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Archives & Special Collections, Columbia University Health Sciences Library Samuel T. Orton and June Lyday Orton Papers ORTON, SAMUEL TORREY, 1879-1948. ORTON, JUNE LYDAY, 1898-1977. Samue l Torre y Orton and June Lyday Orton papers, 1901-1977. 12 cubic feet (29 document boxes, 6 card file boxes, 1 record storage box) BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE: The husband and wife team of Samuel Torrey Orton and June Lyday Orton were professional partners in the field of language disabilit ies. Together they conducted research, trained educators and therapists, and treated individuals with reading and writing difficulties. In the process, they became two of the most important individuals in the history of dyslexia. Samuel Torrey Orton was born in Columbus, Ohio, on October 15, 1879. His father, Edward Orton, was at various times the state geologist of Ohio, the President of Antioch College, and the first President of Ohio State University. Other distinguished family members included his cousin, President William Howard Taft, and his uncle, educator Horace Taft of the Taft School in Watertown, Connecticut, where young Sam completed high school in 1897. Orton attended Ohio State University (B.S., 1901), the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (M.D., 1905), and Harvard University (M.A., 1906). He was a member of Alpha Omega Alpha and Sigma Xi. He began his medical career by training in pathology under Frank B. Mallory at Boston City Hospital in 1905-06. He then spent a year at the Columbus (Ohio) State Hospital, and two years at St. Ann’s Hospital in Anaconda, Montana. On October 13, 1908, he married Mary Follett in Columbus, Ohio. They had three children: Samuel Torrey Orton Jr., Sarah Patterson Orton, and Mary Follett Orton. Orton returned East to become pathologist of the Worcester State Hospital in Worcester, Massachusetts, from 1910 to 1913. During this time, he also taught at Harvard Medical School and at Clark University. In 1913, Orton traveled to Germany to study with Alois Alzheimer. Upon his return, he was appointed pathologist and clinical director of the Pennsylvania Hospital for Mental Diseases in Philadelphia, where he served from 1914 to 1919. In 1919, he accepted the opportunity to become the founding director of the State Psychopathic Hospital in Iowa City, Iowa, and chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Iowa College of Medicine. Among his achievements in Iowa was the creation in 1925 of the “Mobile Mental Hygiene Clinic,” a field unit providing psychiatric services to the people of Iowa in their own communities. The Field Organizer of the mobile clinic, who was also Chief of the Psychiatric Social Service in the Department of Psychiatry, was June Lyday, who would become Samuel Orton’s second wife. June Frances Lyday was born on August 3, 1898, in Newton, Iowa, and was raised in Michigan. In 1918, she graduated summa cum laude from Vassar College at the age of 19 and was elected a member of Phi Beta Kappa. She earned a master’s degree in social work at the Smith College School of Psychiatric Social Work in 1919. She did field work at the Boston Psychopathic Hospital and at prisons in the Detroit area before returning to Iowa. Through the Mobile Clinic, Samuel Orton met M. P., a 16-year-old who “seemed bright but couldn’t learn to read.” After this case, the study of language and learning disabilities became Orton’s life’s work. Orton published his study of M. P. in a 1925 article, “’Word Blindness’ in School Children.” He rejected earlier theories about what had been termed “congenital word-blindness” and diagnosed the problem as physiological. He coined the term “strephosymbolia” (twisted symbols) to describe the condition now known as dyslexia, although he also used the phrase “specific reading disability.” With funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, he and Iowa colleagues Lee Edward Travis, Marion Monroe, and Lauretta Bender further investigated reading disabilities. Orton’s last years in Iowa were difficult : his wife died in 1926, and he resigned during a complicated faculty controversy in 1927. In 1928, Orton married June Lyday and came to New York City to open his own office in psychiatry. He also became a neuropathologist at the Neurological Institute of New York and a part-time professor in neurology and neuropathology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University. Between 1932 and his departure from Columbia in 1936, Orton directed the Language Research Project of the Neurological Institute of New York. His associates included Paul Dozier, Edwin Cole, and Anna Gillingham. Gillingham knew of Dr. Orton’s work in Iowa and collaborated with him at the Neurological Institute from 1931 to 1933. With Bessie Stillman, Gillingham organized Orton’s principles into a successful remedial reading training system based on visual- auditory-kinesthetic linkages, a multisensory approach to alphabetic phonics that came to be known as “Orton-Gillingha m.” Samuel Orton was active in professional circles. He was on the editorial boards of the Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry from 1920 to 1930, and the Bulletin of the Neurological Institute of New York from 1930 to 1936. He was President of the American Psychiatric Association in 1928, and President of the American Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases in 1932. He delivered the Thomas W. Salmon Lectures at the New York Academy of Medicine in 1936, and his lectures developed into his book, Reading, Writing, and Speech Problems in Children. Throughout their years in New York, the Ortons maintained a busy private practice at their apartment in the Croydon Hotel. With June’s training in social work and Sam’s medical background, the Ortons evolved a rigorous approach to the diagnosis and treatment of reading disabilities. Due to Sam’s frequent bouts of ill health, June shouldered much of the workload, and responded to much of his correspondence. Between 1928 and 1948, the Ortons saw over 2000 patients. 2 Samuel Orton also supervised a research program funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and carried out by David Wright between 1939 and 1941 at the Forman School, a boys’ school in Litchfield, Connecticut. A similar project continued at the Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital from 1942 to 1944. In 1945, Orton’s alma mater, the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, awarded him an honorary doctorate. On October 1, 1948, Samuel Orton announced his retirement from active practice. He intended to spend more time at “Hwimsy,” the country retreat he himself had largely built in Wappingers Falls, New York, but then he broke his hip. He died of complications on November 17, 1948, at the age of 69, and was buried in Columbus, Ohio. June Orton was determined to preserve and extend her husband’s legacy. Almost a year after his death, on October 28, 1949, in her apartment at the Croydon Hotel, June Orton held a memorial dinner for invited friends and colleagues. From this small gathering grew the Orton Society, now known as the International Dyslexia Association. June Orton served as the Orton Society’s President from 1950 to 1960 and advised later Orton Society officers such as Sally Childs, John Dorsey, Margaret Rawson, and Roger Saunders. She edited the first 14 issues of the Bulletin of the Orton Society as well as the Society’s edition of the collected papers of her late husband. In 1950, Lloyd J. Thompson, head of the Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, persuaded June Orton to start a language clinic at the Bowman-Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The clinic, named Graylyn, was disbanded in 1957, but June stayed in North Carolina for the rest of her life. She continued her private practice by founding the Orton Reading Center of Winston-Salem in 1957, which later integrated into Salem College in 1972. At the Center, she diagnosed and treated individuals with language disabilities, and trained remedial reading teachers. She codified her approach in her 1963 book, A Guide to Teaching Phonics. She also conducted numerous workshops for educators around the country, and lectured extensively for a wide audience of scientists, educators, and parents. For her devotion to the field of reading disabilities, she received the Orton Society’s Samuel T. Orton Award in 1969. June Orton continued to treat students and train teachers until her death on March 12, 1977. ORGANIZATION: Organized in eleven series: I. Family and Personal Papers; II. Correspondence; III. Organizational Records; IV. Writings and Speeches; V. Subject Files; VI. Illustrations; VII. Pupil Records; VIII. Photographs; IX. Index Card Files; X. Films; XI. Oversize. SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE: The Orton Papers document Samuel and June Orton’s pioneering efforts to diagnose and assist individuals with language disabilities, and the spread of their ideas over fifty years through a network of parents, educators, physicians, social workers, and therapists. This collection is arranged into eleven series, and materials related to the testing, diagnosis, and treatment of dyslexia and other language disabilities are found throughout most series. 3 The first series, Family and Personal Papers, consists of biographical and genealogical materials, correspondence, academic records, and miscellaneous items relating to Samuel and June Orton and members of their families, and is arranged alphabetically by name. Correspondence and biographical materials document Samuel Orton’s distinguished relatives, including his father, Edward Orton Sr.; his brother, Edward Orton Jr.; and his Taft relatives, including his uncle, educator Horace Taft, and his cousin, President William Howard Taft. However, most of the Orton family materials relate to practical matters such as estate settlements. This series also features useful biographical accounts of both Samuel and June Orton, as well as their academic records. Little material exists regarding Samuel Orton’s children or first wife, and the collection holds only two letters between Sam and June.