The Selenga River Basin)
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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science PAPER • OPEN ACCESS The features of development of agricultural land use in the Republic of Buryatia and Mongolia (the Selenga River basin) To cite this article: O A Yekimovskaya and D N Lopatina 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 320 012007 View the article online for updates and enhancements. This content was downloaded from IP address 58.58.213.55 on 21/09/2019 at 09:54 Problems of Sustainable Regional Development 2019 IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 320 (2019) 012007 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/320/1/012007 The features of development of agricultural land use in the Republic of Buryatia and Mongolia (the Selenga River basin) O A Yekimovskaya1, D N Lopatina2 1 Baikal Institute of Nature Management SB RAS, Ulan-Ude, 670047, Russia 2 V B Sochava Institute of Geography of SB RAS, Irkutsk, 674033, Russia E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. This study seeks to identify the distinctive features in agricultural land use in the upper (Mongolian) and lower (Russian) parts of the basin. An analysis is made of the main indicators reflecting the economic-geographical characteristics of agricultural land use, the structure of agricultural lands, the level of agricultural development, the dynamics of the area and efficiency of use of croplands, the availability of natural forage lands, and crop yield of grains. This implies a higher yield level of grains and the preservation of the sown area. A decrease in the area of the cropland at the beginning of the agrarian transformations was observed throughout the territory of the basin. In the Mongolian aimags within the Selenga basin, the area of the cropland decreased by 27.5%. In the subsequent period, the sown area remained stable. In the Russian part of the basin, the area of croplands at the beginning of the agrarian transformations decreased by 21.5%. The tendency for a decrease in croplands has persisted to date. During 1999‒2016 the area of croplands decreased by a further 25%. The main directions of the transformation of the agricultural land use system in the Mongolian and Russian parts of the basin are formulated. 1. Introduction Fundamental changes in the system of agricultural land use were in the mid-1990s. In Mongolia, private ownership of land resources spread widely. Currently, up to 48% of the total area of agricultural land is concentrated in private farms of arats (the Mongolian peasants) [1]. In the period of agrarian transformations throughout the basin, there was a sharp decline in agricultural development, due to the collapse of collective enterprises, the main holders of land. The area of agricultural land in Mongolian aimags was gradually restored due to the active participation of arat farms in the land reform, which received lands to ownership. A distinctive feature of land use in the Mongolian part of the basin is the high amplitude of fluctuations in arable land for individual years. But if you analyze the long period of time, for example 10-15 years, in general you can note the preservation of the crop area. In dry years the arable lands area is sharply reduced, but in subsequent years it is restored. The arable area became stable after the 21% decrease in 1994-1999. Since 1999, there has been no reduction in arable land. The Russian part of the basin is characterized by a constant decrease in arable land. From 1994 to 1999 the area of arable land decreased by 27.5%. From 1999 to 2016, the sown area decreased by 25% ha [1, 2]. The highest agricultural development is characteristic for the southern part of the Selenga midlands, as well as for the Selenga delta surrounding area. The agricultural land is located as a continuous range here and its share reaches 59% of the total land use area. The arable lands are Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1 Problems of Sustainable Regional Development 2019 IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 320 (2019) 012007 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/320/1/012007 confined to broad river valleys, steppe and forest-steppe intermountain basins. The share of arable land in the structure of agricultural lands varies from 57% in the lower reaches to 8% in the upper part of the basin. The Bichurskaya, Tugnuyskaya, Kudarinskaya and Borgoyskaya steppes, the slopes of the Tugnui ridge are notable for the highest level of ploughness [2]. The share of pastures in the structure of agricultural land is increasing in the south direction of the basin. In the dry-steppe aimags of Mongolia, located in the foothills of Khentii and Khangai mountains, pastures account for up to 92% of the agricultural area [1]. The aridity of the climate, historical traditions and labor skills of the population, with a high saturation of the territory with natural forage lands, have conditioned the livestock specialization of the region's agriculture. 2. Models and Methods Objects of researches were agricultural grounds of Selenga river basin. For the comparative analysis of efficiency and intensity of their use in the high and the low parts of the basin complex methods were used: forwarding researches, identification of the most essential contrasts in development of agricultural land use system, comparative and geographical, division into districts. Information base for this research was made by the materials provided by territorial subdivisions of Rosreestr, Rosstat and the State Statistics Committee of Mongolia. 3. Results and Discussion Agricultural development of the study area is very uneven. In Mongolia, the share of agricultural land reaches 84.8 - 91.4% of the land area [1]. At the beginning of the agrarian reforms throughout the basin, a sharp decline in agricultural development occurred. The main reason for the reduction in the area of agricultural land is the disintegration of collective enterprises, the main holders of land. The area of agricultural land in Mongolian aimags was gradually restored due to the active participation of arat farms in the land reform, which received lands to ownership. A distinctive feature of agricultural land use of the Mongolian part of the basin is the integrated use of natural forage land. Hay is harvested in the river valleys from July to September. In winter and spring river valleys are used as pastures. Agriculture plays a secondary role. The main arrays of arable land are concentrated in the steppe aimags with high atmospheric precipitation (Salenge, Tov, Khentii). In the Republic of Buryatia, river valleys and intermountain hollows, gently sloping foothills have been developed for farming and livestock farming. The agricultural lands of the Selenga midlands and the Selenga delta are located in a continuous range at an altitude of 540 - 720 m above sea level and cover the watershed areas of the Selenga River and its main tributaries, the Djida, Hilok, Chikoy and Tugnui. For several centuries this territory was the main center of agrarian nature management. Relatively smooth relief of the Selenga middle mountains, soil and climatic conditions, historical features of settlement led to a high plowing of the territory. In the valley of the Tugnui-Sulkhara rivers practically all the slopes and flat watersheds are plowed. High plowing of the Tugnui-Sulkhara basin is facilitated by fertile soils (black, chestnut, dark chestnut soils). Thus, in the farms of the Mukhorshibirsky district, the proportion of black soils reaches 32.5% of the arable land area and 21.4% of the total agricultural land area. The agricultural lands of the Mongolian part of the basin are concentrated in the narrow, deeply embedded valleys of the rivers of the Mongolian plateau at an altitude of up to 1500 m above sea level. Distant pastures are located throughout the territory, including the foothills of Khentii and Khangai at an altitude of 2000 m above sea level. The natural boundaries of the agricultural area in the northwest are the Khan-Khuhey, Ulaan Taiga, Eastern Sayan ranges, which do not form a single massif, in the central part - the Khangai Ridge, in the northeastern part - the Khentii Mountain Range. A distinctive feature of land use in the Mongolian part of the basin is the high amplitude of fluctuations in arable land for individual years. But if we analyze the long period of time (10-15 years), then we can note the conservation of the crop area as a whole. In dry years the plowland area is sharply reduced, but in subsequent years it is restored. Decreasing by 21% in 1994-1999, the 2 Problems of Sustainable Regional Development 2019 IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 320 (2019) 012007 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/320/1/012007 arable area further becomes stable. Since 1999, there has been no reduction in arable land. The Russian part of the basin is characterized by a constant decrease in arable land. From 1994 to 1999 the area of arable land decreased by 27.5%. From 1999 to 2018, the sown area decreased by 25% ha [2]. The main producers of market grain are the southern steppe regions of the Selenga middle mountain range (Bichursky, Kyakhtinsky and Mukhorshibirsky). The main crop in the grain structure is spring wheat. The great majority of grain areas are concentrated in agricultural organizations. In the upper Selenga, in Mongolia, arable land is evenly distributed among land users of different forms of ownership. The cultivation of grain crops is carried out by both collective and farming (arat) enterprises.