Qué Sabe La Selfie? Prácticas Juveniles Con Autofotos En La Educación Media

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Qué Sabe La Selfie? Prácticas Juveniles Con Autofotos En La Educación Media CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y DE ESTUDIOS AVANZADOS DEL INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL SEDE SUR DEPARTAMENTO DE INVESTIGACIONES EDUCATIVAS ¿Qué sabe la selfie? Prácticas juveniles con autofotos en la educación media Tesis Que presenta Lorena Yazmín García Mendoza Para obtener el grado de Doctora en Ciencias En la especialidad de Investigaciones Educativas Directora de Tesis Dra. Inés Dussel Ciudad de México Agosto, 2020 Para la realización de esta investigación se contó con una beca CONACyT. 2 Dedicatoria Dedico esta tesis a mis hermanas y hermanos, mis papás, mis sobrinas, amigas y amigos, a todos los que de alguna forma han contribuido a que cumpliera este objetivo. Desde mi corazón reconozco las huellas que han dejado en mí, las experiencias compartidas y los encuentros que me hacen ser lo que soy. 3 Agradecimientos Agradezco al Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología CONACYT y al Departamento de Investigaciones Educativas DIE-CINVESTAV por el apoyo institucional y el patrocinio ofrecido, por haber confiado en mí, y por promover una formación de calidad que se combina con la apertura y la hospitalidad. En particular al DIE-CINVESTAV, por ser una institución que ofrece una multiplicidad de posibilidades para aprender, dialogar con posturas diversas y ampliar horizontes. Agradezco profundamente el acompañamiento y guía recibida en este proceso, en especial a Inés Dussel mi directora, que siempre supo estar presente, orientarme, ofrecerme sus lecturas del mundo y al mismo tiempo dejarme libre; su generosidad, inteligencia y lucidez son una inspiración. A mis sinodales Rocío Rueda y Alicia Civera, que acompañaron este proceso con generosidad, y contribuyeron con sus valiosas aportaciones a que la tesis se enriqueciera. A Aquilina Fueyo y Ariadna Acevedo que estuvieron dispuestas a acompañarme en este proceso y cuya lectura y comentarios sumaron valiosos aportes. Las palabras, recomendaciones y sugerencias de todas fueron una atenta invitación a reflexionar y tomar distancia para volver al camino de la escritura y el análisis con entusiasmo y mayor claridad. De igual manera agradezco a mis queridas compañeras y compañeros de seminario, en particular Sandra, Guadalupe, Silvia, Blanca, Stef, José Miguel, Male, Fede, Yuri, con los cuales compartimos la construcción de nuestras respectivas tesis. El seminario de tesis nos ha permitido innumerables aprendizajes, así como unirnos y disfrutar en un ambiente de fraternidad y donación donde aprendemos juntos a partir del intercambio de ideas y el planteamiento de inquietudes. A través de estos agradecimientos institucionales también agradezco a Queli, Yoya, Noemí, Fran y María, colegas de la Universidad de Oviedo, por su hospitalidad y amorosidad durante mi estancia doctoral, con sus comentarios a la tesis me enriquecieron; a Carlos y Adelina, de la Universidad de Cantabria, que hicieron posible que pudiera compartir avances de mi tesis en el espacio de las XXVII Jornadas Universitarias de Tecnología Educativa. 4 A todos los y las jóvenes que participaron en la investigación, a los directores que me facilitaron el acceso a las escuelas para la realización del trabajo de campo. Mi agradecimiento especial a los jóvenes que accedieron a la entrevista y a participar en la observación, por abrirse y estar dispuestos a compartir su experiencia, por considerar valioso el diálogo y establecer una conversación generosa. Sin ellos esta investigación no hubiera sido posible. Espero que todos puedan sentirse respetados en estas páginas. 5 RESUMEN Esta investigación indaga sobre los saberes que las selfies ponen en movimiento en un grupo de jóvenes del nivel medio superior, en la Ciudad de Puebla, México. El estudio tuvo como propósitos aproximarse a lo que en la actualidad se hace presente en la producción de imágenes, en particular, los cambios y continuidades que introducen las plataformas digitales y redes sociales en la presentación de sí mismo, qué huellas produce este tipo de fotografía en los modos de ser y estar en el mundo, así como los movimientos en las jerarquías de saber. Desde una perspectiva cualitativa con sensibilidad etnográfica se indagó en las prácticas fotográficas de los jóvenes en ambientes digitales, para acceder a testimonios y evidencias a través de diferentes técnicas: a) entrevista semiestructurada; b) cuestionario; c) observación de los perfiles y selfies publicadas en la plataforma Instagram. Al adoptar como referente conceptual la categoría de prácticas epistémicas, la cual guarda un vínculo con la noción de saberes y toma préstamos de los aportes de Foucault y Charlot, se pudo argumentar que la selfie es un dispositivo para el diseño de sí, la conversación y la autopromoción. Los hallazgos de esta tesis muestran que la selfie forma parte del ritual de presencia y presentación en las plataformas de redes sociales, que funciona como una respuesta a la exigencia de exhibirse para ser vistos, y que para el caso de la autopromoción, se emplea para conectar con la confianza de quien la mira. En este sentido, la selfie es una producción intencionada, que se prepara y edita para dar un mensaje que ofrezca la mejor apariencia. En este marco, se reconoce que la selfie involucra una serie de saberes entre los que se encuentran los referidos al manejo de las imágenes, y los asociados a las jerarquías y criterios promovidos en las redes sociales. La investigación sustenta, entre otras reflexiones, que la selfie es algo más que un acto narcisista, superficial e impulsivo, sino puede entenderse como un acontecimiento social, comunicativo, histórico y cultural, ligado a un entorno sociotécnico y económico, y a regímenes visuales y a sus dispositivos tecnológicos digitales. 6 SUMMARY This research focuses on the knowledge that selfies set into motion in a group of young people from the upper middle school level, in the city of Puebla, Mexico. The study aimed to analyze what is currently present in the production of images, in particular, the changes and continuities introduced by digital platforms and social networks in the presentation of the self, which traces this type of photography produces in the ways of being and being in the world, as well as movements in the hierarchies of knowledge. Using a qualitative perspective with ethnographic sensibility, the research approached the photographic practices of young people in digital environments through different research techniques: a) semi-structured interviews; b) questionnaires; c) observations of profiles and selfies published on the Instagram platform. By adopting as a conceptual reference the category of epistemic practices, which is linked to the notion of knowledges based on Michel Foucault and Bernard Charlot, this study argues that the selfie is a device for self-design, conversation and self-promotion. The findings of this thesis show that selfie is part of the ritual of presence and presentation on social network platforms, that it functions as a response to the demand to exhibit oneself in order to be seen, and that in the case of self-promotion, it is used to connect with the trust of the viewer. In this sense, the selfie is an intentional production, which is prepared and edited to give a message that offers the self’s best appearance. Within this framework, it cab be seen that the selfie involves a series of knowledges related to the management of images and to understanding and moving through the hierarchies and criteria promoted in social networks. The research supports, among other reflections, that the selfie is something more than a narcissistic, superficial and impulsive act, and that it is best understood as a social, communicative, historical and cultural event linked to a sociotechnical and economic environment, and to particular visual regimes and their digital technological devices. 7 INDICE Introducción................................................................................................................. 13 Capítulo I. Las prácticas epistémicas en la fotografía .................................................. 21 1.1 Primer abordaje: Foucault y los dominios olvidados ................................... 22 1.2 Segundo abordaje. Charlot: Del saber y la relación ...................................... 24 1.3 Sobre la acepción clásica de la fotografía: realista, proceso mecánico y fotoquímico e indexical ......................................................................................... 28 1.4 La fotografía digital y las nuevas operaciones con los saberes .................. 43 1.5 A modo de cierre ............................................................................................. 52 Capítulo II. Jóvenes, participación y cultura digital ...................................................... 54 2.1 Cultura participativa: genealogía de una noción ........................................... 54 2.2 De la celebración a la sospecha y la crítica de la participación ................... 56 2.3 Invitaciones a la participación ........................................................................ 61 2.4 La lógica del GAME ......................................................................................... 64 2.5 Explorar y expresarse ..................................................................................... 68 2.6 Compartir ......................................................................................................... 71 2.7 A modo de cierre ............................................................................................. 75 Capítulo III. La selfie y la imagen
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