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Development Studies Research 1975-2014 in Academic Journal DEVELOPMENT STUDIES RESEARCH 1975-2014 IN ACADEMIC JOURNAL ARTICLES: THE END OF ECONOMICS? Investigación sobre estudios de desarrollo 1975-2014 en artículos de revistas académicas: ¿el fin de la economía? Mike Thelwall and Sam Thelwall Mike Thelwall is the head of the Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group at the University of Wol- verhampton, UK. He has developed a wide range of software for gathering and analysing web data, including hyperlink analysis, sentiment analysis and content analysis for Twitter, YouTube, MySpace, blogs and the Web in general. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6065-205X Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group, School of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Wolverhampton Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom [email protected] Sam Thelwall is an undergraduate studying the history of economics in the School of Arts, Langua- ges and Cultures, University of Manchester. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6447-4497 University of Manchester, School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Manchester, United Kingdom [email protected] Abstract The field of development studies analyses causes and potential solutions for global poverty and inequality. Since the Second World War there have been major changes in theories about the root causes of global poverty and the strategies necessary to tackle it. This article views the history of development studies from the perspective of the role of economics during 1975- 2014. A topic modelling analysis of published journal articles fromScopus suggests that there has been a relative decline in research that focuses on economics, and particularly for research concerned with firms and growth. In parallel, the analysis suggests that there has been a relatively slow increase in interest in the environment, a lack of scholarly interest in BRICS and dependency theory, and a relatively homogeneous treatment of gender issues. Keywords Development studies; Trends analysis; Topic models; Scientometrics; Bibliometrics; Economics. Resumen En los estudios sobre desarrollo se analizan las causas y las posibles soluciones para la pobreza y la desigualdad globales. Desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial se han producido cambios importantes en las teorías sobre las causas de la pobreza mundial y las estrategias necesarias para hacerle frente. En este artículo se revisan los estudios de desarrollo publicados en el período 1975-2014 desde la perspectiva del papel jugado por la economía. Un análisis de los temas de los artículos publicados en revistas indexadas en Scopus sugiere que ha habido una disminución relativa de la investigación centrada en la economía, y en particular en la investigación sobre empresas y crecimiento. Paralelamente, el análisis sugiere que se ha producido un lento aumento en el interés por el medio ambiente, falta de interés del mundo académico por los países BRICS y la teoría de la dependencia, y un tratamiento bastante homogéneo de las cuestiones de género. Palabras clave Estudios sobre desarrollo; Análisis de tendencias; Modelos temáticos; Cienciometría; Bibliometría; Ciencias económicas; Economía. Manuscript received on 21-10-2015 Accepted on 30-12-2015 El profesional de la información, 2016, enero-febrero, v. 25, n. 1. eISSN: 1699-2407 47 Mike Thelwall and Sam Thelwall Thelwall, Mike; Thelwall, Sam (2016). “Development studies research 1975-2014 in academic journal articles: The end of economics?”. El profesional de la información, v. 25, n. 1, pp. 47-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3145/epi.2016.ene.06 1. Introduction for current researchers to understand the current status of their field. This question is difficult to answer clearly, howe- The field of development studies is concerned with “the ver, despite several published histories of the field, because existence and seemingly inexorable deepening of global po- development studies is a multidisciplinary, practice-orien- verty and inequality” (Potter, 2014a, p. 17), although there ted field that has continued to evolve substantially over are disagreements about the precise nature or core goals time. An information science approach that quantitatively of the field (Schuurman, 2009). Three alternative concep- analyses the published development studies literature may tions of development coexist: development as the long term help to shed light on the evolution of the field by interpre- progress of a nation towards a highly productive economy; ting the available data from a different perspective. development in the sense of short to medium term progress of a nation or region towards specific goals that improve the human condition; and development as a Western discourse Post development theory argued that to justify its actions (Sumner; Tribe, 2008b). The second of standard Western conceptions of deve- these seems to be currently the most widespread but the development studies field is concerned with all of them. De- lopment were outdated velopment studies grew from the late 1940s (Khoo, 2015) and then emerged as a discipline in the 1960s with the es- tablishment of research institutes in the UK, followed by This article investigates the role of economics in develop- courses and journals (Potter, 2014a; Sumner; Tribe, 2008a). ment studies in recent years and as well as the wider history It was a deliberately multidisciplinary combination of eco- of development studies. The approach used is a text analy- nomics, agricultural science, sociology and other fields to sis of published research 1975-2014 in academic journal ar- promote positive changes in the human condition in eco- ticles. It uses topic modelling to identify trends in the topics nomically poor areas of the world (Sumner; Tribe, 2008a). discussed so that their evolution over time can be analysed. Although a new discipline, it had some personnel and ideo- Economics here is broadly defined to encompass both ma- logical continuity with previous development initiatives and croeconomics (the economy as a whole) and microecono- related colonially-focused research (Craggs, 2014). mics (the economic behaviour of individuals and organisa- tions), but this article is concerned with contributions from economics as a discipline, rather than contributions from The importance and relevance of econo- other disciplines (e.g., agriculture) that impact on the eco- mic development seem to have declined nomy (e.g., by making farmers more productive). substantially for a number of different 2. A brief history of development studies and reasons issues This section gives the necessary background to set the con- text for the topic modelling results. The current concept of The concept of economic development has its origins development originates from the 1949 inaugural speech of mainly in the Marxist theory of societal progress through President Harry S. Truman (Rist, 2014; Schuurman, 2014), different economic stages but after the Second World War which introduced the term ‘underdevelopment’ for nations, the term was increasingly used by non-Marxists to mean meaning economically backwards. It also argued for the economic growth in general (Arndt, 1981). The importan- need to support international development, focused almost ce and relevance of economic development seem to have exclusively on facilitating economic growth. Growth theory, declined substantially, however, for a number of different which dominated post-war development studies, derived reasons. First, a recognition that economic growth does not from Keynes (Knutsson, 2009; Preston, 1996) and was automatically lead to better outcomes for the majority of mainly concerned with economic growth, state planning the population has led to a new interest in human develo- and international aid (Preston, 1996). pment. Second, the rise in importance of the environment gives a perspective from which economic growth is not ne- During the 1950s, institutional and cultural factors that cessarily a good in itself and can also provide its own pro- affect economic growth were analysed and became widely blems, especially for the poor. Third, the increasingly globa- known as modernisation theory (Lewis, 1978; Preston, lised economy has undermined the relevancy of economic 1996). Modernization theory culminated in the influential development strategies for individual countries. Given the- book The stages of economic growth: A non-communist ma- se changes, has the overall influence of economics within nifesto (Rostow, 1960). This book utilised an aviation me- development studies declined or has it just changed focus? taphor to illustrate a 5 stage path on the road to an ‘age This is an important issue to inform the education and re- of mass high consumption’ with a focus on high levels of cruitment of future development professionals as well as investment with heavy state involvement. 48 El profesional de la información, 2016, enero-febrero, v. 25, n. 1. eISSN: 1699-2407 Development studies research 1975-2014 in academic journal articles: The end of economics? The 1960s was the UN’s Decade of development, again fo- lopment efforts were based on false notions of colonial su- cusing on economic development. The UN argued that all periority and geopolitical concerns and offered a lack of un- nations should aim to achieve a minimum of 5% annual derstanding of the diverse cultures of the world (Knutsson, growth in national income by the end of the decade (United 2009). Post development theories in the 1980s emphasised Nations, 1961). Thus, the 1960s continued to equate econo- environmental issues along with respect
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