The Necessity of Establishing Entrepreneurship Center in Worn out Textures of Khajeh Atta Neighborhood in Bandar Abbas City, Iran

The necessity of establishing entrepreneurship center in Worn out Textures of Khajeh Atta Neighborhood in Bandar Abbas City, Iran

Hamidreza Amery Siahoyi1, Sana Zarei2

1. Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Payam Noor University of Hormozgan 2. M.Sc. student, Department of Architecture, Payam Noor University of Hormozgan, Iran

Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: In this paper we aim to analyze the necessity of establishing entrepreneurship center in worn out textures of Khajeh Atta neighborhood located in Bandar Abbas city, Iran. Rapid growth of Bandar Abbas City in the past 50 years has become it the largest and most populous city of the South coast of Iran. The Area of old textures of Bandar Abbas is about 659.4 hectares which a large portion of it is located in Khajeh Atta Neighborhood. The study area has worn out textures and in terms of granulation, has no historical value which requires modernization and upgrading. In some part of this research we used a cross-sectional survey method and the other part of the research was conducted by the study of documents and books. Data collected by library research, field visits, questionnaires, and communication with organizations and government agencies. Population is all over-18-year-old residents of Khajeh Atta neighborhood that, by random sampling method, 358 residents were selected according to Cochran's formula. To assess the validity of Questionnaire, construct validity method was used through factor analysis, and also reliability of each variable were measured by Cronbach's alpha. KMO coefficient and Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the different variables were 0.7 and higher. Also significance level of the variables, based on Bartlett's significance test was less than 0.001. Considering that survey showed 73 percent of neighborhood residents are willing to engage in entrepreneurship classes and Want an entrepreneurship center to be constructed in their neighborhood, old rural textures can be used for the design and construction of creation and development center of technical and artistic skills. Keywords: entrepreneurship, center of creation, artistic and technical skills, Khajeh Atta neighborhood, Bandar Abbas city,

INTRODUCTION

Iran is located in Asia and has a diverse climate which is varied in different parts of the architecture and structure. Some of its cities require special attention in terms of architecture, modernization, mobilization, and status changes (Esfandfard et al, 2008). In term of urban development some projects, such as construction of MEHR houses and providing facilities, are being implemented to increase urban construction. The main issue is the structure of old and worn out textures of most areas of the country that need to be considered. Some characteristics of healthy and sustainable communities are creating a physical structure for vacuum compensation of cultural-social relationships, considering neighborhoods and strengthening neighborhood- oriented culture, the presence of people in the neighborhoods and their role in social reconstruction. (Graduate employment assistance agencies) In the world today, the entrepreneurship development plays an important role in economic, social, cultural, political,, and industrial development of each country And on other hand, it is the most important way to solve some social problems such as unemployment for college graduates. Since entrepreneurship lead community to the technical and innovative changes and cause economic growth and also turn new knowledge into new products and services, Is very important. The Center of Entrepreneurship and the growth of artistic and technical skills is an department being managed by professional technicians and creative and entrepreneurial experts. It provides supportive services to the creation and development of the art technology and new professions supported by entrepreneurs so that in Production of goods and services in competitive markets and increasing social participation, lead to the realization of long-term cultural - economic development. (Bandar Abbas municipality)

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Failure to adopt appropriate measure and lack of preventing intention and deterioration factors lead to increased wear of the urban area, especially in ancient textures (Khademi, 2011). Rapid growth of Bandar Abbas in the past 50 years has become it the largest and most populous city of the South Coast of country. The Area of old textures of Bandar Abbas is about 659.4 hectares where a large portion of it is located in Khajeh Atta Neighborhood. One of the problems of the region, in addition to the worn out textures, is high unemployment is the result of lack of education for entrepreneurship development. Designing and construction of projects such as entrepreneurship centers, as factors driving the modernization, rehabilitation, and empowerment of worn out textures are important. In this regard, the aim of this study is to investigate to know whether it is necessary to establish entrepreneurship center in worn out textures of Khajeh Atta neighborhood or not.

Previous research In the sixteenth century, the French word Entreprendre was first applied to people who risk their lives in military operations (Stolze, 1999). Later the term was applied to those who accepted business venture and organized, financed and operated it (Department of Housing and Urban Development). Economists were the first who described the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship in their economic theories. The term "entrepreneur" was first introduced by the early French economist Richard Cantillon. In his writings, he formally defines the entrepreneur as the "agent who buys means of production at certain prices in order to combine them" into a new product. History of formal education in entrepreneurship dates back to 1938. Since the 1960s, an increasing rate of entrepreneurship education was spread in the world. Despite the fact that advanced countries of the world from the late 1970s onward, paid serious attention to the subject of entrepreneurship, even in the late 1980s, many developing countries have addressed this issue. In our country, to the beginning of the Third Development Plan, it was not paid much attention to entrepreneurship. In the Third plan of economic, social, and cultural development, issue of education of entrepreneurs was considered. The result of this attention was approval of a plan to develop Entrepreneurship in the universities of country which was led to some activities in some of national universities. In the third development plan, entrepreneurship development at the Ministries of Science, Research and Technology, Health and Medical Education, Agriculture, Industries and Mines, and other institutions such as academic Jihad have been proposed because of its association with their activities (Adl and Avarkad, 1969). King and Roberts in 1987 define Entrepreneurship In the public domain and its impact on government policies focusing on two dimensions of leadership and innovation. Veduk in 1991also discussed the social entrepreneurship in the public sector and defines social entrepreneurship as "to establish a public organization that can change the way of resource allocation.( Abdollahi and Samadi, 2011) Campbell focuses on the health sector and believes that a social entrepreneur is a creation of groups who do not seek to gain profit from it and in the activities they pursue social goals. Leadbeater admits the inability of UK Department of Social Security to meet the requirements of society and consider social entrepreneurship as the entry of entrepreneurs to non-profit and social areas to meet the needs of society which have not been fulfilled.(Giedion, 1989) Dazes in 1998 by focusing on the concept of social entrepreneurship states that social entrepreneur are individuals with social responsibility whose activities are aimed at improving the community. This Scholar studied social entrepreneurship in the nonprofit organizations that supply financial capital needed to meet social needs.(Valizadeh, 2011; Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2004) Thompson in 2000 searches for social entrepreneurship in the private sector, and consider it as the process of creation of social capital in this sector. d also Canadian center of Social Entrepreneurship in 2001, with comprehensive review and with emphasis on globalization, defined Social entrepreneurship as innovation in the private, public and voluntary sectors for achievement of the social and economic objectives and Accordingly, believe that we can search social entrepreneurship in the nonprofit sectors and cooperative organizations Sullivan in 2003 developed the concept of social entrepreneurship and its multi-dimensional model and know it as identification of the existing opportunities for social organizations and believes that these organizations will continue to innovate on a continuous basis. (Cohen, 2006; Acs, 2006)

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study area Hormozgan Province Hormozgan province is located in southern of Iran, facing Oman and UAE. Its provincial capital is Bandar Abbas. Kerman province is located in the north of Hormozgan, Persian Gulf and Oman Sea is in the south of it, Sistan and Baluchistan Province is located in the east of it and from the west, Hormozgan is near to Fars and Bushehr Province. Its area is 70,697 km2. The province has 14 islands located in the Persian Gulf, and 1,000 km (620 mi) of coastline. The province has eleven major cities namely: Bandar Abbas, Bandar Lengeh, Hajiabbad, Minab, Qeshm, Jask, Bastak, Bandar Khamir, Parsian, Rudan, and Abumusa. The

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Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 6 (10), 1338-1344, 2013 province also has 21 counties (or districts), 69 municipalities, and 2,046 villages. In 2007 approximately 1.5 million people resided in Hormozgan Province. The province has a warm and dry climate. In the map below its location is specified in southern province of Iran.]

Figure 1. location of Hormozgan

Bandar Abbas City Bandar-e ‘Abbās also Romanized as Bandar ‘Abbās, Bandar ‘Abbāsī, and Bandar-e ‘Abbās; formerly known as Cambarão and Porto Comorão to Portuguese traders, as Gombroon to English traders and as Gamrun or Gumrun to Dutch merchants is a port city and capital of Hormozgān Province on the southern coast of Iran, on the Persian Gulf. The city occupies a strategic position on the narrow Straits of Hormuz, and it is the location of the main base of the Iranian Navy. Bandar Abbas is the capital and also largest city of the province Hormozgān. At the 2006 census, its population was 367,508, in 89,404 families. From the past, due to its strategic location along the navigable waters and having the privilege of international maritime transport, Bandar Abbas city has been the main point of entry and exit of goods and most important trading port and center of economic activity in the adjacent waters of the Persian Gulf. Moreover, a number of ecological and natural attractions in the city are located in a short distance from it; Hence, Bandar Abbas has extensive capabilities in the development of cultural-historical tourism and ecotourism. Bandar Abbas play an important economic role in Iran which includes: the first center in the country in terms of exports and imports, oil and gas exports, Aquaculture and fisheries industry, and tourism expansion function. (Roydel, 2012; Salehizadeh, 2009)

Old texture of Bandar Abbas In Bandar Abbas, Except for a small portion of the area north and northeast of the city is roughly, in the rest of the city that extends parallel to the sea, the surface is smooth. In table1, Area and relative contribution of old textures of Bandar Abbas city are shown.

Table1. Area and relative contribution of old textures of Bandar Abbas Species Area Relative contribution Old texture with cultural and historical heritage 53.03 8.1 Old texture without cultural and historical heritage 606.37 91.9 Total 659.4 100

In most neighborhoods of Bandar Abbas such as Khajeh Atta with poor cultural training and old texture, a variety of wrongdoings can be done that is rooted in unemployment and lack of jobs. Other problem is the lack of municipal services such as: Lack of sewage system, domestic sewage flow into the neighborhood, worn out and traditional urban fabric, Lack of Road lighting, high volatility of electricity, Problem of asphalting streets and alleys, Livestock in homes, Contamination of area during precipitation and surface water flowing Outdoor sewages and its adverse health effects.(Ayatollahi, 1989)

METHOD

In some part of this research we used a cross-sectional survey method and the other part of the research was conducted by the study of documents and books. Data collected by library research, field visits, questionnaires, and communication with organizations and government agencies. In library method, Data were collected from institutes and research centers such as Organization of Management and planning, information databases of relevant agencies and organizations, and urban development plans prepared by consulting engineers. Population is all over-18-year-old residents of Khajeh Atta neighborhood that, by random sampling method, 358 residents were selected according to Cochran's formula.

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Based on The table 2, the size of population was estimated 5163 and by placing it in the Cochran formula, the sample size was calculated.

Table 2. Khajeh Atta's population during 2006-2010 2006 2010 Neighborhood Area (ha) Population Households Population Households Khajeh Atta 74.25 7644 0101 2045 0006

According to Cochran's formula,

( )

Where: P is true proportion of population with specific characteristics Q is true proportion of population with a specific characteristics or 1-p N is true population size d is acceptable error t is the abscissa of the normal curve that cuts off an area of α An error rate of d was computed as 0.5 percent, N=5163 and The probability of an estimated error being greater than d used in the formula is 0.05.all computations are based on a P=0.5 and Q=0.5 because this results in the most conservative and largest estimates for required sample for each stratum. The sample size was 358. To assess the validity of Questionnaire, construct validity method was used through factor analysis, and also reliability of each variable were measured by Cronbach's alpha. After correction, and edit or deletion of unstable items, the final questionnaire was developed and implemented. Validity of the instrument was examined by two methods face validity and construct validity based on factor analysis. As can be seen in Table 3, Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the different variables are within acceptable limits because if this ratio is higher than 0.7, indicates a high correlation of each items of variable. KMO coefficient also using VARIMAX method of factor analysis was performed for variables that are above acceptable limits (minimum 0.7). The significance of these variables, according to Bartlett's test is less than 0.001. To check the status of the neighborhood, the questionnaires were used. The purpose of this statistical analysis is to show the current status of the area and the need to establish a center for entrepreneurship. To describe the characteristics of Khajeh Atta neighborhood, the SPSS software was used (table 3-9).

Table 3. Results of factor analysis and Cronbach's Alpha Variables Cronbach's alpha KMO Bartlett's test Feeling of security 0.79 0.781 0.000

willingness to Purchase and Sale of 0.91 0.005 0.000 Alcoholic Beverages

willingness to entrepreneurial careers 0.73 0.461 0.000

Number of family members As seen in table 4, 2% of respondents live alone, while 19 percent of households live in two-person family, 12% in the three-person family, 23% in a family of four and 46 percent live in a family of five and above.

Table 4. Distribution of respondents according to family size Variable Percentage of valid Cumulative percentage Single 5 5 two-person family 00 50 three-person family 05 55 family of four 55 24 family of five and above 74 011 Without answer 5 Total 526

Employment status According to the table 5, 69 percent were unemployed while only 31% were employed.

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Table 5. Distribution of respondents according to Employment status Variable Percentage of valid Cumulative percentage unemployed 69 69 Employed 31 011 Without answer 1 Total 526

Education Level According to the table 6, 38% of the target area is completely illiterate, 21 percent under high school diploma, 19 percent had high school diploma and only 22 percent of residents have a university degree.

Table 6. Distribution of respondents according to Education Level Variable Percentage of valid Cumulative percentage Illiterate 38 38 high school and lower 21 59 degree High school diploma 19 78 Baccalaureate 11 89 Bachelor 9 98 Master and above 2 011 Without answer 0 Total 526

The feeling of security The feeling of security in terms of safety, finance, employment, defense and security were measured (Hosseini Nesar and Ghasemi, 2009).as seen in table 7, 51% of people living in neighborhood Feel less safe while only 22 percent of residents have a high sense of security.

Table 7. Distribution of respondents according to feeling of security Variable Percentage of valid Cumulative percentage Low sense of security 51 51 Intermediate level of security 27 78 sense High sense of security 22 011 Without answer 5 Total 526

Willingness of residents to Purchase and Sale of Alcoholic Beverages As shown in table 8, 19% of people living in the neighborhood, have a low affinity for buying and selling Alcoholic Beverages, 38 percent had Average willingness and 43 percent showed high affinity to do this job.

Table 8. Distribution of respondents according to willingness of residents to Purchase and Sale of Alcoholic Beverages Variable Percentage of valid Cumulative percentage Low willingness 19 19 Average willingness 38 57 High willingness 43 011 Without answer 8 Total 526

Willingness to entrepreneurial careers According to the table 9, it is evident that the people of the neighborhood residents highly tend to learn entrepreneurial careers. The Highest rate of willingness is related to Fishing, and Repair and Mechanical works. In general, 73 percent of respondents feel that the neighborhood need for Entrepreneurial Centerfor teaching and promoting entrepreneurship courses.

Table 9. the rate of residents' willingness to entrepreneurial careers Rate of willingness (%) Entrepreneurial careers low Average High Fishing 00 56 20 Artworks 57 56 76 Traditional and local cuisine 75 50 00 Traditional and local handicrafts 52 70 57 Repair and Mechanical works 06 50 25 The need for Entrepreneurial Center 4 50 45 Without answer 0 Total 526

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The New era is a competition arena over resources and capitalism. Large industrial countries have put the wheels of development in motion by using educated and skilled people and have achieved Inventions and innovations. Accessing to these innovations depends on entrepreneurship (Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2004). On the other hand, one of the problems Iranian societies facing it today is Inability to Inability to make a logical and effective connection between academic education and labor market, so after the courses people cannot actually use their skills to start working and earning money. In Iran, despite having a intelligent and talented population, a substantial number of educated youth have not taken advantage of employment opportunities. Hence, today, entrepreneurship development approach is very essential for community; therefore, existing a business center with a development center can provide optimum conditions for the people by providing a variety of supportive services. With regard to natural resources and unlimited potential of the various regions of the country, the best way to overcome economic, welfare and people's livelihood problems, it to establish a platform for developing entrepreneurship. Twenty-year vision goals Achievement that provides decent place for the country and also, solving current problems of society is possible through the implementation of entrepreneurship development strategy, or replacing the entrepreneurship economic with oil-based economy. Without regard to the role of entrepreneurship in developing the country, it is not possible to achieve the objectives and the ongoing efforts will fail and by continuing the status quo, it wastes resources and adds volume and complexity of the problem. Entrepreneurship as one of the most fundamental pillars and sustainable economic growth and development is important for the following reasons: It increases investment and thus, increase profits and capital of investors It creates new opportunities in the labor market and effective way in creating a sustainable and generative employment in the country. Entrepreneurship creates products, services, methods, policies, ideas, and new approaches to solving social problems. It encourages the development of local industries and provides competitiveness of domestic industries and foreign industries and lead to increased exports and foreign exchange for the country. It causes competition, strengthening, and development of the domestic similar industries with one another and ultimately, improves and increases the quality of goods. ( Hiam and Olander 1996; Jacksack, 2000)

CONCLUSION

According to this study, the study area (Khajeh Atta neighborhood) has worn out textures and in terms of granulation, has no historical value which requires modernization and upgrading. Since it is a coastal Zone, This area is prone to become a tourist region. It can also be used for the design and construction of the creation centers and the development of technical and artistic skills. Construction of Entrepreneurship center can improve the visual appearance of the neighborhood; promote cultural and economic and social development, and strengthen values, arts, local industries, and its potential uses. According descriptive statistics of the study, approximately 46% of the target area live in a 5-member family and above which represents the high population of each household. The neighborhood statistics showed that 38 per cent of this area's residents are completely illiterate and only 22% are college educated. As a result, 69 percent of people living in the neighborhood are unemployed. Sense of security in the region is very low, As far as this study has shown, 51 percent of people living in neighborhoods feel less safe. One reason for this could be the illiteracy and unemployment. For example, it can be noted that 43 percent had willingness to purchase and sale of alcoholic beverages. On the other hand there are various handicraft industries in the neighborhood and Bandar Abbas city (Such as weaving, pottery, mat weaving, traditional instruments, boat building, instrument making, and carpet weaving) which unfortunately, are being forgotten while they could be a very good way of job creation, especially for those who were in low literacy levels. Residents due to a lack of training center, rather than a tendency toward local industries, have turned to false jobs such as cigarette sales, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages and etc. while the survey showed that 73 percent of city residents are willing to engage in entrepreneurship classes and want an entrepreneurship center to be built in their neighborhood. To compensate for the backwardness caused by the material and spiritual poverty, Entrepreneurship development is a good tool. Entrepreneurship development helps in income distribution. By training entrepreneurs who can help to expand production capacity of the community by creating new business and innovation in the development of existing businesses, we will achieve economic growth and social welfare. Training and development of indigenous values in the context of entrepreneurship, will increase cultural - social participation

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Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 6 (10), 1338-1344, 2013 and As a result, strengthen cultural foundations of the society. This Center by increasing participation of people, especially young people, will create disciplinary and strengthen social cohesion. We suggest: To make visual appearance of the study area more beautiful Improving the quality of the fabric that has a worn texture Improving visual appearance by creating a center for entrepreneurship Modification of old texture and construction of a building as a monument of Renovation in neighborhood Establishing Entrepreneurship Center at the old texture to improve the appearance and enhance its beauty Using appropriate design considering local values using Important regional and climatic issues in designing center Taking advantage of laws protecting modernization of worn textures

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