades.

ORPC deploying a modified tidal energy device in an Alaska river and powering a tribal community. EXPERIENCE FROM OTHER DOE R&D INVESTMENTS

In the U.S., the first larger-scale wind farms were installed roughly 35 years ago, though national deployment did not began to surge for another 15-20 years, when wind costs dipped into the cost-competitive range of 5 to 10 cents per kilowatt hour (¢/kWh).

Through DOE support of advanced technology R&D activities to reduce deployment barriers, the pace of marine energy technology commercialization can be accelerated. DOD MARINE ENERGY ACTIVITIES

Congress provided $120+ million over past decade for U.S. Navy marine energy R&D.

The U.S. Navy Wave Energy Test Site - Full-scale and scale devices are being deployed at Marine Corps Base Hawaii. WETS expansion to 3 berths completed in 2015.

Funded tidal energy R&D activities in Puget Sound (University of Washington).

Supported study of global Navy facilities with wave/tidal energy potential. NAVY 30 YEAR R&D PLAN MARINE ENERGY IMPACTS ON NATIONAL SECURITY

U.S. Navy interest in power for remote systems and tactical/base shore power.

China deployed a wave energy device to power remote island radar and communications.

China spending $750M USD on marine energy R&D per 2016 5-year plan. $90 billion for Hydro.

China’s “Sharp Eagle” 200KW – Deployed in 2016 – Wanshan Island, South China Sea U.S./INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION U.S. Government Support E.U. Government Support Total Investments (to-date)

Total European Investment:  DOE FY19 - $70M for R&D  €3 billion for R&D announced since 2008  One 3 berth, grid-connected, scale  Streamlined regulatory & licensing Total: $3.9 billion* wave energy test site, 5 devices framework tested and 2 awaiting testing *approximate total over 10 years in USD  Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariffs  National fully energetic wave energy Total China Investment: test center established, not yet built.  Six+ functioning test centers with None for offshore current or tidal annual device deployments Total: $334 million*  Ad-hoc permitting regime/onerous *approximate total over 10 years China Government Support environmental studies Total U.S. Investment:

 Tax credits lack parity with other renewables  $90+ billion (5 yr. plan) for DOE $420 M hydro/marine announced in 2016 DOD/Navy $120M Other countries investing in  Almost no regulatory or licensing Total: $540 million* requirements – central planning via projects include Israel, Indonesia, *approximate total over 10 years Korea, Chile, Japan and Canada two ministries  Several wave and tidal energy test sites operational EUROPEAN MARINE ENERGY CENTER (EMEC) ORKNEY, SCOTLAND ($16M/yr to local economy) U.S. FEDERAL PRIORITIES AND NEEDS

Funding to support technology advancement, verification that leads to private sector acceptance and utility adoption.

Clear, timely, predictable regulatory framework for siting and permitting of early stage and pilot demonstration marine renewable projects.

Continued funding for university-based basic and applied technology research, development and testing centers, which support private sector/utility efforts.

Implementation of a fair incentive regime structure that facilitates rapid, market proven advancement of technology deployment.

Federal agency coordination and stakeholder education on lessons learned from here and abroad on technology development, including standards and certifications, that will provide confidence to customers and financial markets. Questions?

Thank You!!!

Paul Gay [email protected] 202-467-5459 Hydropower – A New Look at Opportunities for America’s First Renewable Energy Resource

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