Metodologia Empírica Seguida Neste Trabalho

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Metodologia Empírica Seguida Neste Trabalho Universidade do Minho Escola de Psicologia Sílvia Correia Monteiro Percursos de excelência académica no ensino superior: Estudo em alunos de Engenharia em Portugal Percursos de excelência académica no ensino superior: de excelência Percursos Estudo em Portugal em alunos de Engenharia Sílvia Correia Monteiro Julho de 2012 UMinho | 2012 Universidade do Minho Escola de Psicologia Sílvia Correia Monteiro Percursos de excelência académica no ensino superior: Estudo em alunos de Engenharia em Portugal Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia Área de especialização em Psicologia da Educação Trabalho efectuado sob a orientação de Professor Doutor Leandro da Silva Almeida e da Professora Doutora Rosa Maria de Castro Fernandes Vasconcelos Julho de 2012 DECLARAÇÃO É AUTORIZADA A REPRODUÇÃO INTEGRAL DESTA TESE APENAS PARA EFEITOS DE INVESTIGAÇÃO, MEDIANTE DECLARAÇÃO ESCRITA DO INTERESSADO, QUE A TAL SE COMPROMETE. Braga, ___/___/______ Assinatura: __________________________________________________________ AGRADECIMENTOS O desenvolvimento deste trabalho, concretizado na presente tese, resultou de um intenso percurso de desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional no qual colaboraram e contribuíram várias pessoas, junto de quem pretendo manifestar o meu reconhecido agradecimento. Aos meus orientadores, Professor Doutor Leandro Almeida e Professora Doutora Rosa Maria Vasconcelos, pela disponibilização de oportunidades que permitiram desenvolver este trabalho e, sobretudo, pela partilha dos conhecimentos que o orientaram, desde o primeiro momento. Ao Professor Doutor José Cruz, pelo apoio e conselhos prestados em diversas fases, e que em muito contribuíram para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Ao Professor Doutor Raúl Vidal, da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, e à Dra. Isabel Gonçalves e Dra. Ana Lucas, do Instituto Superior Técnico, pelo apoio concedido no contacto com os participantes deste trabalho, que em muito contribuíram para o seu enriquecimento metodológico. A todos os participantes deste estudo, da Universidade do Minho, Universidade do Porto e Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, pelo interesse manifestado em colaborar neste trabalho, aceitando partilhar comigo o seu tempo e as suas histórias de vida. Às minhas colegas investigadoras, em especial, à Liliana e Daniela, pela partilha de experiências e conhecimentos neste percurso na área da excelência. À Diana e à Amanda, que, num outro momento, foram também uma fonte de apoio importante neste caminho. Às minhas colegas do Conselho Pedagógico da Escola de Engenharia, pelo contexto que inspirou este trabalho e, em especial, à Magda, pelo apoio ao longo da revisão da redação desta tese. À minha família, cujo apoio ao longo dos anos me permitiu alcançar sucessivas metas, incluindo esta. Ao Rui, pela sua inesgotável compreensão e apoio, e por tudo o que para mim representa. Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o apoio financeiro da Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia no âmbito do QREN – POPH/FSE, com a referência SFRH/BD/43192/2008 iii The primary goal of higher education is not merely the successful completion of college degrees. It is the formation of a generation of people that clearly understand their unique contribution and genuinely desire to use this uniqueness for the common good. (Shushok, Frank & Hulme, 2006, p.4) iv Percursos de excelência académica no ensino superior: Estudo em alunos de Engenharia em Portugal Seguindo um enquadramento teórico que interliga a investigação em torno da aprendizagem e rendimento académico no ensino superior com os novos desenvolvimentos em torno dos conceitos teóricos e trabalhos empíricos na área da excelência e do desempenho superior, esta tese tem por objetivo geral identificar quais das variáveis reconhecidas na literatura oferecem um maior contributo na explicação do fenómeno da excelência no domínio académico. De um modo mais específico, aprofundam-se as variáveis relacionadas com a prática (competências de estudo e motivação) e com a personalidade, assim como as respetivas interações com os contextos académicos (professores, colegas, família), procurando simultaneamente compreender a confluência destes múltiplos fatores na excelência académica. O estudo empírico realizado recorre a uma metodologia mista, combinando entrevistas semiestruturadas com as respostas a três questionários: Escala de Competências de Estudo (ECE), o Questionário de Motivação para a Prática Deliberada (QMPD) e o NEO-PI-R. Participaram neste estudo 33 alunos de engenharia de três universidades portuguesas (Minho, Porto e Técnica de Lisboa), com média no curso superior a 16 valores (escala de 0 a 20). Os resultados obtidos permitem-nos verificar que não existe um fator único explicativo do desempenho excelente, mas uma conjugação de fatores contextuais com fatores pessoais. Dos fatores contextuais, destacamos o papel dos pais e professores a dois níveis: na sensibilização para a importância da aprendizagem e exploração de interesses e na transmissão de valores relacionados com o trabalho e a luta por objetivos; e na promoção de condições de acesso a diversos ambientes e experiências de aprendizagem, que se revelaram importantes na construção de alicerces para o desenvolvimento da excelência (interesses, competências e conhecimentos específicos). Nos fatores pessoais, salientamos a capacidade de monitorização da aprendizagem e exigências contextuais, o enfoque compreensivo no estudo, o esforço e a dedicação, bem como a capacidade de combinar várias estratégias e motivações. As motivações a longo prazo, relacionadas com a ambição em tornarem-se excelentes profissionais, parecem representar uma diretriz importante para estes alunos, permitindo-lhes regularem as suas práticas na busca de um futuro bem-sucedido. As características de trabalho parecem, por sua vez, refletir atributos de personalidade, nomeadamente, a conscienciosidade, à qual se associa a autodisciplina, o perfecionismo e a determinação. Para além destes aspetos, foi manifesto por parte dos participantes um percurso educativo marcado por bons resultados, confirmando-se portanto a estabilidade do desempenho ao longo da trajetória escolar. Por último, identificamos algumas singularidades entre os participantes que distinguem os alunos excelentes com um nível de desempenho mais baixo ao nível de aspetos mais específicos relacionados com as práticas de trabalho, designadamente, o tempo de trabalho em grupo e comportamentos de estudo mais centrados em aspetos dependentes do professor, como o método de avaliação. Estes aspetos ilustram especificidades no trabalho académico destes alunos e no seu percurso de excelência. v Pathways of academic excellence in higher education: a study with engineering students in Portugal Following a theoretical framework relating research on learning and academic achievement in higher education with the new developments on the theoretical concepts and empirical works in the area of excellence and superior performance, this thesis aims to identify which of the variables recognized in the literature contribute to the understanding of excellence in the academic field. More specifically, the variables related to the practice (study skills and motivation) and personality are studied, as well as the relationships with the academic contexts (teachers, peers and family), seeking to understand the confluence of multiple factors on academic excellence. To this end, we used a mixed methodology, combining semi-structured interviews with three questionnaires: the Study Skills Scale (ECE), the Deliberate Practice Motivation Questionnaire (QMPD) and the NEO-PI-R. The participants are 33 engineering students from three Portuguese universities (Minho, Porto and Técnica of Lisbon), with an average grade higher than 16 (in the range from 0 to 20). The results obtained show that a single factor alone does not explain the excellent performance, but rather a combination of contextual factors with personal factors. Concerning to the contextual factors, the role of parents and teachers at two levels is highlighted: a) raising awareness of the importance of learning and exploration of interests by the transmission of values related to work and striving for goals, and b) promoting the conditions for access to several learning environments and experiences which became important to the basis of the development of excellence (interests, skills and expertise). Regarding the personal factors, the ability to monitor learning and contextual requirements, the comprehensive study approach, the effort and dedication, as well as the ability to combine multiple strategies and motivations are emphasized. The long-term motivations related to the ambition to become excellent professionals represent an important guideline for these students, allowing them to regulate their practices in pursuit of a successful future. These work-related characteristics, in turn, seem to reflect personality attributes, namely, conscientiousness, which is associated with self-discipline, perfectionism and determination. Moreover, an educational progression characterized by good results was identified, confirming the stability of performance over the school career. Finally, we identified some particularities which distinguish the participants with the lowest level of performance which were related to specific aspects of work practices. These include the time spent on group work and dependence on teacher-led study, namely on assessment methodologies. These illustrate specific aspects on students’ work and on their pathway of excellence.
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