TIMELINESS OF NATIONAL ARMED FORCE PERSONNEL’S TRAINING IN THE FIELD OF BORDER SURVEILLANCE IN THE VIEW OF COOPERATION BETWEEN NATIONAL ARMED FORCES AND STATE

Valentīns Buls1, Oļegs Ignatjevs2 1Mg. Paed., Docent of Military and Physical Education Subjects Department of the State Border Guard College, e-mail: [email protected], R zekne, 2Bc. Phil., Assistant of Military and Physical Education Subjects Department of the State Border Guard College, e-mail: [email protected], Rē zekne, Latvia

Abstract. In the view of modern tendencies, the cooperation betweenē state armed institutions is extremely crucial. As an example could be mentioned the reaction of French government on the terrorist attack in Paris in the year 2015 – both, army and police, in close cooperation made a contribution solving this challenge. In the scale of Latvia the cooperation between National Armed Forces and State Border Guard could solve such problems like lack of personnel and equipment in State Border Guard. The aim of the current paper is to give insight in such themes as legal basis of the mentioned cooperation, the possibilities of involving National Armed Forces personnel in border surveillance, the possibilities of National Armed Forces personnel’s training in the field of border surveillance and possibilities for development of such training and make short summary in these topics. This was done by methods of analysis, open source research and comparative analysis. Among other conclusions, authors of the current paper draw a conclusion that cooperation between National Armed Forces and State Border Guard is effective but the possibilities of National Armed Forces personnel’s training should be improved in the way mentioned in the paper.

Keywords: Armed Forces, border security, cooperation, legal basis, training.

Introduction

The tendencies of modern world development offer society not only comfort, but also huge risks. For example risks as international crime, cybercrime, terrorism etc. In order to furnish legal and legitimate power, states of the world usually relay on job of competent institutions. Often these institutions cooperate. As an example could be mentioned a French government answer on terrorist attack in Paris in 2015. In this case army and police units were working together (“Paris attacks: French police launch raids as military strikes Isis in Syria”, 2015). Such cooperation plays also a different role: a role of creating a balance of force. I.e.: in democratic states police tends to use minimal force and military – to use maximum force (Friesendorf, 2013). In such situation as a terrorist attack such balance of force is extremely important.

6 http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5361 This journal is distributed with an international license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License TIMELINESS OF NATIONAL ARMED FORCE Such cooperation could be crucial in Latvia, considering special aspects of the job and the lack of personnel in National Armed Forces (further – PERSONNEL’S TRAINING IN THE FIELD OF BORDER NAF) and in Ministry of Interior (further – MoI). For example the lack of SURVEILLANCE IN THE VIEW OF COOPERATION personnel continues to grow in State Border Guard (further – SBG). Thus in BETWEEN NATIONAL ARMED FORCES AND STATE 2018 there was lack of 233 border guards, which was 5-6% of total number of officials (“Uz Latvijas . BORDER GUARD Moreover, according to State Border Guard chef's interview, already in 2019

there was 8% lack of personnelrobežas trūkstin State vairāk Border nekā Guard 230 robežsargu”, 2018) Valentīns Buls1, Oļegs Ignatjevs2 1 . Concluding, it is understandable that Mg. Paed., Docent of Military and Physical Education Subjects Department of the (“Valsts robežsardzē State Border Guard College, e-mail: [email protected], R zekne, Latvia mentioned institutions should have an opportunity to enlarge their resources 2Bc. Phil., Assistant of Military and Physical Education Subjects Department of the inpieaug case of darbinieku necessity. trūkums”, 2019) State Border Guard College, e-mail: [email protected], Rē zekne, Latvia As it could be seen, the topicality of the current paper is undeniable – authors made an analysis of effectiveness of cooperation in the fie ld of Abstract. In the view of modern tendencies, the cooperation betweenē state armed border surveillance. This is extremely important to improve the effectiveness institutions is extremely crucial. As an example could be mentioned the reaction of French of State Border Guard. Also the current paper defines the competence of government on the terrorist attack in Paris in the year 2015 – both, army and police, in close cooperation made a contribution solving this challenge. In the scale of Latvia the Latvian National Guard personnel (as a part of National Armed Forces) in cooperation between National Armed Forces and State Border Guard could solve such the field of border surveillance and ways how it could be improved. problems like lack of personnel and equipment in State Border Guard. The aim of the current paper is to give insight in such themes as legal basis of the mentioned cooperation, 1. Legal Basis the possibilities of involving National Armed Forces personnel in border surveillance, the possibilities of National Armed Forces personnel’s training in the field of border surveillance In order to understand the fields of cooperation between National and possibilities for development of such training and make short summary in these topics. Armed Forces and State Border Guard, one should address according legal This was done by methods of analysis, open source research and comparative analysis. basis. The order how Latvian National Guard –the significant part of NAF – Among other conclusions, authors of the current paper draw a conclusion that cooperation provides support to state institutions, determines the regulation Nr.936 of between National Armed Forces and State Border Guard is effective but the possibilities of th National Armed Forces personnel’s training should be improved in the way mentioned in the Cabinet of Ministers on 9 the paper. National Guard provides support to state and self-administration institutions for preventing law violations andof Octoberpublic security 2010 “Regulation safeguarding how Latvian(“Valsts Keywords: Armed Forces, border security, cooperation, legal basis, training. The cooperation in border surveillance in its turn is being regulated by multiagency treaty” Nr.162 Introduction betweenrobežsardzē State pieaug Border darbinieku Guard and trūkums”,National A2019)rmed Forces on 12th of May 2012 (Multiagency treaty Nr.162, SL-217-5, 2012). Both regulations specify the The tendencies of modern world development offer society not only order how State Border Guard and National Guard cooperate in case of comfort, but also huge risks. For example risks as international crime, renewal of on internal borders and in case of pursuing a cybercrime, terrorism etc. In order to furnish legal and legitimate power, suspect in illegal border crossing. As one can see, both regulations are aimed states of the world usually relay on job of competent institutions. Often these on overcoming a personnel lack in SBG. It is crucial because in timely case institutions cooperate. As an example could be mentioned a French the renewal of border control on internal borders could be a challenge to government answer on terrorist attack in Paris in 2015. In this case army State Border Guard with its current resources. According to mentioned and police units were working together (“Paris attacks: French police launch regulations in such case the common patrols of State Border Guard and raids as military strikes Isis in Syria”, 2015). Such cooperation plays also a National Guard personnel would be made to ensure the effective border different role: a role of creating a balance of force. I.e.: in democratic states surveillance. In these patrols National Guard soldiers would be subordinated police tends to use minimal force and military – to use maximum force to border guard officials. (Friesendorf, 2013). In such situation as a terrorist attack such balance of force is extremely important.

7 Performing border surveillance a number of administrative violations are constantly stated by State Border Guard officials. According to Latvian Administrative violation code, investigation of border security violations is under SBG competence (Administrative violations code of the Republic of Latvia, 1985). The same will be regulated by Law of Administrative responsibility (Law of administrative responsibility, 2018). On the other hand, NAF or National Guard is not competent in these cases. Thus the effective border surveillance could not be imagined if it would be performed only by NAF personnel. This fact approves necessity of common patrols of National Guard and SBG officials. Such patrols could be even more effective if NAF personnel would be adequately trained in the field of border surveillance. In addition to previous according to Law of State Border Guard the officials are licensed to use the technical means, vessels and aviation of National Armed Forces (State Border Guard law, 1998). Thus State Border Guard can reinforce its technical resources. On the other hand, the legal basis is also aimed on the National Armed Forces resources reinforcement with the help of State Border Guard capacity. Thus the Law of National Armed Forces article 3 part 3 states that in case of war SBG is included into NAF structure (National Armed Forces law, 1999). In this case the SBG personnel are subordinated to NAF command. The Law of State Border Guard, article 13 part 1, on its turn, states, that one of the tasks of State Border Guard is to ward off armed assaults on Latvia in cooperation with National Guard (State Border Guard law, 1998). As it could be seen in case of war State Border Guard replenishes National Armed forces with its personnel and technical resources. This could strengthen the combat capacity of NAF because SBG officials are adequately trained and armed. The accordance of weapons and training to NATO standards provides the National Armed Forces. This is witnessed by the process of rearming of SBG and by participation of its officials in military trainings and exercises. Concluding, one can notice that cooperation in war time is tended to the strengthening of combat power of NAF. Taking into consideration the standardisation of weapons and training this cooperation could be effective to achieve according goals. Concluding from previous facts one can state that in case of necessity SBG has a good possibility to enhance its capacity with the help of NAF resources. But due to the difference in duty specifics it couldn’t be possible to use NAF personnel in border surveillance independently. To do so, these personnel should be adequately trained. This training should be provided by State Border Guard. This procedure is stated in the multiagency treaty between NAF and SBG (Multiagency treaty Nr.162, SL-217-5, 2012).

8 Performing border surveillance a number of administrative violations 2. The use of armed forces personnel in border surveillance are constantly stated by State Border Guard officials. According to Latvian Administrative violation code, investigation of border security violations is As it was mentioned before, the use of NAF or National Guard in border under SBG competence (Administrative violations code of the Republic of surveillance would effectively enhance capacity of SBG in case of necessity. Latvia, 1985). The same will be regulated by Law of Administrative This conclusion is based not only on theoretical data, but it could be responsibility (Law of administrative responsibility, 2018). On the other approved with help of international examples and recent example of Latvia hand, NAF or National Guard is not competent in these cases. Thus the using National Guard personnel in border surveillance during COVID-19 effective border surveillance could not be imagined if it would be performed pandemic. only by NAF personnel. This fact approves necessity of common patrols of The experience of Hungary could be mentioned as first example. In National Guard and SBG officials. Such patrols could be even more effective if year 2015 Hungary faced huge migratory crisis. During this year there were NAF personnel would be adequately trained in the field of border 441,515 cases of illegal border crossing cases (Migration Issues in Hungary, surveillance. 2018). As a result Hungarian government made decision to build a fence and In addition to previous according to Law of State Border Guard the assign army units to perform border surveillance and fight the migration officials are licensed to use the technical means, vessels and aviation of flow (Hungary beefs up border with army, warns migrants to stay away, National Armed Forces (State Border Guard law, 1998). Thus State Border 2015). Statistics show that this step helped to reduce the number of illegal Guard can reinforce its technical resources. border crossings from 274 persons a day at the beginning of summer 2015 On the other hand, the legal basis is also aimed on the National Armed to 10 persons a day at the end of the year (Migration Issues in Hungary, Forces resources reinforcement with the help of State Border Guard capacity. 2018). Thus we can conclude that multiagency treaty between Latvian State Thus the Law of National Armed Forces article 3 part 3 states that in case of border guard and National armed force is extremely timely and in war SBG is included into NAF structure (National Armed Forces law, 1999). perspective could help to deal with a migratory crisis if Latvia would ever In this case the SBG personnel are subordinated to NAF command. The Law face one. of State Border Guard, article 13 part 1, on its turn, states, that one of the Latvia also faced irregular migration grows in 2015 ( tasks of State Border Guard is to ward off armed assaults on Latvia in but SBG was able cooperation with National Guard (State Border Guard law, 1998). As it could to deal with this challenge by itself. Nevertheless the scenario of cooperationSalīdzinošā be seen in case of war State Border Guard replenishes National Armed forces betweenrobežpārkāpumu SBG and statistikaNAF was Baltijas played reģionaduring commonvalstīs, 2016) exercise. This exercise with its personnel and technical resources. This could strengthen the was held in regional board in 24-26 February 2017 (Order combat capacity of NAF because SBG officials are adequately trained and Nr.297 of State Border, 2017). Scenario was based on the border control armed. The accordance of weapons and training to NATO standards provides renewal on Latvian- Lithuanian border. Having made the analysis of the the National Armed Forces. This is witnessed by the process of rearming of exercise, responsible officials made a number of conclusions. Parts of these SBG and by participation of its officials in military trainings and exercises. conclusions are timely for the current paper: Concluding, one can notice that cooperation in war time is tended to the  The use of technical resources of National Guard was effective to strengthening of combat power of NAF. Taking into consideration the perform border surveillance in remote regions. standardisation of weapons and training this cooperation could be effective  There were no standard operation plans for common checkpoints. to achieve according goals.  The methods of trespas defective (Order Concluding from previous facts one can state that in case of necessity Nr.802 of State Border Guard, 2017). SBG has a good possibility to enhance its capacity with the help of NAF In March 2020 this scenariosers’ was apprehensionperformed in real were situation because of resources. But due to the difference in duty specifics it couldn’t be possible to the COVID-19 pandemic. Latvian government made decision to stop border use NAF personnel in border surveillance independently. To do so, these crossing on all state borders and to enhance border surveillance. State Border personnel should be adequately trained. This training should be provided by Guard was reinforced by National Guard resources ( State Border Guard. This procedure is stated in the multiagency treaty - . between NAF and SBG (Multiagency treaty Nr.162, SL-217-5, 2012). According to the agreement, National Guard providedBruņotie at least spēki100 soldiers sniedz atbalstuwith off - Valstsroad vehicles robežsardzei Covid 19 izplatības ierobežošanā, 2020)

(Bruņotie spēki turpinās sniegt atbalstu Valsts9 - . This decision made it possible to renew border control on Lithuanian and Estonian borders and to robežsardzeienhance border Covid surveillance19 izplatības on Russianierobežošanā, and Belarus 2020) borders. Thus Latvian government reduced the risk of virus spreading and cross-border crime enhancing. It is too early to speak about the results of such action because the crisis is not over and it is not possible to compare the actions of competent institutions statistically. It could be concluded that use of National Guard personnel in border surveillance is effective. But the competence of these personnel is imperfect. Thus the training of National Guard personnel should be improved to exclude a possibility of failure in case of situation were National Guard personnel would be used in border surveillance.

3. The possibilities of NAF personnel training in the field of border surveillance

As it was mentioned before, the use of NAF personnel is an efficient method to improve the border surveillance effectiveness. But taking into consideration the difference in duty specifics, the lack of competence of NAF personnel in the field of border surveillance is obvious. As it was mentioned before, the National Guard does not perform investigation of administrative violations. Thus it is necessary to train NAF personnel only in fields of SBG duty basis and border surveillance tactics. According to results of SBG and National Guard common exercise, the intensified (Order Nr.802 of State Border Guard, 2017). trainingIn order in tactics to progress of trespassers’ requirements tracking of multiagency and apprehension treaty and shouldto provide be knowledge to NAF personnel (Multiagency treaty Nr.162 SL-217-5, 2012), State Border Guard college provide e- training for NAF personnel according Guard personnel in toactions following of National themes: G “Obligationsuard personnel and inactions case ofof pursuingNational a suspect in illegal case of renewal of (Infor borderm control on internal borders”. andAlso “Obligations, responding and to COVID-19 pandemic and border control enhancing, State Border Guard introducedborder crossing” a theoretic trainingācija program zemessargiem, for National 2020) armed force personnel. This short training program is planned for 4 hours of individual study and includes such themes as Legal basis, Use of force and weapons, Service organisation, Border guard tactics (Order Nr.505 of State border guard, 2020). Thus SBG progress requirement in NAF personnel training according to mentioned multiagency treaty. National Guard is not often involved in border surveillance thus individual and e- training is enough to give theoretical knowledge to the

10 - . This decision made it personnel. But, as it was stated before, the practical training should be possible to renew border control on Lithuanian and Estonian borders and to improved because involving National Guard personnel without it could lead robežsardzeienhance border Covid surveillance19 izplatības on Russianierobežošanā, and Belarus 2020) borders. Thus Latvian to a failure performing a border surveillance task. According to this authors government reduced the risk of virus spreading and cross-border crime of the current paper suggest to introduce a qualification course (or introduce enhancing. It is too early to speak about the results of such action because the “train the trainer” method) in the field of border surveillance tactics for the crisis is not over and it is not possible to compare the actions of National Guard personnel. This would improve the competence of involved competent institutions statistically. personnel in the mentioned field. It could be concluded that use of National Guard personnel in border surveillance is effective. But the competence of these personnel is imperfect. 4. Suggestions for improvement of NAF personnel training in the Thus the training of National Guard personnel should be improved to field of border surveillance exclude a possibility of failure in case of situation were National Guard personnel would be used in border surveillance. As it was shown in the current paper, SBG organize theoretical training course for National Guard to implement the requirements of the multiagency 3. The possibilities of NAF personnel training in the field of border treaty Nr.162. To make this training more effective, authors of current surveillance research suggest developing a practical training program. This program should introduce a basic border surveillance tactics for the National Guard As it was mentioned before, the use of NAF personnel is an efficient personnel. The development of such training program is not possible in the method to improve the border surveillance effectiveness. But taking into scale of current paper and should be made within a separate research. The consideration the difference in duty specifics, the lack of competence of NAF authors will give suggestions for introducing the program. Suggestions will personnel in the field of border surveillance is obvious. be made on the basis of personal experience in border surveillance, on As it was mentioned before, the National Guard does not perform participation in FRONTEX joint operation and on the basis of current investigation of administrative violations. Thus it is necessary to train NAF theoretical training programs. personnel only in fields of SBG duty basis and border surveillance tactics. First of all it is essential to teach the NAF personnel types of According to results of SBG and National Guard common exercise, the assignments used in border surveillance. These could be Patrol, Checkpoint, Observation post and Ambush assignments. Reviewing this topic it is intensified (Order Nr.802 of State Border Guard, 2017). necessary to teach the personnel the obligations and restrictions of these trainingIn order in tactics to progress of trespassers’ requirements tracking of multiagency and apprehension treaty and shouldto provide be assignments and the respective legislation (e.g. corresponding articles of the knowledge to NAF personnel (Multiagency treaty Nr.162 SL-217-5, 2012), Traffic law for the Checkpoint assignment). State Border Guard college provide e- training for NAF personnel according Secondly, it is necessary to introduce technical means, equipment and Guard personnel in special means used in border surveillance. It is important to speak about tactics and legislation corresponding to these means (e.g. when and how actionsto following of National themes: G “Obligationsuard personnel and inactions case ofof pursuingNational a suspect in illegal handcuffs should be used). case of renewal of (Infor borderm control on internal borders”. andAlso “Obligations, responding and to Thirdly, the personnel should be trained in the tactics of patrol, COVID-19 pandemic and border control enhancing, State Border Guard especially on foot. This topic should include skills in illegal border crossing introducedborder crossing” a theoretic trainingācija program zemessargiem, for National 2020) armed force personnel. detection and the basics of man tracking. This short training program is planned for 4 hours of individual study and Fourthly, it is necessary to touch upon the control of border land and includes such themes as Legal basis, Use of force and weapons, Service border area regime. The accent should be put on legislation and organisation, Border guard tactics (Order Nr.505 of State border guard, administrative case investigation. Considering the fact that National Guard 2020). Thus SBG progress requirement in NAF personnel training according doesn’t have rights for administrative investigation, this topic should be more to mentioned multiagency treaty. familiarizing. After this part of training the personnel should know the National Guard is not often involved in border surveillance thus requirements of border land and border area regime and how a person can individual and e- training is enough to give theoretical knowledge to the be granted an access to stay there.

11 Fifthly, it is essential to train the tactics of an ambush. It is important because this assignment is the most effective for trespassers’ apprehension. Especially if the risk analysis was made correctly and the law enforcement institution has the information about a probable border violation place. Finally, it would be useful to introduce the personnel the known tactics of trespassers, both irregular migrants and smugglers. It would improve the patrolling, detecting the violation and tracking skills of the personnel. Authors of the current paper have an opinion that it would be possible to develop a 40-hour-long qualification course according to the topics mentioned above. This training would be timely for National Guard personnel that is planned to reinforce State Border Guard in a case of emergency. It would be effective to introduce such qualification course for NAF instructors to implement a “train a trainer” method. Such method, on its turn, would allow training a bigger number of personnel on the same period of time. Taking into consideration the constant situation of trainees, the specifics and timeliness of training such qualification course could be held not only in State Border Guard College, but also in regional boards of the State Border Guard. Considering their duty the border guards in the regional boards are mode acquainted with tactics of trespassers and could become effective trainers for the National Guard personnel.

Conclusions and suggestions

Making current research the authors came into following conclusions and made following suggestions: In case of emergency Latvian State Border Guard is able to reinforce its capacity with the help of National Armed Forces’ resources (both personal and technical). Due to differences in duty specifics it wouldn’t be possible to implement National Guard personnel in border surveillance directly and without SBG supervision. State Border Guard College provide theoretical qualification course in border surveillance for National Guard personnel to improve the cooperation between two institutions. Due to the fact that National Guard personnel is not often implemented in border surveillance, the authors conclude that e- training for corresponding personnel is enough to sustain minimal knowledge in the sphere. But practical training should be improved. Authors of the current research suggest introducing a practical qualification course in the sphere of border surveillance tactics for National Guard personnel with possibility of “train the trainer” method. Such course

12 Fifthly, it is essential to train the tactics of an ambush. It is important wooulduld improve improve competence competenc eof othef tpersonnelhe person thatnel tish atplanned is plan forne Stated fo rB order State because this assignment is the most effective for trespassers’ apprehension. BGuardorder reinforcement. Guard reinforc ement. Especially if the risk analysis was made correctly and the law enforcement QualificationQualification course course for for NNationalational Guuardard ppersonnelersonnel s shouldhould iincludenclude ssuchuch institution has the information about a probable border violation place. ttopicsopics as as T ypes Typ eofs border of bo guards’rder gassignments,uards’ assig Tnacticsments of, border Tactics surveillance, of border Finally, it would be useful to introduce the personnel the known tactics sCuorrespondinrveillance, Cgo rlegislation,respondin g N leecessarygislation , equipment, Necessary eqMuethodsipment , of M etprimaryhods of of trespassers, both irregular migrants and smugglers. It would improve the pinvestigation,rimary inve sItnformationigation, In faboutormat iborderon ab olandut b andorde borderr land area and regime, border M arostea patrolling, detecting the violation and tracking skills of the personnel. rcommonegime, trespassers’ Most tactics. common trespassers’ tactics. Authors of the current paper have an opinion that it would be possible IInternationalnternational InterventionIntervention andand thethe UseUse ofof Force:Force: MilitaryMilitary andand PolicePolice RolesRoles to develop a 40-hour-long qualification course according to the topics mentioned above. This training would be timely for National Guard RReferenceseferences personnel that is planned to reinforce State Border Guard in a case of 1. 1. Code of of Hi Higghh Council (1985) AAdministrativedministrative violations violations code code of of the the Republic Republic of emergency. It would be effective to introduce such qualification course for Latvia. Latvijas Padomju Sociālistiskās Republikas Augstākās Padomes un NAF instructors to implement a “train a trainer” method. Such method, on its Valdības, Zi51.ņ otājs, 51. turn, would allow training a bigger number of personnel on the same period 2. 2. FRIESENDORF,FRIESENDORFLatvijas, PadomjuC C.. (2012). Sociālistiskās International International Republikas Intervention Intervention Augstākās and and the the UsePadomes of Force: For unce: Valdības MilitMilitaryary of time. Taking into consideration the constant situation of trainees, the andZiņotājs Police Police Roles Roles.. Switzerland, Switzerland, Geneva: Geneva: DCAF. DCAF . specifics and timeliness of training such qualification course could be held 3. 3. HungaryHungary beefs beefs up border border with with army, army, warns warns migrmigrantsants to to stastayy away away (2015). Retrieved January 6, 2020 from not only in State Border Guard College, but also in regional boards of the State Retrieved January 6, 2020 from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe- migrantshttps://www-hungary.reut-ers.com/article/us-eurlaw/hungary-beefs-up-ope-migrborder-withants-hung-army-warnsary-law/hung-migrantsary-to-be- Border Guard. Considering their duty the border guards in the regional stayefs-up-bor-away-idUSKCN0RL1K220150922der-with-army-warns-migrants-t o-stay-away-idUSKCN0RL1K2201509 boards are mode acquainted with tactics of trespassers and could become 4. 22 Retrieved January 1, 2020 from effective trainers for the National Guard personnel. 4. 195.13.183.215/moodle/Informācija zemessar giem Retrieved January 1, 2020 from 5. InformācijaLaw195.13.183.215/moodle/ of the Parliament zemessargiem of the Republic of Latvia, Law of administrative Conclusions and suggestions 5. responsibilityLaw of the (2018). Parliament of the Republic 225. of Latvia, Law of administrative 6. Lawresponsibility of the Parliament (2018). Latvijas of the V ēRepublicstnesis, 225.of Latvia, National Armed Forces law. Making current research the authors came into following conclusions 6. (1999).Law of the ParliamentLatvijas of, 388/389. the Vēstnesis, Republic of Latvia, National Armed Forces law. 7. Law(1999). of the Latvijas Parliament Vēstnesis, of the 388/389. Republic of Latvia, State Border Guard law (1998). and made following suggestions: 7. Law of theLatvijas Parliament Vēstnesis. of the Republic of Latvia, State Border Guard law (1998). In case of emergency Latvian State Border Guard is able to reinforce its 8. MigrationLatvijas V ēstnesis.Issues in Hungary (2016). Retrieved January 6, 2020 from capacity with the help of National Armed Forces’ resources (both personal 8. https://www.iom.hu/migrationLatvijasMigration Vēstnesis Issues in Hungary-issues (2016).-hungary Retrie ved January 6, 2020 from and technical). 9. https://www.iom.hu/migration-issues-hungary Due to differences in duty specifics it wouldn’t be possible to implement 9. renewalOrder Nr on.297 Latvian of Stat- Lithuaniane Border Guar border”d on 20.02.2017 On exercise “Border control National Guard personnel in border surveillance directly and without SBG 10. Orderrenew al Nr.297Nr.802 on Latvian- of StateState Lithuanian Border Guard border” onon 20.02.201717.05.2017 OnOn exerciseState Border “Border Guard control and 10.NationalOrder Nr Guard.802 of common State Bor exerciseder Guar in Stated on Border 17.05.2017 Guard On Daugavpils State Bor regionalder Guar board.d and supervision. 11. ParisNational attacks: Guar Frenchd common police elaunchxercise raids in as Stat militarye Border strikes Guar Isisd Daugin Syriaavpils (2015). regional State Border Guard College provide theoretical qualification course in Retrievedboard. January 3, 2020 from border surveillance for National Guard personnel to improve the 11. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/15/parisParis attacks: French police launch raids as military strikes- Isisattacks in S-yriacar- found (2015).- cooperation between two institutions. withRetrie-kalashnikovsved January- 3,as 2020-gunmans from- relatives -questioned Due to the fact that National Guard personnel is not often implemented 12. Regulhttps://wwwation Nr.936.theguar ofdian.com/w the Cabinetor ld/2015/noof ministersv/15/paris-attack of the Republics-car-f of Latviaound-wit on in border surveillance, the authors conclude that e- training for 09.10.2010h-kalashnik o Regulationvs-as-gunmans-r how Latvianelatives-questioned National Guard provides support to state and corresponding personnel is enough to sustain minimal knowledge in the 12.selfRegulation-administration Nr.936 institutions of the Cabinet for preventing of minist erslaw ofviolations the Republic and public of Latvia security on safeguarding.09.10.2010 R (2010).egulation L how Latvian National 160. Guard provides support to state and sphere. But practical training should be improved. 13. self-administration institutions for preventing law violations and Retrieved public securityJanuary Authors of the current research suggest introducing a practical 6,saf 2020eguar fromding. http://www.rs.gov.lv/index.php?id=1031&top= (2010). Latvijasatvijas Vēstnesis, Vēstnesis, 160. -6&rel=3930 qualification course in the sphere of border surveillance tactics for National 14.1 3. TreatySalīdzinošāSalīdzino of šāState robežpārkāpumurobe Borderžpārkā pumuGuard statistikstatistikaand Nationala Baltijas Armed rreģionaeģiona Forces vvalstīs.alst onīs. 2012 Retrie vMultiagencyed January Guard personnel with possibility of “train the trainer” method. Such course treaty6, 2020 Nr.162, from http://wwwSL-217-5. .rs.gov.lv/index.php?id=1031&top=-6&rel=3930 14.Treaty of State Border Guard and National Armed Forces on 2012 Multiagency treaty Nr.162, SL-217-5.

13 15. Retrieved January 3, 2020 from https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/uz-latvijas-robezas-trukst- Uzvairak Latvijas-neka robežas-230-robezsargu.a280961/ trūkst vairāk nekā 230 robežsargu (2018). 16. Retrieved January 6, 2020 from https://www.apollo.lv/6806367/valsts-robezsardze-pieaug-darbinieku- trukumsValsts robežsardzē-to-viskritiskak pieaug-izjut darbinieku-lidosta- trūkums (2019).

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