Ethnobotanical Studies on Wild Edible Fruits in Southern Yunnan: Folk Names; Nutritional Value and Uses 1

ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES ON WILD EDIBLE FRUITS IN SOUTHERN YUNNAN: FOLK NAMES; NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND USES 1

CHEN JIN, SU YIN-CHUN, CHEN GuI-QrN, AND WANG WEN-DUN

Chen Jin; Su Yin-Chun, Chen Gui-Qin, and Wang Wen-Dun (Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla County, Yunnan Province 666303, the People's Republic of China). ETHNOBOTANICALSTUDIES ON WILDEDIBLE FRUITS IN SOUTHERN YUNNAN: FOLK NAMES; NUTRITIONALVALUE AND USES. Economic Botany 53(1):2-14, 1999. The climate of Yunnan province ranges from humid tropical to subtropical. Wild edible fruits form an important dietary component of the ethnic groups in the south of Yunnan Province, which is famous for its rich diversity in both biological resources and ethnic culture, and A list of 123 different fruits is presented, which includes the folk names used by Dai, Hani, Bulang, Jinuo, and others; distribution; uses and the nutritional contents of 52 different species (edible part percentage, moisture, total sugar, titratable acid, vitamin C, crude fat, crude fiber, starch, and soluble tannin).

ETHNOBOTANISCHE STUDIEN (IBER NATIVE, EI~BARE FROCHTE IM SUDLICHEN YUNNAN: NAMEN DER LOKALEN BEV()LKERUNG; WERT FUR DIE ERN,g,HRUNG UND IHR NUTZEN. Dieses Papier behandelt die wilden, eflbaren Friichte, welche yon den ethnischen Gruppen im Siiden der Yunnan Provinz genutzt werden. Diese Region in China ist gut bekannt fiir ihre hohe Diversitiit in den Bereichen biologische Ressourcen und ethnologische Kultur. Das Klima variiert yon tropisch humid bis subtropisch. Es wird ein Liste mit 123 verschiedenen Friichten vorgestellt, welche die Namen der lokalen Bev61kerung beinhaltet (wie die der Dai, Hanim, Bulang, Jinuo etc.), ebenso Ver- teilung und Gebrauchsart. Auflerdem werden zu 52 Arten Angaben iiber die ern?ihrungsphy- siologischen Zusammensetzung gemacht (eflbarer Teil in Gewichtsprozent, Wassergehalt, Zuck- ergehalt, tritierbare Siiuren, Vitamin C-Gehalt, Fettgehalt, Ballaststoffgehalt, Stiirkegehalt, lOs- licher Tanningehalt). Key Words: China; southern Yunnan; wild edible fruits; ethnobany; nutritional contents.

Southern Yunnan is situated on the great China's richest diversity in biological resources southward slope of the Qingzang (Tibet) Pla- as well. The total area is about 80 000 km2; it teau, the roof of the world, near to both the In- makes up only about 1/120 of the whole coun- dian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. In the sum- try, but possesses about one fourth of the flora mer time the southwest monsoon brings plentiful of China, i.e., about 7500 vascular plants in- moisture into this region, while in winter the cluding about 6000 native species (Xu 1987). high mountain ranges and plateau in the north- The tropics of Yunnan is also famous for its ern part keep away the cold currents. So the cli- very rich diversity of ethnic groups. More than mate in this area is tropical and subtropical, 20 different groups live in this area, of which characterized by moist warm winters, and heat about nine are known to have inhabited this area and water resources favorable for the evolution since ancient time (Ma 1983). Different groups and development of tropical forest. Southern have gathered medicinal herbs, fruits, vegeta- Yunnan has long been ranked as "the green is- bles, and the like from the forests and have ac- land in the desert belt around the tropic of Can- cumulated rich indigenous knowledge of the for- cer," and is the only place where large-scale est. original tropical forests still exist in China. It has Ethnobotanical studies in this area have been carried on since the 1960s (Pei 1982), as have ~Received 2 May 1996; resubmitted; accepted 14 studies on ethnoecology (Pei 1985), ethnotax- April 1998. onomy (Xu and Huang 1991) and indigenous

Economic Botany 53(1) pp. 2-14. 1999 1999 by The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, NY 10458-5126 U.S.A. 1999] JIN ET AL.: WILD FRUITS IN YUNNAN 3 medicine (Zhau and Zhou 1985). Wild edible METHODS fruits consumed by local people, in comparison, Field trips were conducted during 1989-1992. have been in somewhat neglected. The major Xishuangbanna were selected for more detailed aim of our study is to try to provide information treatment. A total of 15 trips, 7-10 days each on this aspect. time, has been carried out. During two trips for southeast and southwest parts of the area, 20- STUDY AREA 25 days each, we sampled several sites around Bordered by Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar, the natural reserves. Interviews with reliable villag- south of Yunnan covers 20% of total area of ers, local market observation, and plant material Yunnan province and is 90% mountainous (Xu collection have been carried out during the field 1987). trips. Typically, we invited 2-3 villagers, con- The climate in South Yunnan varies according sidered to be the most knowledgeable on local to altitude and landform. The mean annual tem- plant uses to conduct transect walks in both orig- perature varies from 16.0~ to 22.0~ decreas- inal forest and secondary forest surrounding ing by 0.5-0.7~ for each 100 m above sea level their village. During these walks ethnobotanical (Chen 1983). Rainfall in southern Yunnan is information was recorded for edible wild fruits. plentiful, varying from 1200 mm to 1800 mm, Folk names were carefully recorded during tran- while in some dry hot valleys lower than 1000 sect walks and afterwards tested in several dif- mm, and on the tops of some mountains, higher ferent sites to make sure these folk names are than 2500 mm. With the strong influence of the most commonly used by the local people. The monsoon the rainy season is from mid-May to pronunciation of the folk names were recorded October; the remaining period of the year is the based on Chinese phonetic alphabet although dry season. sometimes it was difficult to record the pronun- About 18% of the area is covered by natural ciation accurately. Samples of ripe fruits were forest (Xu 1987). The major vegetation types in analyzed in the shortest time possible, generally southern Yunnan are tropical forest and subtrop- within one week. Voucher specimens were kept ical forest. The tropical forest includes three in the herbarium in Xishuangbanna Tropical Bo- sub-types, i.e., tropical rain forest, tropical mon- tanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sci- soon forest and tropical savanna woody forma- ences. tions. The subtropical forest includes evergreen The methods used in the fruit analysis are as broad-leaved forest and subtropical savanna follows. The moisture content was determined woody formations (Wu 1983; Xu 1996). The by oven-drying the samples at 105~ until con- tropical and subtropical savanna woody forma- stant weight was reached (Huang 1979:11-12). tions mostly occur in the dry-hot valleys along The total content of sugars was determined by rivers that are excluded in our study. The trop- using the potassium ferricyanide titration meth- ical rainforest in this area has conspicuous char- od (Huang 1979:30-32). The total content of ti- acters of margin of tropical southeastern Asian tratable acid (free fatty acid) was determined by flora (Zhu 1994). using the Na2OH3 titration method (Cai and Ethnic groups in this area, long ettled in the Yuan 1982:29). The content of (ascorbic acid) area include the Yi, Hani, Zhuang, Dai, Wa, was measured by employing the 2,6-dichloro- Lahu, Jingpo, Bulang, Jinuo and others. The Wa indophenol titration method (Wang 1988:192- and Bulang belong to the Austro-Asiatic lan- 193). The soluble tannin was determined using guage phylum the others belong to the Sino-Ti- the following procedure: The hot water (80~ betan phylum (Ma 1983). Most of the local peo- extract of the samples was mixed with an aliquot ples in this area are distributed over large parts of Folir-Denis reagent solution (a mixture of of Indo-China and across political boundaries. Na2WOa.2H20 + H3PO4.12MoO3.xH20 + H3PO4). For example, Dai people in Xishuangbanna are The blue color which developed in the alkaline the Tai in Thailand and Laos, Shan and Khun in conditions (with the presence of Na2CO3) was north-east Myanmar, and also Tho and Nung in spectrometrically determined at 760~m (Yan northern Vietnam; the Hani(Aini) in this area are and Wang 1982:539-540). The cellulose content also to be found in North Thailand as Akha and was quantified by determining the ash-free dry in Laos as Iko (Apel 1996). weight of the residues after treating the samples 4 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 53 with 1.25% (W/V) of H2SO4 and 1.25% (W/V) FACTORS IN FRUIT SELECTION of NaOH (Yan and Wang 1982, p.335-337). The Vegetation Types and Botanical Aspects determination of total starch content followed the procedure (acid hydrolysis method) as de- The most frequently used families of wild scribed by Wang (1988). Crude fatty acid was fruits are Rosaceae (10 spp.), Moraceae (9 spp.), determined by using the Soxhlet-extraction Anacardiaceae (7 spp.), Myrtaceae (6 spp.), Gut- method (Huang 1979: 28-30). tiferae (6 spp.). The most frequently used genera are Ficus (7 spp.), Garcinia (6 spp.), Syzygium RESULTS (5 spp.), Elaeocarpus (3 spp.), Rubus (3 spp.), A total of 123 species (52 families and 82 Mangifera (3 spp.), Capparis (3 spp.) and Cal- genera) with edible fruits used by inhabitants in amus (3 spp.). southern Yunnan have been recorded. Ethnobo- About 103 species come from the original for- tanical data listed in Appendix 1 includs botan- est, i.e., 83.7% of the total 123 species, and 48 ical names, folk names, distribution, uses. Table species or 39.0%, come from secondary forests, 1 shows the nutritional value of 52 different fruit including 28 fruits belonging to both vegetation species. Entries in Appendix 1 and Table 1 are types. Among the three major vegetation types, listed alphabetically by family (gymnosperms at subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest is the the end), and then alphabetically by genera and most frequently used type, followed by tropical by species within a given family. monsoon forest, and then tropical rainforest; percentages are 36.6%, 31.7% and 16.3% re- METHODS AND SIGNIFICANCEOF FRUIT USE spectively. Several methods of fruit use have been recorded, i.e., eaten raw; fruit salted before eating; Ethnic Groups fruit eaten mixed with seasoning such as salt, Different ethnic groups consume wild fruits chili; fruit boiled before eating; and, used to differently in both species and quantity, because make soup. One hundred nine species of fruits of their different environments and levels of ag- (88.6% of the total recorded) are used without ricultural productivity. The total number of wild cooking. Nine species are used after salting, sev- fruits used by the ethnic groups living in basins en are eaten mixed seasoning, nine are boiled, such as Dai, Zhuang, is comparatively less than seven are used for preparing soup and 16 are by the other ethnic groups in mountains; how- used in more than one way (Appendix 1). ever, the number of fruits, which is intensively We recognize four different degrees of use in- used, is in a contrary case. Table 2 compares the tensity on the field surveys (Appendix 1). Sev- number and significance of wild fruits between enty-three species of the total 123 (59.4%) of Dai and Hani in Xishuangbanna. The Dai people fruits are used only in famine time or by chil- use 50 native fruit species. Another nine species dren or randomly by hunters, 22 species (17.9%) (18%) are introduced and cultivated in their are consumed systematically, often gathered during harvest season for family consumption. homegardens and another nine species are inten- Seventeen species (13.8%) are most frequently sively used and sold in the local market. How- consumed by local people and sold in local mar- ever, Hani people in Xishuangbanna cultivate ket. Eleven species (8.9%) (Mangifera indica, only three species (3% of total) and 7 species Oroxylum indicum, Spondias pinnata, Canarium (or 7%) are used intensively among the 100 wild album, Elaeagnus conferta, Flacourtia indica, fruits used. One reason for this difference is that Baccaurea ramiflora, Ficus auriculata, Calamus the Dai people have been in fixed settlements sp., Ziziphus mauritiana, Solanum nigrum [see for centuries in this area, and their homegardens Appendix 1]) have been introduced and are cul- are their major sources of fresh fruits and the tivated in farmers' homegardens. Based on the place for wild fruit introduction (Yu et al. 1985). classifications of wild food suggested and de- Other mountain ethnic groups such as Hani, had fined by Groombridge and Jenkins (1996) as no fixed living places until the beginning of the hunger foods, staple wild foods and luxury wild twentieth century in this area (Editing Commit- foods, 73 species are hunger foods while 39 spe- tee of Books on Nationalities 1983), and depend cies are staples and 11 species are luxury foods. much upon gathering wild fruits from forests. 1999] JIN ET AL.: WILD FRUITS IN YUNNAN 5

Availability hunter-gatherers, rather, they are an essential The availability of wild fruits affects selection part of the diets of local agricultural people (Ku- to a certain extent. Eighty percent of the fruits nin and Lawton 1996). However, the influence used are common or occasional species, while of wild fruits collection upon people's dally life rare species make up 13%. The fact that no rare has been reduced with the introduction and cul- species have been cultivated and only 2 rare spe- tivation of cultivated fruits and the changes of cies (1.6% of total) are intensively used by local their living styles. people shows that the rarity of a species does Subsistence and gathering for the local market not induce local people to cultivate it. do not show obvious destructive effects upon wild fruit resources in this area. In some cases, Fruit Characters local people have cut trees or branches to reach Fruit characters such as taste, size, harvest pe- the fruits set at the top of tree canopy, however, riod, storability, etc. usually affect selection. For these activities cause little influence on the sus- the fruits used as periodic supplements to house- tainability of resources becasue of limited de- holds or even cash crops, acceptable taste is the mands. Some shifting cultivators in Xishuang- most important factor, although some of them banna have spared some wild fruit trees, such as need specific treatment before eating. For the Mangifera siamensis, Ficus semicordata, Docy- fruits consumed only in time of famine or as nia indica, Nephelium chryseum, Canarium al- children's snack, however, the harvest period bum, Spondias pinnata when clearing the land. usually is the dominant factor. Collection of However, the gathering for commercial purposes these fruits is tightly related to agricultural ac- on fruits of Nephelium chryseum, Canarium al- tivities. Storability of fruits usually affects the bum, and Phyllanthus emblica used for industri- fruits sold in local markets, and about 36.8% of al processing in recent years has cause obvious the species of fruits sold in local market are stor- destructive impact on natural resources in this able according to market investigations. Nutri- area although the quantitative data is still un- tional value of fruits can not be judged without available. analysis, however, the fact that most wild fruits cultivated by ethnic groups have comparatively DISCUSSION high nutritional value, especially in carbohydrate People in different areas use their local re- and vitamin C, needs further study. sources independently (Groombridge 1994). Arora R.K. (1993) reported that some similar LOCAL PEOPLE AND WILD FRUIT RESOURCES wild fruits such as, Elaeocarpus sp., Docynia The collection and consumption of wild fruits indica, Mangifera sp., Myrica esculenta, Spon- have played an important role in local people's dias pinnata, Elaeagnus sp., Ficus sp., Rubus sp. dally life. Wild fruits are usually used as an im- have been intensively used by tribes in north- portant supplement against starvation. In the east India. We also observed similar wild fruits process there has been substantial accumulation in local people's homegardens in northern Laos, of knowledge. Wild fruits have been important such as Baccaurea ramiflora, Docynia indica, sources of indispensable nutrients such as vita- Elaeagnus conferta, Ficus auriculata, F. semi- mins, minerals, and carbohydrates. Local people cordata, Flacourtia indica, Nephelium chry- obtained vitamin C, for example, mainly from seum, Phyllanthus emblica, Spondias pinnata, those most frequently used fruits, such as Phyl- Rubus sp., Solanum sp. lanthus emblica (694.88 mg/100 g), Spondias Modem science has yet to reach a compre- pinnata (93.94 mg/100 g), Ziziphus mauritiana hensive recognition of regional biodiversities, (61.40 mg/100 g), Diospyros kaki var. sylvestris especially in the tropics (Hawksworth and Kal- (59.15 mg/100 g), (31.61 mg/100 g), Mangifera in-Arroyo 1995; Tinker 1996). Verheij and Cor- indica (24.74 mg/100 g), M. siamensis (24.41 onel (1991) provide a comprehensive review of mg/100 g), Rubus niveus (19.88 mg/100 g), etc. edible fruits and nuts in South-east Asia with a Wild fruits have been used as cash sources, ex- total number of 795 species recorded (including changed for rice, salt and other goods needed, some introduced fruits), about 77 species or sold in local markets, and become an impor- (62.6%) and 26 genera (31.7%) listed in our pa- tant part of their economic income. So, the wild per are not included. Mugnozza (1996) estimates food plants are not the exclusive preserve of an untapped potential of about 3000 tropical ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 53

TABLE |. NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF 52 WILD FRUITS IN SOUTHERN YUNNAN.

Total Titra- Soluble Crude Crude Edible Moisture sutlzar table VitaminC tannin fiber Starch fat Botanical name part (%) (%) (%) acid (%) (mg/100 g) (%) (%) (%) (%) ACTINIDIACEAE Actinidia rubricaulis 100.0 78.80 3.03 0.63 12.82 1.38 0.73 2.31 0.14 A. umbelloides var. 100.0 91.00 0.63 0.98 3.77 0.31 0.66 1.52 0.25 flabellifolia ANACARDIACEAE Choerospondias ax- 64.40 84.60 3.34 4.21 12.46 0.22 0.63 1.67 0.86 illaris Mangifera indica 50.00 83.00 12.80 1.40 24.74 0.04 t 1.01 t M. siamensis 52.80 85.50 10.76 1.99 24.41 0.09 1.67 0.39 0.31 Spondias pinnata 68.80 81.30 3.30 3.18 93.94 / / 2.02 0.53 APOCYNACEAE Amalocalyx yunna- 68.40 88.00 1.80 4.43 3.38 0.51 t 1.15 0.72 nensis BURSERACEAE Canarium album 78.10 75.50 2.95 1.63 5.04 2.03 2.08 3.80 t CONNARACEAE Stantaloides roxbur- 85.20 86.00 8.40 0.81 11.94 0.51 t 0.64 t ghii CAPPARIDACEAE Capparis masaikai 12.30 68.70 3.27 0.48 16.98 0.21 4.30 3.13 / C. yunnanensis 34.40 70.40 16.20 0.14 25.35 0.17 2.00 2.63 0.40 CUCURBITACEAE Solana amplexicau- 100.0 / / 0.08 2.41 / / 0.75 / lis Trichosanthes villo- 100.0 15.72 0.14 4.28 0.04 1.10 3.37 t / sa DILLENIACEAE Dillenia indica 75.00 84.50 7.30 2.30 2.20 2.34 1.80 2.00 0.25 EBENACEAE Diospyros sp. 78.90 80.00 12.03 1.18 26.09 0.69 0.36 1.37 0.33 D. kaki var. sylves- 79.70 78.30 11.30 0.50 59.15 2.05 0.63 0.81 0.16 tris ELAEAGNACEAE Elaeagnus conferta 90.00 86.50 3.62 3.52 12.53 0.43 0.92 0.91 1.55 E. gonuanthes 90.10 87.50 6.03 2.57 7.17 0.19 0.52 0.76 0.75 ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus bra- 59.00 68.50 7.76 3.67 10.14 0.14 2.34 4.13 0.33 ceanus El. prunifolioides 62.60 59.00 12.93 1.64 2.02 1.30 1.52 2.12 0.51 EUPHORBIACEAE Antidesma acidum 85.00 76.20 9.34 0.39 20.20 0.44 2.84 1.67 2.09 Baccaurea ramiflora 49.20 84.70 11.87 1.99 1.57 / 0.29 0.47 0.06 Phyllanthus emblica 88.00 79.70 4.49 2.20 694.88 3.23 2.10 / / FLACOURTIACEAE Flacourtia indica 72.90 70.00 17.80 1.25 6.99 0.26 0.70 1.07 0.24 1999] JIN ET AL.: WILD FRUITS IN YUNNAN 7

TABLE 1. CONTINUED.

Total Titra- Soluble Crude Crude Edible Moisture su~gar table VitaminC tannin fiber Starch fat Botanical name part (%) (%) (~) acid (%) (mg/100 g) (%) (%) (%) (%) GUTTIFERAE Garcinia peduncu- 92.10 86.50 0.54 2.58 5.85 0.03 1.87 1.52 4.75 lata G. tetralata 56.80 76.00 14.30 2.46 7.83 0.11 0.47 1.06 0.87 MELIACEAE Walsura robusta 49.40 83.20 15.40 0.07 6.29 0.07 0.29 0.55 0.11 MENISPERMACEAE Eleutharrhena ma- 30.40 83.30 9.73 1.92 15.64 0.49 0.56 0.83 0.61 crocarpa MORACEAE Artocarpus lingna- 56.30 / 7.57 3.73 33.05 1.50 / 1.01 / nensis Ficus auriculata 83.50 83.30 7.86 0.28 4.12 0.27 4.40 1.14 0.86 F. semicordata 91.60 83.00 10.60 0.68 3.78 0.48 3.15 1.05 0.38 MYRICACEAE Myrica esculenta 66.00 80.00 7.15 4.86 0.41 1.25 1.02 0.74 0.60 MYRTACEAE Decaspermum gra- 100.0 74.60 10.70 0.42 1.58 0.59 5.10 2.46 1.00 cilentum Syzygium tetragon- 100.0 / 1.29 2.53 11.96 0.35 0.83 / / um NYSSACEAE Nyssa yunnanensis 69.70 78.60 0.85 1.59 2.80 0.11 2.24 2.20 1.17 OXALIDACEAE Averrhoa carambola 65.30 92.67 4.55 1.21 16.48 0.16 0.62 0.74 0.24 PALMAE Calamus sp. 49.30 80.00 8.24 8.07 4.60 0.12 0.93 0.61 0.95 PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora siamica 60.80 83.80 10.27 2.26 8.61 0.02 0.11 0.16 2.40 RHAMNACEAE Ziziphus mauritiana 83.40 79.00 11.50 3.15 61.40 0.39 0.79 1.15 0.47 Z. oenoplia 45.10 79.90 15.80 0.14 4.52 0.20 0.87 1.08 0.06 ROSACEAE Crataegus scabrifolia 47.20 78.00 8.06 1.04 9.52 1.33 1.84 1.70 / Docynia delavayi 68.90 82.00 3.23 1.18 1.58 0.40 2.47 2.63 0.47 D. indica 82.60 82.50 6.68 1.76 1.04 1.09 1.82 1.29 0.79 Pyracanthafortu- 92.10 81.70 5.85 0.65 4.76 0.49 4.41 2.66 / neana Rubus ellipticus var. 100.0 78.00 8.22 0.78 4.10 0.01 6.29 1.57 1.60 obcordatus R. niveus 100.0 / / 1.26 19.88 / 8.66 / / RUTACEAE Citrus marcroptera / 86.20 2.35 9.33 20.41 / 0.90 0.10 / var. kerrii 8 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 53

TABLE 1. CONTINUED.

Total Titra- Soluble Crude Crude Edible Moisture sutz,ar table Vitamin C tannin fiber Starch fat Botanical name part (%) (%) (qo) acid (%) (rag/100 g) (%) (%) (%) (%) SAPINDACEAE Nephelium chry- 35.50 76.80 17.66 2.23 31.61 0.21 0.34 0.32 0.60 seum S APOTACEAE Pouteria grandifolia 58.50 72.00 16.30 0.48 0.86 2.44 1.64 5.10 2.25 SAURAUIACEAE Saurauia napaulen- 45.00 81.00 14.97 0.21 3.52 0.04 1.48 0.51 0.41 sis STERCULIACEAE Sterculia brevissima 82.30 22.00 3.03 0.44 1.95 0.07 5.69 16.05 9.46 GNETACEAE Gnetum montanum 39.80 42.50 3.86 0.38 10.66 0.18 1.13 19.69 1.44

t = trace, / = data unknown. fruits worldwide. Because local communities are in same unit for their enthusiastic help in the extremely knowledgeable about local plants identification of some samples, and also Dr. B. (Hamilton 1995), ethnobotanical studies are cru- Rollet for improving the writing. cial for documenting plant resource uses. Our study records about 100 edible wild fruits LITERATURE CITED and nuts in Xishuangbanna and includes about Apel, U. 1996. Traditional village forest management 2.5% of total 4000 known native flowering in Xishnangbanna, south-west China. Plant Re- plants (XTBG 1996; Xu 1987) in this area. The search and Development 44:7-22. authors estimate that a similar percentage in Arora, R. K. 1993. Himalayan plant resource: diver- southern Yunnan could also be expected after sity and conservation. Pages 39-55 in U. Dhar, ed. adaquate surveys. Whether such a percentage in- Himalayan Biodiversity Conservation Strategies. dicates the potential for edible fruit-bearing Gyanodaya Prakashan Nainital, India. plants in other untapped humid tropics needs Cai, W. C., and H. J. Yuan, eds. 1982. Common further evidence. analytical methods for biological materials. Science Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Chen, J. 1983. Plants in Yunnan. The People's Pub- lishing House, Yunnan, China (in Chinese). Financial support was from the National Nat- Groombridge, B., ed. 1994. Biodiversity data source- ural Science Foundation of China. book. Pages 36-57. World Conservation Press, The authors are indebted to Prof. Xu Zai-Fu, Cambridge, UK. director of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical , and M. D. Jenkins, eds. 1996. Assessing bio- Garden, for his valuable suggestion of the study, diversity status and sustainability. World Conser- and to Prof. Tao Guo-Da and Mr. Wang Hong vation Press, Cambridge, UK.

TABLE 2. COMPARISON OF NUMBER AND SIGNIFICANCE OF WILD FRUITS USED BY DAI AND HANIIN XISHUANGBANNA.

Significance* Ethnic Total number of population wild fruits used + + + + + + + + + + Dai 50 19 13 9 9 Hani t 00 67 23 7 3

* Significance: + = consumed only in famine time or by children and hunters; ++ = frequently consumed by local ethnic people, often gathered during harvest season intentionally for family consumption; +++ = most frequently consumed, some processed for off-season, most sold in local market, some selected to keep when cleaning the land; + + + + = introduced or cultivated in homegarden for substantial supplement of daily food. 1999] JIN ET AL.: WILD FRUITS IN YUNNAN 9

Hawksworth, D. L., and M. T. Kalin-Arroyo. 1995. 1996. Principle and practice of sustainable de- Magnitude and distribution of biodiversity. Pages velopment on tropical plant resources. Pages 17- 107-192 in V. H. Heywood, ed. Global biodiversity 18. Science Press, Beijing, China. assessment. Cambridge University Press, UK. Yan, G. G. and F. J. Wang, eds. 1982. Instrumental Huang, W. K., ed. 1979. Chemical analyses of foods. analyses in agriculture. Agricultural Press, Beijing, Shanghai Sciences Press, Shanghai, China (in Chi- China (in Chinese). nese). Yu, P. H., et al. 1985. The study on traditional culti- Editing Committee of Books on Nationalities 1983. vated plants in Dai villages of Xishuangbanna. A survey on history of Dai's society. Yunnan Na- Acta Botanica Yunnannica 7(2):169-186. tionality Press, Kunming, China (in Chinese). Yunnan Institue of Botany (YIB), Academia Sinica. Hamilton, A. 1995. The 'people and plants' initiative. 1984. Index Florae Yunnanensis. The People's Pub- Pages x-xi in G. J. Martin, ed., Ethnobotany. Chap- lishing House, Yunnan, China. man and Hall. Zhao, S. W. and Zhou, Z. K. 1985. Record of Tra- Kunin, W. E., and J. H. Lawton. 1996. Does biodi- ditional Dai Medicine. The People's Publishing versity matter? Evaluating the case for conserving House, Yunnan, China (in Chinese). species. Pages 283-308 in Gaston, K. J., ed., Bio- Zhu, H. 1994. The floristic characteristics of the trop- diversity. Blackwell Science Ltd. ical rainforest in Xishuangbanna. Chinese Geo- Ma, Y. 1983. History of Yunnan. The People's Pub- graphical Science 2:174-185. lishing House, Yunnan, China (in Chinese). Mugnozza, G. T. S. 1996. Ethics of Biodiversity Con- APPENDIX servation. Pages 622-629 in E di Castri, and T. A LIST OF 123 WInD EDIBLE FRUITS USED Younes, eds., Biodiversity, science and develop- BY LOCAL PEOPLE IN SOUTHERN YVNNAN ment: towards a new partnership. CAB Internation- OF CHINA al, UK. Pei, S. J. 1982. A preliminary study of the ethnobot- Botanical name (*nutritional value, Table 1)/folk any in Xishuangbanna. Pages 16-32 in Collected name and ethnic group / distribution, ma.s.1. / vege- research papers on the tropical botany. The Peo- tation association / availability / use / pattern of use** ple's Publishing House, Yunnan, China (in Chi- / herbarium voucher number (Chen& Zu) nese). Actinidiaceae --. 1985. Some effects of the Dai people's cul- Actinidia rubricaulis Dunn* / magala (Bulang) / tural beliefs and practices upon the plant environ- 1000-1800 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved ev- ment of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, South- ergreen forest / occasional / eaten raw / + / West China. University of Michigan Annals of Bot- 92105. any 27:321-339. Actinidia umbelloides C.ELiang* / azhuma (Hani) Tinker, P. B. 1996. Inventorying and monitoring Bio- / 1200-2000 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved ev- diversity. Pages 166--179 in E di Castri, and T. ergreen forest / common / eaten raw / + / 91123. Younes, eds. Biodiversity, sciences and development: towards a new partnership. CAB Internation- Anacardiaceae al, UK. Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb) Burtt. et Hill* / Verheij, E. W. M., and R. E. Coronel, eds. 1991. maimo (Dai), qile (Hani) / 600-2000 ma.s.1. / Plant-Resources of South-East Asia: Edible fruits monsoon rainforest, subtropical broadleaved ev- and nuts. Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen, the Nether- ergreen forest / common / eaten raw / + + + / lands. 90005. Wang, S. C., ed. 1988. Analytical techniques for food. Dracontomelon duperreanum Pierre / magu (Dai) / Chemo-Industry Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese). 120-600 ma.s.1. / seasonal rainforest/rare / eaten Wu, Z. Y., ed. 1987. Vegetation of Yunnan. Academic raw / + / 91084. Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese). M. siamensis Warb. ex Craib* / menhe (Dai), jioxiu Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (Hani) / <1400 ma.s.1. / seasonal rainforest, (XTBG) and Department of Ethnobotany of Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Acad- emy of Sciences. 1996. List of plants in Xish- * nutritonal value listed in Table 1. uangbanna. 2nd ed. Yunnan Press of Nationalities, ** + = consumed only in famine time or by chil- Kunming, China. dren and hunters; + + = frequently consumed by local ethnic people, often gathered intentionally during har- Xu, Z. F. 1987. The work of Xishuangbanna Tropical vest season for family consumption; + + + = most fre- Botanical Garden in conserving the threatened quently consumed, some processed for off-season, plants of the Yunnan tropics. Pages 239-253 in Bo- most sold in local market, some selected to keep when tanic gardens and the world conservation strategy. cleaning land; ++++ = introduced or cultivated in Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd. homegarden for substantial supplement of daily food. 10 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 53

monsoon rainforest / common / eaten raw / + + + Capparidaceae / voucher not collected Capparis assamica Hook.f. et Thoms. / mimekudo M. sylvatica Roxb. / mamen (Dad), lagulamajio (Hani) / < 1000 ma.s.1. / monsoon radnforest / oc- (Hani) / 600-1300 ma.s.1. / seasonal rainforest, casional / seeds eaten raw / ++ / 90027. monsoon rainforest / rare / eaten raw/+ / 91026. C. masaikai Levl.*/ pamuxiu (Dad) / <1600 ma.s.l. Rhus chinensis Mill. / gayu (Bulang), guomapuo / monsoon radnforest, subtropical broadleaved ev- (Dad), xima (Hani) / <2000 ma.s.1. / secondary ergreen forest/occasional / eaten raw / seeds eat- forest / common / used to make soup / + / 90014. en raw / + + + / 91036. Spondias pinnata (Linn.) Kurz* / galinu (Dad), peil- C. yunnanensis Craib et W.W. Smith* / xidangu ou (Hani), go (Bulang) / 300-1200 ma.s.1. / sea- (Jingpo) / 1000-1500 ma.s.l. / monsoon rainfo- sonal rainforest, monsoon rainforest I common / rest, subtropical broadleaved evergreen forest / eaten raw, used to make soup / + + + + / voucher occasional / seeds eaten raw / + / 91063. not collected. Stixis suaveolens (Roxb.) Pierre / hiemaluanlong (Dad), hapuweiwei (Hani) / <1500 ma.s.1. / sec- Annonaceae ondary forest / occasional / eaten raw / + / Fissistigma sp. / huangluoguo(Z) / <900 ma.s.1. / 90043. monsoon radnforest / occasional / eaten raw / + / 92151. Cornaceae Mastixia caudatilimba C.Y. Wu ex Fang et Soong Apocynaceae / have no folk name / 1300-1800 ma.s.1. / sub- Amalocalyx yunnanensis Tsiang * / maxinha (Dad), tropical broadleaved evergreen forest / occasional xiyai (Hani) / 600-1400 ma.s.1. / secondary for- / eaten raw or boiled / + / 91062. est / common / eaten mixed with seasoning or salted I + + I 90087. Cucurbitaceae Hodgsonia macrocarpa (B1.) Cogn. / majing (Dad), Asclepiadaceae zhaqigulu (Hani) / 1100-1600 ma.s.1. / subtrop- Oxystelma esculentum (Linn.f.) EA. Schult / yang- ical broadleaved evergreen forest / occasional / laguo (Yi), gevei (Bulang) / 800-1300 / second- boiled before eat / + + / 90103. ary forest / occasional / eaten mixed with sea- Solena heterophylla Lour.* / mudnmuxi (Hani) / soning or solted / + + + / 90052. <1300 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / common / eaten raw / + + / 90053. Bignoniaceae Trichosanthes villosa BI* / mahuola (Dad), yad- donggua (Yi) / 900 ma.s.1. / monsoon rainforest Oroxylum indicum (Linn.) Vent. / guonungai (Dad) / rare / boiled before eat / + + + / 92084. / <1400 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / common / unripe fruit used and boiled before eaten / Dilleniaceae ++++ / 90024. Dillenia indica Linn.* / masan (Dad), sepulahau Burseraceae (Hani) / 600-1100 ma.s.1. / seasonal radnforest, monsoon rainforest / common / eaten mixed with Canarium album (Lour.) Rauesch.* / maizhahang seasoning / + + / voucher not collected. (Dai), ximo (Hani) / 600-1300 ma.s.l. / seasonal radnforest, monsoon rainforest / occasional / eat- Ebenaceae en raw, salted or boiled to make juice / + + + + Diospyros sp.* / yaixihua (Yi) / 1200 ma.s.1. / Sub- / voucher not collected. tropical broadleaved evergreen forest / rare / eat- C. pimela Leenh. / ximo (Hani) / 600-1300 ma.s.1. en raw / + / 92036. / seasonal rainforest, monsoon radnforest / occa- D. khaki Linn.f. vat. sylvestris Mak.* / abe sional / eaten raw f + / 90090. (Hani),yaixihua (Yi), ganuong (Bulang) / 600- 1800 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / common / eaten Campanulaceae raw / + + / 90112. Campanumoea javanica B1. / amixiagu (Hani) / 700-1500 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / common / Elaeagnaceae eaten raw / + / 91031. Elaeagnus concert Roxb.* / bapulele (Haiti), man- unlang (Dad) / 500-1500 ma.s.1. / secondary for- Connaraceae est / common / eaten raw, salted or mixed with Stantaloides roxburghii (Kook. et Am.) O. Ktze* / seasoning / + + + + / voucher not collected. hongjiten (Yi) / 600-1300 ma.s.l. / secondary E. gonyanthes Benth.* / reyanglai (Jingpo) / 1400- forest / occasional / eaten raw / + / 90076. 1600 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved evergreen 1999] JIN ET AL.: WILD FRUITS IN YUNNAN 11

forest / rare / eaten raw or mixed with seasoning 1400 ma.s.1. / monsoon rainforest / rare / raw or / + + / 91092. mixed with seasoning / +++ / 91180. G. tetralata C.Y.Wu et Y.H.Li* / have no folk name Elaeocarpaceae / 700-900 ma.s.1. / seasonal rainforest / rare / Elaeocarpus braceanus Watt. ex C.B.Clarke* / kel- eaten raw / + / 91165. ila (Jingpo) / 1000-2000 / subtropical broad- G. xanthochymus Hook.f. ex J. Anders. / guomanda leaved evergreen forest / occasional / eaten raw (Dai), dongbei (Hani), gavei (Bulang) / 500- or salted / + + + / 91074. 1400 ma.s.1. / seasonal rainforest, monsoon rain- El. prunifolioides Hu* / zhikeinelei (Hani) / 1300- forest / common / eaten raw / + + / 89016. 1600 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved evergreen G. xipshuanbannaensis Y.H.Li / sanmogua (Jingpo) forest / occasional / eaten raw / + + + / 91038. / 600-1660 ma.s.1. / monsoon rainforest / rare / El. sikinensis Mast. / ajiayuosa (Hani) / 1000-1500 eaten raw / + + / 90074. ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved evergreen forest G. yunnanensis Hu / bibelong (Wa) / 500-1220 / occasional / eaten raw / + / 90092. ma.s.1. / monsoon rainforest / rare / eaten raw / + + I 90082. Euphorbiaceae Lardizabalaceae Antidesma acidum Retz.* / songmen (Dai), xishuha (Hani) / 200-1500 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / Stauntonia chinensis DC. / yaimogua (Yi) / 1300- common / eaten raw / + / 90126. 1800 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved evergreen Aporusa yunnanensis (Pax et Hoffm.) Metc. / ziqie forest / occasional / eaten raw / + / 90147. (Hani) / < 1400 ma.s.l. / secondary forest / com- Melastomaceae mon / eaten raw / + / 90145. A. villosa (Lindl.) Baill. / nanmuer (Dai) / < 1500 Melastoma polyanthum Blume / yagaidian (Dai), ma.s.1. / secondary forest/common / eaten raw / bebei (Hani) / <1800 ma.s.1. / secondary forest + I 90150 / fruit eaten with seasoning / eaten raw / + / Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.* / mafei (Dai), xisu 90108. (Hani) / 800-1100 ma.s.l. / monsoon rainforest / common / eaten raw / + + + + /voucher not col- Meliaceae lected. Walsura robusta Roxb.* / yailonan (Yi) / 600-1000 Phyllanthus emblica Linn.* / mahanbo(D9, xicha ma.s.1. / seasonal rainforest, monsoon rainforest (Hani), seqe (Jinuo), sanmopi (Bulang), kaoxia- / occasional / eaten raw / + + / 90038. meidiang (Wa) / 200-2200 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / common / eaten raw or salted / + + + / Menispermaceae voucher not collected. Aspidocarya uvifera Hook.f. et Thoms. / seiga (Hani) / 600-1000 ma.s.1. / monsoon rainforest / Fagaceae rare / eaten raw / + / 90054. Castanopsis argyrophylla King ex Hook. / mang- Cyclea sutchuenensis Gagnep. / xigia (Hani) / 600- deng (Dai) / 700-2000 ma.s.1. / subtropical 1000 ma.s.1. / monsoon rainforest / occasional / broadleaved evergreen forest / common / eaten eaten raw / + / 90085. raw or boiled / + / 90044. Eleutharrhena macrocarpa (Diels) Forman* / xix- C. hystrix A.DC. / zhexie (Hani) / 500-1500 ma.s.1. idongdong (Hani) / 600-1100 ma.s.1. / seasonal / subtropical broadleaved evergreen forest / com- rainforest, monsoon raiforest / rare / + + / 89027. mon / eaten raw or boiled / + / 90047 Mimosaceae Flacourtiaceae Entada phaseoloides (Linn.) Merr. / maba (Dai), Flacourtia ramontchii L. Herit.* / majin (Dai), na- abe (Hani) / 800-1300 ma.s.1. / subtropical boe (Hani), nahon (Yi) / 700-1500 ma.s.1. / sub- broadleaved evergreen forest / occasional / boiled tropical broadleaved evergreen forest, seasonal before eat / + / 90072. rainforest / occasional / eaten raw / + ++ + 89024. Moraceae Artocarpus lingnanensis (Merr.) Jarr.* / maeloozha Guttiferae (Hani) / 800-1300 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / Garcinia cowa Roxb. / gehahao (Dai), guyel occasional / eaten raw I + I 90026. (Hani), gava (Bulang), kauba (Wa) / <1400 Broussonetia papyrifera (Linn.) L'Herit. ex Vent. / ma.s.1. / monsoon forest / occasional / eaten raw maisa (Dai), masa (Hani) / <2000 ma.s.1. / sec- / + + / voucher not collected. ondary forest / common / eaten raw / + / 90039. G. pedunculata Roxb.* / sanmopua (Jingpo) / 900- Ficus annulata B1. / nizhangde (Hani) / <1500 12 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 53

ma.s.1. / secondary forest / common / eaten raw ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved evergreen forest / + / 90086. / occasional / eaten raw / + / 91147. Ficus auriculata Lour.* / beliblo (Bulang), wuwa (Dai), xibulao (Hard) / < 1400 ma.s.1. / secondary Nyssaceae forest / common / eaten raw / + + + + / voucher Nyssa javanica (B1.) Wanges / longbo (Hani) / 1500 not collected. ma.s.1. / monsoon rainforest / occasional / eaten F. formosana Maxim. /maleixigu (Hard)/ <1500 raw / + / 90164. ma.s.1. / secondary forest / occasional forest / eat- N. yunnanensis W. C. Yin * / longbo (Hard) / 1300- en raw / + / 90102. 1500 ma.s.1. / monsoon rainforest / eaten raw / F. fulva Reinw. ex BI. / maimemang (Dai), bamang + / 90168. (Hard) / < 1300 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / common / eaten raw / + / 90124. Oxalidaceae F. hispida L.f. / epu (Hard) / 200-1000 ma.s.l. / secondary forest / common / eaten raw / + / Averrhoa carambola Linn.* / mafen (Dai), bao- 90136. moyabo (Jinuo) / < 1300 ma.s.l. / monsoon rain- F. oligodon Miq. / xibuzhu (Hard) / < 1100 ma.s.1. forest, subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest / / monsoon rainforest, seasonal rainforest / occa- rare / eaten raw / + / voucher not collected. sional / eaten raw / + + / 90215. F. semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex J. E. Smith* / luobo Palmae (Dai), xigu (Hard), gele (Bulang) / 700-1300 / Calamus sp.* / ayuxi (Jingpo) / 1510 ma.s.1. / sub- monsoon rainforest, seasonal rainforest / occa- tropical broadleaved evergreen forest / rare / eat- sional / eaten raw / + + + / 89039. en raw / + + + + / voucher not collected. C. henryanus Becc. / waixigai (Dai), leiaxi (Hard) Myricaceae / < 1300 ma.s.1. / monsoon rainforest / occasional Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham.ex D. Don* / sizhang- / eaten raw / + / voucher not collected. gleo (Hard), malu (Bulang) / 100-1500 ma.s.1. / C. nambariensis Becc. var. xishuangbannaensis subtropical broadleaved evergreen forest / com- S.J.Pei et S.Y.Chen / danhang (Hard) / 1300- mon / eaten raw / + + + / 90245. 1800 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved evergreen forest / occasional / eaten raw / + / voucher not Myrsinaceae collected. Ardisia virens Kurz / kongmalarou (Hard), longle (Bulang) / 800-I500 ma.L1. / monsoon rainfo- Passifloraceae rest, subtropical broadleaved evergreen / occa- Passiflora siamica Craib* / < 1200 ma.s.1. / second- sional / eaten raw / + / 90088. ary forest / common / eaten raw / + / 90020. Maesa sp. / yichu (Hard) / 800-2000 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved evergreen forest, secondary Proteaceae forest / common / eaten raw / + / voucher not collected. Helicia cochinchinensis Lour. / xiachuxialo (Hard) / 600-1700 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / common Myrtaceae / eaten raw / + /90155. H. pyrrhobotrya Kurz / bicheixika (Hard) / 700- Decaspermum gracilentum (Hce.) Merr.* / kauja 1620 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved evergreen (Hard), gahau (Bulang) / 800-1300 ma.s.1. / sec- forest / common / eaten raw / + / 90159. ondary forest / common / eaten raw / ++ / Heliciopsis terminalis (Kurz) Sleum. ! bicheixikaza 90252. (Hard), maiguen (Dai) / 900-1500 ma.s.1. / sub- Syzygium cumin (Linn.) Skeets / kaujabaqei (Hard) tropical broadleaved evergreen forest t common / 700-1800 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved ev- / eaten raw / + / 90201. ergreen forest / occasional / eaten raw / + / 90263. Rhamnaceae S. leptanthum (Wight) Nied. / kauliakong (Wa) / 1350 ma.s.l. / subtropical broadleaved evergreen Hovenia acerba Lindl. t yaigueizau (Wa) / 1450 forest / occasional / eaten raw / + / 90243. ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved evergreen forest S. oblatum (Roxb.) Cowan / kaujama (Hard) / 600- / occasional / eaten raw / ++ / 91158. 1000 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved evergreen Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.* / madian (Hard) / forest / occasional / eaten raw / + / 90264. <1500 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / common / eat- S. szemaoense Merr. et Perry / awong (Hard) / 600- en raw / + + + + / voucher not collected. 1600 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved evergreen Z. oenoplia (Linn.) Mill.* / meximela (Hard) / 600- forest / occasional / eaten raw / + / 90083. 900 ma.s.1. / monsoon rainforest / occasional / S. tetragonum Wall. ex Walp.* / kaumi (Wa) / 1550 eaten raw / + / 90173. 1999] JIN ET AL.: WILD FRUITS IN YUNNAN 13

Rhizophoraceae Santalaceae Carallia garciniaefolia How et Ho / maganlihua Pyrularia edulis DC. / cihadima (Hani) / 1300- (Dai), qide (Hani), mamaluen (Bulang) / 600- 1500 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved evergreen 1500 ma.s.1. / monsoon rainforest, subtropical forest / occasional / eaten raw / + / 90146. broadleaved evergreen forest / occasional / eaten raw / + + / 90089. Sapindaceae Dimocarpus longan Lour. / have no falk name / Rosaceae 600-1000 ma.s.1. / monsoon rainforest / rare / eaten raw / + / voucher not collected. Crataegus scabrifolia (Franch.) Rehd.* / sanlinguo (Yi) / 1300-1800 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaf Litchi chinensis Sonn. / yailizi (Yi) / <1000 ma.s.1. / monsoon rainforest / rare / eaten raw / + + / evergreen forest / occasional / eaten raw / + + + / 92034. 90077. Docynia delavayi (Franch.) Schneid.* / qile (Hani) Nephelium chryseum BI.* / biong (Hani), abiao (Jinuo), Jao (Bulang) / 600-1300 ma.s.1. / mon- / 1500-1800 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / occa- soon rainforest / occasional / eaten raw / + + + / sional / eaten raw or salted / + + / 90224. voucher not collected. D. indica (Colebr. in Wall) Decne.* / maao(D9, qile (Hani), magon (Bulang), mago (Wa) / 1000- Sapotaceae 1800 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / common / eaten (Wall.) Pierre* / maibusan raw or salted / + + + / voucher not collected. Pouteria grandifolia (Dai), alo (Hani) / 700-1300 ma.s.1. / monsoon Prunus cerasoides ("ceraseidos")D. Don / geiha rainforest / occasional / eaten raw / +++ / (Hani) / 1000-1500 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved evergreen forest / occasional / eaten raw 90029. I + / 90133. Xantolis stenopetala (Hu) Van Royen / laumai P. majestica Koehno in Sarg. / geichui (Hani) / (Hani) / 800-1500 ma.s.l. / subtropical broad- 1000-1500 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved ev- leaved evergreen forest / occasional / eaten raw ergreen forest / occasional / eaten raw / + / I + I 90040. 90137. Saururaceae Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.) Li* / 1500-2000 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / common / eaten raw Sauraaji napaulensis DC* / pitiguo (Yi), xiangya / + I 90131. (Bulang),kauji (Wa) / 250-2250 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / common / eaten raw / + + / Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don / apei (Hani) / 90051. 1000-1500 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / common Sauraaji tristyla DC. / mixinguo (Yi) / 800-1400 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / occasional / eaten raw / eaten raw or salted / + / 90029. Rubus alceaefolius Poir. / leo (Hani), gachai (Bu- / + I 90063. lang), gabei (Wa) / 600-1500 ma.s.1. / secondary Schizandraceae forest / common / eaten raw / + / 90081. R. ellipticus Sm. var. obcordatus Focke* / leole Kadsura ananosma Kerr / amiuilagai (Hani), bi- (Hani) / 600-1800 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / beng (Bulang) / 1000-1500 ma.s.1. / monsoon common / eaten raw / + / 90056. rainforest, subtropical broadleaved evergreen for- R. niveus Thunb.* / leogala (Hani) / 1300-1800 est / occasional / eaten raw / + + + / 90156. ma.s.1. / secondary forest, subtropical broadleav- K. coccinea. (Lem.) A.C. Smith / fantoenguo (Yi) / ed evergreen forest / occasional / eaten raw / + + /~300-1800 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved ev- / 90033. ergreen forest / occasional / eaten raw / + / 90172. Rutaceae Schizandra henryi C.B. Clarke / azhulalarou (Hani), belibelangli (Wa) / <1500 ma.s.1. / subtropical Citrus marcroptera Mantrouzer var. kerrii Swin- broadleaved evergreen forest / common / eaten gle.* / magei (Jinuo) / 600-800 ma.s.1. / seasonal raw / + / 90148. rainforest / rare / + / 90100. Toddalia asiatica (Linn.) Lam. / hujalashang Solanaceae (Hani), mazhuanteng (Dai) / < 1500 ma.s.l. / sec- Solanum indicum Linn. var. recurvatum C.Y. Wu et ondary forest / common / boiled to make soup / S.C.Huang / xika (Hani), mawanhuo (Dai) / + / 90025. 1100-1450 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / common / used to make soup / + / 90150. Rubiaceae S. nigrum Linn. / papie (Dai), alei (Hani) / <2000 Canthium parvifolium Roxb. / aila (Hani), gale (Bu- ma.s.1. / secondary forest / common / used to lang) / 600-1500 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / make soup / + + + + / 90149. common / eaten raw / + / 90134. S. spirale Roxb. / yiaseibuka (Hani), pali (Dai) / 14 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 53

500-1900 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / common Vitex quinata (Lour.)Mill. / maijiexie (Dai), gija used to make soup / + / 90158. (Hani) / 600-1300 ma.s.1. / monsoon rainforest / S. torvum Sw. / moxiha (Hani), muhahao (Dai) occasional / eaten raw / + / 90045. 200-1650 ma.s.l. / secondary forest / common used to make soup t + I 90159. Vitaceae Sterculiaceae Leea crispa Linn. / domadojei (Hani) / <1300 Sterculia brevissima Hsue* / holahochei (Hani), du- ma.s.1. / secondary forest / occasional / eaten raw dangm (Bulang) / 500-1300 ma.s.1. / secondary / + I 90050. forest / occasional / seeds boiled before eat/+ + Vitis retordii Romanet du Caill. ex Planch. / agia / 90084. (Hani), yaiputao (Yi) / 1000-1300 ma.s.1. / rare Tiliaceae / eaten raw / + + / 90062. Microcos paniculata Linn. /jabo (Hani), guomai- hong (Dai) / < 1000 ma.s.1. / monsoon rainforest, Zingiberaceae secondary forest / common / eaten raw / + / Alpinia blepharocalyx K.Schum. / medu (Hani) / 90152. 600-1200 ma.s.l. / secondary forest / occasional Vacciniaceae t eaten raw / + / 92032. Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. / xinang (Hani) / 1100-2000 ma.s.1. / subtropical broadleaved ev- Gnetaceae ergreen forest / common / eaten raw / + / 90221. Gnetum montanum Makgr. * / mulongmuhu (Dai), Verbenaceae quenglangxi (Jingpo), laigulaili (Hani) / 700- Gallicarpa giradii Hesse ex Rehd. / azhuluzu 1500 ma.s.1. / monsoon rainforest, subtropical (Hani) ! <1500 ma.s.1. / secondary forest / oc- broadleaved evergreen forest / occasional / seeds casional / eaten raw / + / 90197. eaten raw or boiled / + + + / 89034.

BOOK REVIEW

Sciences: Recent Advances. Amarjit S. Basra (ed.). trait to increase yield potential in winter cereals; Ge- 1998. Journal of Crop Production 1 (1): 308 pp. netic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in cotton (paperback). The Food Products Press, an Imprint based on isozyme markers; Mechanisms of heterosis of the Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Bing- in crop plants; Microsatellite markers for molecular hamton, NY 13904. Free sample copy; Individual breeding; Weed seed bank dynamics: implications to subscription $45 per year. ISSN 1092-678X. weed management; Allelopathy and its implications in agroecosystems; Hormonal mechanisms of dormancy This is the charter issue of a new journal that prom- induction in developing seeds; Injuries to reproductive ises to provide us with "important information on ad- development under water stress, and their consequenc- vancements in plant breeding and cultivation, from tra- es for crop productivity; Low temperature emergence ditional methodology to novel technology such as mo- in crop plants: biochemical and molecular aspects of lecular breeding .... and make positive contributions germination and early seedling growth; Changing to sustainable crop production and our ability to cope global environment and world crop production; Crop with the rapid increase of the human population," ac- productivity and sustainable development in China. cording to the endorsement inside the cover by Keiji The forthcoming issue is devoted entirely to nutrient Kainuma, a Technical Advisory Committee Member, use in crop production, and the theme of the following Consultative Group on International Agricultural Re- issue is alternative weed management. search [CGIAR]. The editor states that this new journal Although another American journal, Crop Science, "intends to create a unique niche in the crop produc- publishes similar technical reports, it seems that this tion literature by developing a series of special issues new journal promises to include more articles about on topics of current importance." alternative agricultural practices. The first issue contains articles with the following titles: Deepening the wheat gene pool; Optimization of DOROTHEA BEDIGIAN vertical distribution of canopy nitrogen: an alternative YELLOW SPRINGS, OH