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Die Domestikation Des Altägyptischen Langhornrindes in Afrika“

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Die Domestikation Des Altägyptischen Langhornrindes in Afrika“ DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Die Domestikation des Altägyptischen Langhornrindes in Afrika“ Eine Historische – Archäologische Evidenz Verfasser Alexander P. Haager angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag.phil) Wien, 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 390 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Afrikanistik Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Dr. Norbert Cyffer Die Domestikation des Altägyptischen Langhornrindes in Afrika Eine Historische – Archäologische Evidenz Inhalt 1 Einleitung, Ziel und Methodik ..........................................................................................7 2 Hypothesen zur Wildtierdomestikation...........................................................................12 2.1 Die Bedeutung von Klima, Technologie, Demographie und Religion.....................12 2.2 Zur Hypothese der Entwicklung der Viehzucht aus Wirtschaft sich aneignenden Bevölkerungsgruppen ...........................................................................................18 2.3 Zur Hypothese der Entwicklung der Viehzucht aus Wirtschaft produzierenden Bevölkerungsgruppen ...........................................................................................21 2.4 Zur Hypothese der Entwicklung der Viehzucht aus dem Nomadentum .................24 2.5 Ein biologischer Ansatz zur Domestikation............................................................25 3 Das Altägyptische Langhornrind des Bos primigenius Typs - eine historische Evidenz .26 3.1 Eine morphologische Beschreibung des Altägyptischen Rindes ...........................28 3.2 Das Altägyptische Langhornrind und seine religiöse und kulturhistorische Bedeutung im Alten Ägypten.................................................................................29 3.3 Herdenführung und Zuchtauslese im Alten Ägypten .............................................37 3.4 Das Altägyptische Langhornrind in seinen Darstellungen......................................38 3.4.1 Rinderdarstellungen und Rinderfunde aus prädynastischer Zeit........................41 3.4.2 Das Altägyptische Rind in der frühdynastischen Periode...................................43 3.4.3 Rinderbildnisse und Rinderfunde aus der Zeit des Alten Reiches .....................44 3.4.4 Ein bescheidenes Zeugnis aus der Ersten Zwischenzeit...................................46 3.4.5 Das Rind im Mittleren Reich..............................................................................46 3.4.6 Die Zweite Zwischenzeit....................................................................................47 3.4.7 Rinderdarstellungen und Knochenfunde aus der Zeit des Neuen Reiches ........48 3 3.4.8 Rinderabbildungen in der Dritten Zwischenzeit und in der Spätzeit des Altägyptischen Reiches.....................................................................................51 3.5 Verbreitungsgebiete der Altägyptischen Langhornrinder, Rassenatavismus und gemeinsamer Kulturbesitz.....................................................................................53 3.6 Zum Problem von Tierseuchen in Afrika ...............................................................57 4 Saharische Felsmalereien und petroglyphische Zeugnisse als Beweis der Rinderdomestikation und Rinderzucht in der Sahararegion ...........................................59 4.1 Präliminarien zu einer saharanischen Viehzüchtergesellschaft .............................59 4.2 Petroglyphische Zeugnisse der Rinderzucht in der Sahara...................................64 4.3 Die Capsier als kulturelle Wegbereiter vom Paläolithikum zum Neolithikum – Die ersten ‚Pastoral Neolithics‘....................................................................................70 4.4 Die Bovidier als Implementierer der Rinderzeit .....................................................73 4.5 Merimde-Kultur .....................................................................................................77 4.6 Omari-Kultur .........................................................................................................79 4.7 Libysche Wüste, das Wadi Huwar, das Wadi-al-Malik und der Weg in das Atlas Gebirge.................................................................................................................80 4.7.1 Pastoralnomadische Wanderrouten vom Niltal bis in die Zentralsahara ............83 4.7.2 Wanderrouten durch den Sahel.........................................................................85 4.7.3 Die Küstengebiete, das Hinterland der Cyrenaika, die Ostsahara und die Thesen der Rinderdomestikation in Nordafrika ..............................................................89 4.8 Domestikationszentren im Niltal ............................................................................93 5 Neue Rinderrassen aus dem Osten betreten den Afrikanischen Kontinent und das Altägyptische Langhornrind unterliegt einer Transformation ..........................................99 5.1 Kulturrasse, Akklimatisation und Mutation des Rindes im Allgemeinen und für das Altägyptische Langhornrind im Besonderen ........................................................100 5.2 Höckerlose, taurine Rinder im westlichen Afrika als rezente Nachfolger des Altägyptischen Langhornrindes ...........................................................................104 5.2.1 Das N’Dama Rind ...........................................................................................105 5.2.2 Das Kuri Rind..................................................................................................106 5.3 Der Typ des höckerlosen Kurzhornrindes/Humpless Shorthorn-West African Dwarf Shorthorn............................................................................................................110 5.4 Das Brachykeros Rind erscheint in Afrika ...........................................................112 5.5 Das Zebu auf seinem Weg nach Afrika ...............................................................118 5.6 Transformation des Altägyptischen Langhornrindes nach der Ankunft außerafrikanischer Rinderrassen ........................................................................125 5.6.1 Die Nachkommen der Hochlandrinder und ihr Verbreitungsgebiet ..................130 4 5.7 Der Sanga-Typus................................................................................................133 6 Der Hamitische Kulturkreis und das Rind ....................................................................137 7 Conclusio ....................................................................................................................158 8 Quellen........................................................................................................................163 9 Internetquellen ............................................................................................................173 10 Kurzfassung............................................................................................................175 11 Abstract ..................................................................................................................177 12 Curriculum Vitae.....................................................................................................179 5 6 1 Einleitung, Ziel und Methodik „Bei der Beurteilung von fossilen und subfossilen Skelettfunden von Rindern ist es häufig von großem Interesse, nachweisen zu können, ob es sich um den Rest eines wilden oder eines domestizierten Tieres handelt. An zahlreichen Fundstellen sind ja zahme und wilde Rinder nebeneinander gefunden worden und die Bestimmung ist meist sehr schwierig.“ 1 Die Domestikation des Rindes stellt einen bedeutsamen Schritt in der Menschheitsgeschichte dar, doch die Zähmung des Wildrindes war nicht für alle Bevölkerungsgruppen von gleicher Wichtigkeit geprägt. Verschiedene klimatische und geographische Gegebenheiten führten zu weiterer Domestikation vormals wilder, jagdbarer Tiere. So zählen Pferd, Schaf, Ziege und Schwein gemeinsam mit dem Rind zu den wichtigsten und zugleich auch ältesten Haustieren des Menschen. Da sich der Vorgang der Tierzähmung bestimmter Wildtierarten oftmals und an unterschiedlicher Stelle wiederholt hat, führten manche Völker und Volksgruppen, wenn nicht gar diverse Arten derselben Gattung, doch verschiedene Unterarten, Varietäten und Lokalformen an den jeweiligen Örtlichkeiten in ihre Haushalte über. 2 „Die solcher Art entstandenen Haustierrassen leiten sich somit von verschieden beschaffenen Stammformen ab, sind deshalb einander unähnlich und lassen ihre Herkunft an bestimmten, oft sehr bezeichnenden Merkmalen erkennen. Allerdings muß man die wilde Stammform kennen, wobei es ziemlich gleichgültig ist, ob sie noch jetzt vorkömmt oder ob wir sie nur aus erhaltenen Resten (Schädel, Knochenfunden usw.) kennen. Das ursprüngliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Rassentypen stimmt natürlich mit jenen ihrer wilden Ausgangsarten (oder ihrer Lokalform) überein und kann unter Umständen einen wichtigen Fingerzeig für die Feststellung der Ursitze der zugehörigen Völker geben.“ 3 In einer ähnlichen Weise argumentiert Flor, der anhand der Domestikationsmerkmale das kulturgeschichtliche Alter dieser Haustiere bestimmen zu können glaubt: „Mit Hilfe der verschiedenen Domestikationsmerkmale und aus der Art ihrer Einwirkung ist es aber auch möglich, auf objektive Weise, und, wenn auch nicht immer, so doch häufig mit historischer 1 Koch 1927:444. 2 Vgl. Adametz 1920:1ff.. 3 Adametz 1920:2. 7 Sicherheit das kulturgeschichtliche Alter einer Zuchtrasse zu bestimmen, einerlei, ob die Kulturschicht,
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