DOCSLIB.ORG

Pharmacogenomics and Nutrigenomics: Synergies and Differences

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pharmacogenomics and Nutrigenomics: Synergies and Differences European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2007) 61, 567–574 & 2007 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0954-3007/07 $30.00 www.nature.com/ejcn REVIEW Pharmacogenomics and nutrigenomics: synergies and differences D Ghosh, MA Skinner and WA Laing The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand The success of the Human Genome Project and the spectacular development of broad genomics tools have catalyzed a new era in both medicine and nutrition. The terms pharmacogenomics and nutrigenomics are relatively new. Both have grown out of their genetic forbears as large-scale genomics technologies have been developed in the last decade. The aim of both disciplines is to individualize or personalize medicine and food and nutrition, and ultimately health, by tailoring the drug or the food to the individual genotype. This review article provides an overview of synergies and differences between these two potentially powerful science areas. Individual genetic variation is the common factor on which both pharmacogenomics and nutrigenomics are based. Each human is genetically (including epigenetics) unique and phenotypically distinct. One of the expectations of both technologies is that a wide range of gene variants and related single-nucleotide polymorphism will be identified as to their importance in health status, validated and incorporated into genotype based strategies for the optimization of health and the prevention of disease. Pharmacogenomics requires rigorous genomic testing that will be regulated and analyzed by professionals and acted on by medical practitioners. As further information is obtained on the importance of the interaction of food and the human genotype in disease prevention and health, pharmacogenomics can provide an opportunity driver for nutrigenomics. As we move from disease treatment to disease prevention, the two disciplines will become more closely aligned. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2007) 61, 567–574. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602590; published online 10 January 2007 Keywords: bioethics; drugs; food; nutrigenomics; pharmacogenomics Introduction new, being first found in the medical literature in the late 1990s. The related term pharmacogenetics was used in the The success of the Human Genome Project and the powerful 1950s (Motulsky, 2002). This early use of the concept is not tools of molecular biology have ushered in a new era in surprising as it was observed from the start that there is a both medicine and nutrition. The pharmaceutical industry genetic basis to the differences in the way people respond to expects to leverage sequence data from the Human Genome drugs. A recent example of a pharmacogenetics medicine is Project to develop new drugs based on knowledge of drug the targeting of BiDil (Taylor et al., 2004), used for treatment targets, taking into account variation in the genetic makeup of heart failure, towards black African Americans, although of individuals. Likewise, the food industry now has an in this case the use of race as a surrogate for genetics is opportunity to position food and nutritional bioactives to debatable. Genetic variation within and between pheno- promote health and prevent disease based on the genetic typically identified populations is relevant to the provision makeup of the individual consumer. of genetic services and population screening. For example, The term pharmacogenomics (Motulsky, 2002; Steele, social group membership can be used clinically as a surrogate 2005; Eichelbaum et al., 2006; Kalow, 2006) is relatively for a high risk of a particular genetic variation in the case of people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, a population with a high familial risk of breast cancer. However, in general, in such screening programmes, treatment on the basis of self- Correspondence: Dr D Ghosh, Health and Food, The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd, PB 92169, Auckland 1003, New identification is unlikely to be an effective strategy (Bamshad Zealand. et al., 2004; Duster, 2005). In addition, this kind of race and E-mail: [email protected] ethnicity classification for medical treatment can lead to Guarantor: WA Laing. discrimination (Richards, 2006). Contributors: All contributors made an equal contribution. Received 12 April 2006; revised 30 October 2006; accepted 2 November Pharmacogenomics can be described as an approach to 2006; published online 10 January 2007 pharmacology that takes into account the genotype of the Pharmacogenomics and nutrigenomics D Ghosh et al 568 patient (Motulsky, 2002; Guo et al., 2005; Steele, 2005; individual’s genome is ever important in the response to any Eichelbaum et al., 2006; Kalow, 2006; Phillips and Van biologically active substance, such as drugs and nutrients, Bebber, 2006). It uses genomic techniques to study drug and that both fields will benefit greatly by understanding the functionality and discover new drug targets, genetically other areas. based high throughput screens to discover new drugs and large-scale genotyping to characterize and analyze the research and treatment populations. Thus, pharmaco- Background to individualized medicine and food genomics uses genotyping to screen populations in order to determine which drugs would work best in human Inter-individual variation in drug response among patients is subpopulations in curing or preventing a disease, as well as well known and poses a serious problem in medicine. There using various genomic technologies (e.g. gene expression) to is a need for rapid and simple methods to discriminate understand how the drug is interacting with the genotype. between patients on the basis of their response to a drug. The older term pharmacogenetics differs from pharmaco- There are no biomarkers at present that can predict which genomics only in the technologies used and in the breadth group of patients will or will not respond positively and of scope of the genes studied. which will experience adverse reactions for the same Nutrigenomics or nutritional genomics (Muller and medication and dose (Shastry, 2006). Physicians have to Kersten, 2003; Trayhurn, 2003; Kaput and Rodriguez, 2004; optimize a dosage regimen for an individual patient by a Labadarios and Meguid, 2004; Ordovas and Mooser, 2004; trial-and-error method. This kind of approach may cause van Ommen, 2004; Corthesy-Theulaz et al., 2005; Kauwell, adverse drug reactions in some patients. In more than two 2005; Mutch et al., 2005; Ferguson, 2006; Ordovas, 2006) million cases annually in the US, adverse reactions, includ- appears to be a 21st century term, with few references before ing 100 000 deaths (Lazarou et al., 1998; Daniel et al., 2006) the year 2000, although the term nutritional genomics was have been reported to occur. Similarly, according to a used in 1999 to refer to using plant genomics to improve the German study, about 6% of adverse drug reactions are nutritional quality of plants (Della Penna, 1999). Of course, attributed to new hospital admissions (Dormann et al., nutritional genetics, the study of the interaction of nutrition 2004). This inter-individual variability in drug response with human genotypes, is a much older term (Ordovas and could be because of multiple factors such as disease Mooser, 2004). Nutrigenomics is an approach to nutrition determinants, environmental factors and genetic based and human health that takes into account and studies the variability in drug target response (pharmacodynamic re- effect of genetic differences in human response to foods. It sponse) and metabolism or idiosyncratic responses. These also uses technologies from genomics and other related areas factors affect drug absorption, distribution, action, metabo- to study how food has an impact on gene expression, lism and excretion and have a strong genotype basis (Zheng biochemistry, metabolism and promotion of health (Elliott et al., 2004). An understanding of the variability in efficacy and Ong, 2002; Stover, 2006). The use of -omics research to and toxicity of the same doses of medications in the human analyze the influence of nutrients on human health is thus population, therefore, may provide safer and more efficient based on two observations: (1) the nutritional environment drug therapy. modifies the expression of genes, and (2) depending upon It is now clear that nutrients also effect metabolism by the genotype of an individual, the metabolism of nutrients exerting their effects at various genetic levels of biological may vary and ultimately result in a different health status complexity, such as gene transcription, RNA processing, (Corthesy-Theulaz et al., 2005). Thus, nutrigenomics treats mRNA stability and post-translational modifications (Young, food as a major environmental factor in the genetics– 2002) as well as their direct effects on cell metabolism. environment interaction. In parallel with the pharmaco- Nutritional requirements vary between different physiologi- genetics/-genomics split, the extension from nutritional cal groups, including age and gender and also among genetics to nutrigenomics thus lies in the use of genomics apparently similar individuals. Various genetic polymorph- technologies. Like pharmacogenomics, nutrigenomics also isms of importance to nutrition have been identified, for includes the study of the effect of dietary compounds on example folate metabolism, iron homeostasis, bone health, gene expression as a tool to understand how a nutrigenomic lipid metabolism, immune function, phenylketonuria and food acts on
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Factors Determining the Integration of Nutritional Genomics Into Clinical Practice by Registered Dietitians
    Trends in Food Science & Technology 59 (2017) 139e147 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Trends in Food Science & Technology journal homepage: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/trends-in-food-science- and-technology Review Factors determining the integration of nutritional genomics into clinical practice by registered dietitians * Mariette€ Abrahams a, Lynn J. Frewer b, Eleanor Bryant a, Barbara Stewart-Knox a, a Division of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Bradford, UK b School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, UK article info abstract Article history: Background: Personalized nutrition has the potential to improve health, prevent disease and reduce Received 17 October 2015 healthcare expenditure. Whilst research hints at positive consumer attitudes towards personalized Received in revised form nutrition that draws upon lifestyle, phenotypic and genotypic data, little is known about the degree to 2 November 2016 which registered dietitians (RD) are engaged in the delivery of such services. This review sought to Accepted 16 November 2016 determine possible factors associated with the integration of the emerging science of Nutritional Ge- Available online 24 November 2016 nomics (NGx) into the clinical practice setting by practicing registered dietitians. Scope: Search of online databases (Pubmed; National Library of Medicine; Cochrane Library; Ovid Keywords: Dietitians Medline) was conducted on material published from January 2000 to December 2014. Studies that Nutritional genomics sampled practicing dietitians and investigated integration or application of NGx and genetics knowledge Involvement into practice were eligible. Articles were assessed according to the American Dietetic Association Quality Personalized nutrition Criteria Checklist. Key findings: Application of nutritional genomics in practice has been limited.
    [Show full text]
  • (Nutrigenomics) “NTGE 2422” Level II Human Nutrition Mutayomba Sylvestre
    NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS (Nutrigenomics) “NTGE 2422” Level II Human nutrition Mutayomba Sylvestre Nutritional Genomics for Human Nutrition 6/18/2019 1 Level II (CUR) SUBJECT UNIT 1. Genetics variability 2. Nutrition and gene Nutritional Genomics for Human Nutrition 6/18/2019 2 Level II (CUR) GROUP ASSIGNMENTS 1. Preventive medicine and personalized diet 2. Metabolic syndrome 3. Genetics influence on cancer prevention. 4. Environmental influence on cancer prevention. Nutritional Genomics for Human Nutrition 6/18/2019 3 Level II (CUR) INTRODUCTION The link between food and health is a long and a well documented one. With over 24,000 people worldwide dying from hunger each day and obesity reaching epidemic proportions in developed counties, the consequences of too little or too much food are easily seen. People no longer view food as merely a source of calories but rather as a complex mixture of dietary chemicals, some of which are capable of preventing, mitigating, or treating disease. With the sequencing of the human genome, a new genetic dimension has been added to the equation linking the foods we eat to the good health we all hope to enjoy. We bring two things to the dinner table: our appetite and our genotype. Nutritional Genomics for Human Nutrition 6/18/2019 4 Level II (CUR) Genetic diversity makes each of us uniquely different, we are also beginning to understand why we respond to our nutritional environment differently and how these differences can, over time, lead to health or disease. Genomic analysis reveals that humans are 99.9% identical at the DNA level. This implies that the remaining 0.1% of the human genome (or about three million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) is responsible for all the morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular differences between any two individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Sports Dietitians' Knowledge and Perception of Nutritional Genomics
    SPORTS DIETITIANS’ KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION OF NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS AND THE ENHANCEMENT OF ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE A thesis submitted to the Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Masters of Science By Christopher S. Cooper August 2015 A thesis written by Christopher Samiá Cooper B.S., Howard University, 2004 M.S., Kent State University, 2015 Approved by _________________________, Director, Master’s Thesis Committee Amy Miracle _________________________, Member, Master’s Thesis Committee Karen Lowry Gordon _________________________, Member, Master’s Thesis Committee Natalie Caine-Bish Accepted by _________________________, Director, School of Health Sciences Lynne E. Rowan _________________________, Interim Dean, College of Education, Health and Human Mark Kretovics Services ii COOPER, CHRISTOPHER S., M.S., August 2015 Nutrition SPORTS DIETITIANS’ KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION OF NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS AND THE ENHANCEMENT OF ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE (96 pp.) Director of Thesis: Amy Miracle, Ph.D., R.D., C.S.S.D., L.D. The purpose of this study was to investigate sports dietitians’ knowledge of nutritional genomics and their perceptions of nutritional genomics for enhancing athletic performance. The study was an online voluntary response sampling of Registered Dietitians (n=6219) from the membership database of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND). Participants completed a questionnaire composed of 3 sections designed to investigate: (1) Demographics; (2) Knowledge of genetics and diet-gene interactions; (3) Perceptions of nutritional genomics for enhancing athletic performance. For statistical analysis, participant demographic characteristics were used to differentiate between Sports Dietitians (SRDs) and Non-Sports Dietitians (NSRDs). Results of the study indicate that Total Knowledge Scores (TKS) among SRDs were significantly greater than NSRDs; however, there were only six knowledge questions to which >50% of the participants answered correctly.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrigenomics and Nutritional Epigenetics – the State of the Science in Academia
    Nutrigenomics and Nutritional Epigenetics – The State of the Science in Academia THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kimberly Coile Grosh Graduate Program in Human Ecology The Ohio State University 2011 Master's Examination Committee: Lydia Medeiros, Advisor Amanda Bird Copyrighted by Kimberly Coile Grosh 2011 Abstract Nutrigenomics and epigenetics are not yet independent professional degrees in American graduate academia. Further, where in professional science this union between environmental and genetic regulation of health and disease state belongs isn't well characterized. The objectives of this study were to determine which American colleges or universities are training and researching in nutrigenomics and epigenetics, and what might characterize the successful training and research for professional development of such academic fields. We hypothesized that schools with strong supportive academics and funding would be the most likely to train and research in nutrigenomics and epigenetics. To test this hypothesis an internet survey of government-supported databases was conducted to determine which schools were producing the most graduates and receiving the most funding in supportive academics and research. An online questionnaire was then sent to academic and/or research program directors of nutrition, genetics, or related departments to directly measure the presence of, characteristics of, and perspectives on nutrigenomics and epigenetics in academic science. There was a general consensus found for the terminology of nutrigenomics and epigenetics, and for the relevance of nutrigenomics across science disciplines. At least 40% of schools offering doctoral degrees in nutrition and/or genetics have three or more supporting ii academics or funding fields in the 25th percentile for that field, and approximately 22% have both.
    [Show full text]
  • Diet, Genetics, and Disease: a Focus on the Middle East and North Africa Region
    Diet, Genetics, and Disease: A Focus on the Middle East and North Africa Region The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Fahed, Akl C., Abdul-Karim M. El-Hage-Sleiman, Theresa I. Farhat, and Georges M. Nemer. 2012. Diet, genetics, and disease: A focus on the Middle East and North Africa region. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2012:109037. Published Version doi:10.1155/2012/109037 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:10345148 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism Volume 2012, Article ID 109037, 19 pages doi:10.1155/2012/109037 Review Article Diet, Genetics, and Disease: A Focus on the Middle East and North Africa Region Akl C. Fahed,1 Abdul-Karim M. El-Hage-Sleiman,2 Theresa I. Farhat,2 and Georges M. Nemer2 1 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon Correspondence should be addressed to Georges M. Nemer, [email protected] Received 31 August 2011; Accepted 27 November 2011 Academic Editor: Hamed R. Takruri Copyright © 2012 Akl C. Fahed et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrigenomics: a Systems Approach to Cardiometabolic Disease and Personal Nutrition
    Journal of Investigative Genomics Mini review Open Access Nutrigenomics: a systems approach to cardiometabolic disease and personal nutrition Abbreviations: GWAS, genome-wide association studies; Volume 2 Issue 5 - 2015 CVD, cardiovascular disease; TNH-CS, toronto nutrigenomics and health cross-sectional; HC, hormonal contraceptives; LA, linoleic Joseph Curtis acid; TFA, trans fatty acids Cascade Biotherapeutics Inc., USA Correspondence: Joseph Curtis, CEO President, Cascade Introduction Biotherapeutics, Inc., USA, Tel 2023601252, Nutritional genomics or nutrigenomics is the study of how dietary Email [email protected], [email protected] molecules interact with the genetic architecture of a species governing Received: May 14, 2015 | Published: October 14, 2015 the metabolic pathways contributing to the health of a population. The study of nutrigenomics contributes to our understanding of how diet and lifestyle effects the distribution of diseases under the influence of diet-genetic interactions. Nutrigenomic investigations combine’s insights generated from the meta-analysis of population-based ensure the quality and integrity of health communications translating studies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), gene expression the value of nutrigenomic information to individuals making choices assays, lipidomics, metabolomics, metagenomics and proteomics to to support health and wellness. examine how the combination of genetic polymorphisms, diet, age, sex, ethnicity and lifestyle contribute to health and influence disease. Nutrigenomic biomarkers, fatty acid metabolism and Nutrigenomics at its core is a systems approach to the study of cardiovascular disease across populations metabolic heterogeneity. Under certain conditions, the human genome A considerable amount of progress has been made in understanding displays a level of plasticity that is just now being understood. the linkage between lifestyle and CVD.
    [Show full text]
  • PLATFORM ABSTRACTS Abstract Abstract Numbers Numbers Tuesday 31 Advances and References in Genomic Technology Room 210 #196–#204 2
    American Society of Human Genetics 63rd Annual Meeting October 22–26, 2013 Boston PLATFORM ABSTRACTS Abstract Abstract Numbers Numbers Tuesday 31 Advances and References in Genomic Technology Room 210 #196–#204 2. Plenary Abstract Presentations Hall B2 #1–#6 32 Genetic Testing for Neurodevelopmental Disease: Wednesday Genotype: Phenotype Challenges Room 205 #205–#213 2:00pm–4:15pm: Concurrent Platform Session A (10–18): 33 Gene Regulation—At a Multitude of 10. Which Comes First: The Sequence or Levels Room 253 #214–#222 the Biology? Hall B2 #7–#15 34 Cardiovascular Genetics: Exome 11 The Shifting Landscape of Genetic Sequencing and Animal Models Room 258 #223–#231 Testing: Approaches and Success 35 Genomic Medicine: Counseling, Stories Grand Education and Health Services Westin Hotel, Ballroom East #16–#24 Grand 12 Methods in Statistical Genetics Grand Ballroom AB #232–#240 Ballroom West #25–#33 36 Biochemical and Clinical 13 Genetic Variation in Gene Expression Room 210 #34–#42 Consequences of Mitochondrial 14 Cancer Epidemiology: New Loci and Dysfunction Westin Hotel, Methods Room 205 #43–#51 Grand 15 Psychiatric Disease: GWAS to Genes Room 253 #52–#60 Ballroom CDE #241–#249 16 Expanding Knowledge of Mendelian Disorders: Genes, Phenotypes & Friday Treatment Room 258 #61–#69 8:00am–10:15am:oncurrent Platform Session D (45–53): 17 Structural;shCopy Number Variation 45 Mo' Data, Mo' Problems? Hall B2 #250–#258 and Disease Westin Hotel, 46 Cancer Genomics Grand Grand Ballroom East #259–#267 Ballroom AB #70–#78 47 Demography In and Out of
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition and Genomics
    Allison SP, Go VLW (eds): Metabolic Issues of Clinical Nutrition. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series Clinical & Performance Program, vol 9, pp 243–263, Nestec Ltd., Vevey/S. Karger AG, Basel, © 2004. Nutrition and Genomics Bruce Germana,b and Vernon R. Youngc aNestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland; bUniversity of California, Davis, Calif., and cMassachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., USA Introduction The decoding of the human genome is already being heralded as one of science’s greatest achievements and is viewed as the point of departure for the next generation of life science research to understand human health and cure human disease [1]. However, genomics as a scientific endeavor is not simply the list of nucleotides in the genomes of humans and various other organisms. This new field is bringing a new knowledge base on genes, their functions and regulation. This is promoted by new, multiple and truly remark- able biomolecule-based analytical technologies that are capable of interro- gating the functioning of living organisms with a breadth and depth not previously imagined. Additionally, computer-based technologies are spawning an entirely new computation discipline directed towards the mining of biological databases, termed bioinformatics. The various scientific disciplines that seek to develop cures for human diseases are already fully engaged in genomic research. Nutrition, with its goals to improve human health and prevent disease, stands to achieve tremendous advances during this post-genome era. Nutrition enjoyed conspicuous suc- cess during the first half of the 20th century, establishing all the major essen- tial nutrients – the vitamins, minerals, amino acids and fatty acids – that are necessary for growth, development and reproduction.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutritional Genomics Explainer July 2021
    Nutritional genomics Nutrients in our diet affect how our bodies function and our overall health. Components of a diet can influence how genes are switched on and off, whilst genetic variation between individuals can mean that these responses vary from person to person. Better understanding of these processes could potentially allow more effective and personalised approaches to diet and nutrition. What is it? How could it help? Ready for patients? Nutritional genomics research can Examples of potential utility are: Whilst some genetic variants take two different formats, often Risk assessment clearly cause specific, often rare, complementing each other. health conditions, genetic analysis Obesity prevention strategies is still not always necessary to Nutrigenomics assesses could focus on people at higher make a diagnosis. how nutrition affects genome genetic risk, such as carriers of regulation. a common variant in the APOA2 For common complex conditions, gene who have increased obesity such as obesity and many Nutrigenetics investigates specific risk when they eat high amounts cancers, in which multiple factors genetic variants that regulate of saturated fat. play a part, the likely impact of nutritional processes. nutritional genomic analysis is Personalising health advice Genomics and other ‘omics’ unclear. It is far from certain that Using genome analysis along technologies can be used along nutritional interventions based with other biomarkers could with measures of food intake on genetic information have any help identify the most suitable and phenotypic, clinical and impact on population or individual meal types for people with type behavioural data to identify genes health. When it comes to what we 2 diabetes, whose blood sugar and genetic responses linked to eat, social cultural and emotional levels respond differently to nutrition.
    [Show full text]
  • Proteomics at the Center of Nutrigenomics: Comprehensive Molecular Understanding of Dietary Health Effects
    Nutrition 25 (2009) 1085–1093 www.nutritionjrnl.com Review Proteomics at the center of nutrigenomics: Comprehensive molecular understanding of dietary health effects Martin Kussmann, Ph.D.* and Michael Affolter, Ph.D. Functional Genomics Group, Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Nestle´Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland Manuscript received May 29, 2009; accepted May 31, 2009. Abstract Apart from the air we breathe, food is the only physical matter we take into our body during our life. Nutrition exhibits therefore the most important life-long environmental impact on human health. Food components interact with our body at system, organ, cellular, and molecular levels. These dietary com- ponents come in complex mixtures, in which not only the presence and concentrations of a single com- pound but also interactions of multiple compounds determine ingredient bioavailability and bioefficacy. Modern nutritional and health research focuses on promoting health, preventing or delay- ing the onset of disease, and optimizing performance. Deciphering the molecular interplay between food and health requires therefore holistic approaches because nutritional improvement of certain health aspects must not be compromised by deterioration of others. In other words, in nutrition, we have to get everything right. Proteomics is a central platform in nutrigenomics that describes how our genome expresses itself as a response to diet. Nutrigenetics deals with our genetic predisposition and susceptibility toward diet and helps stratify subject cohorts and discern responders from non-responders. Epigenetics represent DNA sequence-unrelated biochemical modifications of DNA itself and DNA-binding proteins and appears to provide a format for life-long or even transgeneration imprinting of metabolism. Proteomics in nutrition can identify and quantify bioactive proteins and peptides and addresses questions of nutritional bioefficacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Meta-Analysis of Genes in Commercially Available Nutrigenomic Tests Denotes Lack of Association with Dietary Intake and Nutrient-Related Pathologies
    Meta-analysis of genes in commercially available nutrigenomic tests denotes lack of association with dietary intake and nutrient-related pathologies Cristiana Pavlidis 1, Zoi Lanara 1,2, Angeliki Balasopoulou 1, Jean-Christophe Nebel 3, Theodora Katsila 1, George P. Patrinos 1,* 1 University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Patras, Greece 2 University of Trieste, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Trieste, Italy 3 Kingston University, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, School of Computing and Information Systems, London, UK * Corresponding author at: University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University Campus, Rion, GR-265 04, Patras, Greece Telephone: +30-2610962339, Fax: +30-2610969955; Email: [email protected] Authors email addresses: Cristiana Pavlidis: [email protected] Zoi Lanara: [email protected] Angeliki Balasopoulou: [email protected] Jean-Christophe Nebel: [email protected] Theodora Katsila: [email protected] George P. Patrinos: [email protected] Abstract Nutrigenomics is an emerging discipline that aims to investigate how individual genetic composition correlates with dietary intake as well as how nutrition influences gene expression. Herein, the fundamental question relates to the value of nutrigenomics testing on the basis of the currently available scientific evidence. A thorough literature search has been conducted in PubMed scientific literature database for nutrigenomics research studies on 38 genes included in nutrigenomics tests provided by various private genetic testing laboratories. Data were subsequently meta-analysed to identify possible associations between the genes of interest and dietary intake and/or nutrient-related pathologies. Data analysis occurred according to four different models due to data sparsity and inconsistency.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomics and Proteomics: Importance for the Future of Nutrition Research
    Downloaded from British Journal of Nutrition (2002), 87, Suppl. 2, S305–S311 DOI: 10.1079/BJN/2002554 q The Author 2002 https://www.cambridge.org/core Genomics and proteomics: importance for the future of nutrition research H. Daniel* . IP address: Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Nutrition, Technical University of Munich, Hochfeldweg 2, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany 170.106.202.226 A huge number of genes within the human genome code for proteins that mediate and/or con- trol nutritional processes. Although a large body of information on the number of genes, on chromosomal localisation, gene structure and function has been gathered, we are far from , on understanding the orchestrated way of how they make metabolism. Nevertheless, based on 27 Sep 2021 at 11:04:40 the genetic information emerging on a daily basis, we are offered fantastic new tools that allow us new insights into the molecular basis of human metabolism under normal as well as pathophysiological conditions. Recent technological advancements have made it possible to analyse simultaneously large sets of mRNA and/or proteins expressed in a biological sample or to define genetic heterogeneity that may be important for the individual response of an organism to changes in its nutritional environment. Applications of the new techniques , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at of genome and proteome analysis are central for the development of nutritional sciences in the next decade and its integration into the rapidly developing era of functional genomics. Genome: Proteome: Nutrition research Introduction transcriptomics — also called expression profiling — assesses in a biological sample the mRNA-levels of a Human metabolism is mainly the expression of a steady few or up to a several thousand genes simultaneously state in the biosynthesis and degradation of proteins (turn and this is mainly done by DNA-hybridisation arrays over) that function either as enzymes, receptors, transpor- (Celis et al.
    [Show full text]