Insecte Invazive Înregistrate În Ultimii 20 De Ani Pe Teritoriul Republicii Moldova

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Insecte Invazive Înregistrate În Ultimii 20 De Ani Pe Teritoriul Republicii Moldova şTIINţE bIologIcE insECTE invAZivE înREgisTRATE în ULTIMii 20 DE Ani PE TERITORIUL REPUBLICii MOLDOVA DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3989168 CZU: 591.525:595.7(478)(091) Doctor în științe biologice, conferențiar cercetător Svetlana BACAL E-mail:[email protected] Doctor habilitat în științe biologice, conferențiar cercetător Galina BUȘMACHIU E-mail: [email protected] Doctor în științe biologice, conferențiar cercetător Livia CALESTRU E-mail: [email protected] Doctor în științe biologice, conferențiar cercetător Irina MIHAILOV E-mail: [email protected] Institutul de Zoologie INVASIVE INSECTS REGISTERED DURING THE LAST 20 YEARS ON THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Summary. In the last 20 years, 23 new invasive insect species have been reported from the Republic of Moldova, 22 being harmful and one useful. Revealed species belong to 7 orders, 15 families and 21 genera. Most part of the in- vasive insect species were recorded from the order Lepidoptera (8 species), followed by the orders Hemiptera (5) and Coleoptera (4). From the orders Hymenoptera and Heteroptera only 2 species were recorded, and the orders Orthoptera and Diptera were represented by one species each. Most of the newly registered invasive insect species on the territory of the Republic of Moldova require strict monitoring, in order to avoid the negative effects on the forest and agricultural ecosystems or agri-food warehouses, which could have a negative impact on the country’s economy. Keywords: invasive species, recent data, pests, Republic of Moldova. Rezumat. În ultimii 20 de ani, în Republica Moldova au fost semnalate 23 de specii de insecte invazive noi, 22 fiind dăunătoare și una folositoare, care aparțin la 7 ordine, 15 familii și 21 de genuri. Cele mai multe specii de insecte invazive înregistrate sunt din ordinul Lepidoptera (8 specii), urmat de ordinele Hemiptera (5) și Coleoptera (4). Ordinele Hyme- noptera și Heteroptera au fost reprezentate de câte două specii fiecare, iar Orthoptera și Diptera cu câte o singură specie. Majoritatea dintre insectele invazive noi înregistrate pe teritoriul Republicii Moldova necesită monitorizare strictă pen- tru a evita efectele negative asupra ecosistemelor forestiere și agricole sau asupra depozitelor agroalimentare, fapt care în consecință ar putea avea și un impact negativ asupra economiei. Cuvinte-cheie: specii invazive, date recente, dăunători, Republica Moldova. INTRODUCERE și piscicultură, afectând productivitatea și calitatea. Influența lor poate avea efecte negative chiar și asupra Schimbările climatice, de rând cu fenomenul glo- sănătății populației [5]. balizării, cu impact substanțial asupra comerțului in- În ultimii ani, la nivel mondial [6-9], european ternațional, turismului și transportului transfrontalier, [10-12] și regional [13-21], au devenit tot mai opor- conduc la extinderea arealului unui număr impunător tune studiile asupra speciilor de insecte invazive care de specii de animale, inclusiv insecte [1-4]. Speciile ameninţă ecosistemele forestiere sau culturile agricole. de insecte străine care găsesc condiții favorabile, se Or, speciile invazive au un impact economic negativ aclimatizează perfect în teritoriile noi și, în lipsa con- semnificativ asupra agriculturi și silviculturii pe plan curenților naturali, devin dăunători periculoși pro- global. În SUA, bunăoară, anual din cauza lor produc- vocând pagube economice enorme, se numesc specii ția agricolă scade cu aproximativ 13 % și cea silvică cu invazive. Aceste insecte constituie o amenințare majo- 9 % [22]. În Europa, insectele invazive provoacă daune ră pentru mediu, întrucât reduc biodiversitatea indi- economice mari agriculturii, silviculturii și piscicultu- genă (esențială în funcționarea ecosistemelor), pentru rii, care sunt estimate la cel puțin 12 miliarde de euro economie și în special pentru agricultură, silvicultură anual [23]. Pentru diminuarea efectelor negative, pro- AKADEMOS 2/2020| 39 şTIINţE BIologIcE vocate de speciile invazive, an de an se cheltuiesc mili- ite unui singur gen, iar ordinele Orthoptera și Diptera arde de dolari în toată lumea, dar rezultatele rămân în de câte o specie dintr-un singur gen. continuare departe de cele așteptate întrucât nu toate Lista speciilor de insecte invazive înregistrate în statele acordă atenția cuvenită speciilor invazive. Pen- Republica Moldova în perioada 2000–2019 este pre- tru a stopa daunele provocate de acești dăunători tre- zentată mai jos. buie aplicate măsuri corecte de gestionare, și anume: prevenirea răspândirii speciilor în țară, eradicarea lor Lista speciilor de insecte invazive dăunătoare în cazul pătrunderii, măsuri stricte de carantină și su- ▪ Diabrotica virgifera LeConte, 1858 [38] – vierme- praveghere continuă etc. [24]. le vestic al rădăcinilor de porumb. Ordinul Coleoptera, Scopul prezentei lucrări este de a evidenția, in- familia Chrysomelidae. Semnalată pentru prima dată ventaria și generaliza datele privind speciile de in- în Republica Moldova în anul 2013 [15; 21]. Specia a secte dăunătoare invazive apărute în ultimii 20 de ani mai fost observată în nordul Republicii Moldova în- (2000–2019) pe teritoriul Republicii Moldova. Moti- tr-un lan de porumb, în localitatea Brânzeni pe data de vele principale care au stat la baza elaborării acestei 09.07.2017 (Calestru L.). Este o specie oligofagă dez- lucrări țin de necesitatea de a avertiza producătorii voltându-se pe diverse specii de graminee, preferând agricoli, importatorii de material semincer, decorativ porumbul. Adulții se hrănesc cu polen, mătasea știu- sau de alte produse vegetale și, nu în ultimul rând, au- leților și cu frunze. Cele mai dăunătoare sunt larvele, toritățile, despre riscurile apariției unor specii de in- care afectează grav sistemul radicular al porumbului. secte invazive noi, cu consecințe adesea imprevizibile Dezvoltă o generație pe an. Specia este originară din pentru economie. America de Nord. Impactul economic: diminuează drastic cantitatea recoltei de porumb la hectar. MATERIAL ȘI METODE ▪ Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) – buburuza asi- atică [38]. Ordinul Coleoptera, familia Coccinellidae. Lucrarea a fost realizată în baza investigațiilor Semnalată pentru prima dată în Republica Moldova proprii efectuate în localitățile Băcioi, Brânzeni, Co- în anul 2011 în municipiul Chișinău [15; 27]. Specia cieri, Hârbovăț, Tomai, Taraclia, Slobozia, ștefan-Vo- a mai fost observată în localitatea Tomai (rn. Leova) dă și mun. Chișinău în anii 2000–2019. Observațiile pe struguri copți, la sfârșitul verii, pe 15.08.2012 (Ba- efectuate sunt incluse în registrele de câmp acumulate cal S.), și sub scoarța unui copac defrișat din parcul în decursul anilor de cercetare. De asemenea, a fost Valea Morilor, municipiul Chișinău, pe 13.02.2012, analizată literatura de specialitate disponibilă [7-12], în masă, toate morfele posibile, pe peretele unui bloc inclusiv cea elaborată de cercetătorii autohtoni [15-21; locativ din sectorul Telecentru, Chișinău, pe data de 25-29] în domeniul vizat. 10.10.2019 (Bușmachiu G.). Este o specie polifagă. Se Lucrarea inserează poze originale ale speciilor de întâlnește pe cele mai diverse culturi agricole și plante dăunători, făcute de autori în timpul investigațiilor sau spontane atacate de afide. În afară de afide, H. axyridis de colegi, fiind publicate cu acordul acestora. consumă larvele altor specii folositoare de coccinelide, REZULTATE ȘI DISCUȚII se întâlnește adesea pe struguri și pe mere consumând sucul lor. Poate dezvolta între 2 și 5 generații pe an. În urma cercetărilor efectuate și a studiului Specia este originară din Asia. Impactul ecologic: di- literaturii de specialitate autohtone, au fost identificate minuează numărul speciilor de buburuze autohtone, 23 de specii de insecte invazive noi, înregistrate pe iar nimerind în teasc în procesul fabricării vinului îi teritoriul Republicii Moldova în ultimii 20 de ani. provoacă acestuia un gust neplăcut (figura 1). Speciile respective sunt atribuite la 7 ordine, 15 familii ▪ Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli, 1763) – gândacul roșu al și fac parte din 21 de genuri. Din ordinele Lepidop- crinului. Ordinul Coleoptera, familia Chrysomelidae. tera, Hemiptera și Coleoptera au fost evidențiate cele Menționată pentru prima dată în Republica Moldova mai multe familii – câte 3 la număr. Ordinul Hyme- în anul 2013 [28]. Specia a mai fost observată în orășe- noptera a fost reprezentat de 2 familii, iar ordinele Or- lul Codru (mun. Chișinău) pe 12.08.2013 (Bacal S.), în thoptera, Heteroptera și Diptera – de câte o singură localitatea Băcioi pe data de 07.08.2014 (Calestru L.) familie. Cele mai multe specii invazive înregistrate au și 15.06.2019 (Bușmachiu G.). Este o specie oligofagă fost din ordinul Lepidoptera, în total 8 specii aparți- dezvoltându-se pe Lilium spp. și Fritillaria spp. Poate nând la 7 genuri, după care urmează ordinul Hemip- dezvolta 2 generații pe an. Specia este originară din tera cu 5 specii din 5 genuri, Coleoptera cu 4 specii din Eurasia. Impactul economic: diminuează calitatea flo- 4 genuri. Ordinul Hymenoptera a fost reprezentat de rilor de crin care își pierd aspectul decorativ, scăzând 2 specii din 2 genuri, Heteroptera – de 2 specii atribu- astfel valoarea lor comercială (figura 2). 40 |AKADEMOS 2/2020 şTIINţE bIologIcE Figura 1. Harmonia axyridis. Figura 2. Lilioceris lilii. ▪ Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius, 1792) – gânda- în anul 2019 [31; 32]. Specia a mai fost observată, în cul tutunului sau gândacul de țigară [38]. Ordinul Co- masa, pe peretele unui bloc locativ, împreună cu Har- leoptera,
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