Ressonância Da Tradição Bestiária Medieval Na Série Teen Wolf

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Ressonância Da Tradição Bestiária Medieval Na Série Teen Wolf RESSONÂNCIA DA TRADIÇÃO BESTIÁRIA MEDIEVAL NA SÉRIE TEEN WOLF Daniela Santana Santos1 (IC)*, Vanessa Gomes Franca2 (PQ) 1 UEG – Câmpus Pires do Rio, [email protected]. 2 UEG – Câmpus Pires do Rio, UFG. RESUMO: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo evidenciar as ressonâncias da tradição bestiária medieval na série americana Teen Wolf. Os livros bestiários, que foram propagados a partir do século XII, continham a descrição de animais reais (leão, aranha) e imaginários (basilisco, sereia), além de algumas gemas e plantas, por meio dos quais se intentava transmitir uma lição moral, a partir dos comportamentos expostos. Essa relação do homem com o animal e os seres da natureza se dava visto os mediévicos viverem de acordo com a perspectiva divina, sendo a natureza um reflexo do poder de Deus. Na série Teen Wolf, temos evidenciada a relação homem-animal, presente nos bestiários, quando algumas personagens assumem determinadas características de animálias que são listadas em tais códices. Nossa pesquisa está fundamentada nos estudos de Fonseca (2011), Franca (2013), Franca e Souza (2017), Pastoureau (2011), Souza (2014), Van Woensel (2001), Varandas (2006), White (1984), dentre outros. Este trabalho participa do projeto intitulado A influência dos bestiários medievais na literatura e no cinema, desenvolvido na Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Câmpus Pires do Rio, com o apoio da Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação (PrP) da UEG, sob a coordenação da professora doutora Vanessa Gomes Franca. Palavras-chaves: Bestiário Medieval. Teen Wolf. Animálias. Introdução Os Bestiários, livros muito propagados em toda a Idade Média, apresentavam a descrição de animais, desde os mais conhecidos até os mais exóticos e mesmo de invenção mítica, de plantas e de gemas. Escritos pelos clérigos da época, tencionavam transmitir uma lição moral por meio do comportamento dos espécimes animal, vegetal e mineral ali listados. Essa relação do homem com o animal e os seres da natureza se dava visto os mediévicos viverem de acordo com a perspectiva divina, sendo a natureza um reflexo do poder de Deus. Logo, os homens buscavam na fauna e flora compreender os mistérios do Senhor, em que os animais eram admirados e temidos ao mesmo tempo. Atualmente, vemos que muitos dos animais que foram arrolados nos bestiários, continuam a existir no imaginário das pessoas. Percebemos sua presença no cinema, na televisão, nos quadrinhos, em seriados. Convivemos com vampiros, lobisomens, sereias, centauros, grifos, por meio de filmes, quadros, esculturas, entre outros; pois as pessoas anseiam por mistérios, por sonhos e aventuras fantásticas em que possam sair de sua realidade e “viajar” por mundos imaginários. Tendo em vista o exposto, em nosso trabalho, pretendemos evidenciar ressonâncias do bestiário medieval na série americana Teen Wolf. Fundamentamos esta pesquisa nos estudos realizados por: Fonseca (2011), Franca (2013), Franca e Souza (2017), Pastoureau (2011), Souza (2014), Van Woensel (2001), Varandas (2006), White (1984), dentre outros. O trabalho que ora apresentamos é produto parcial do projeto de pesquisa intitulado A influência dos bestiários medievais na literatura e no cinema, desenvolvido na Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Câmpus Pires do Rio, com o apoio da Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação (PrP) da UEG, sob a coordenação da professora doutora Vanessa Gomes Franca. Material e Métodos A pesquisa proposta se refere a um estudo de cunho bibliográfico e teórico, por meio do qual fizemos análises referentes ao corpus literário (bestiários) e da série Teen Wolf. Para tanto, desenvolvemos o projeto em quatro etapas. Na primeira, procedemos a coleta de dados teóricos/críticos a respeito dos bestiários medievais. Na segunda, realizamos a leitura e o fichamento de tais materiais. Na terceira, (re)assistimos a série proposta, a fim de verificar se os animais que são catalogados nos bestiários são retomados por ela. Na quarta e última etapa, efetuamos as análises e exposições das características dos animais presentes nos bestiários e daqueles que são apresentados na série. Resultados e Discussão Liber iste Bestiarius dicitur / Quia in primis de bestiis loquitur / Et secundario de avibus, / Ad ultimum autem de lapidibus” On appelle ce livre «bestiaire», parce qu’il parle en premier lieu des animaux, puis des oiseaux, et, en dernier lieu seulement, des pierres. Philippe de Thaon O clérigo normando Philippe de Thaon, no século XII, foi o responsável pela primeira tradução do Physiologus latino para uma língua vulgar (FRANCA, 2013; SOUZA, 2014). Thaon (1900), consoante pode se verificar por meio da citação, esclarece que chamará o livro de “Bestiário”, uma vez que ele trata, primeiramente, de animais, em seguida, de pássaros, e, por fim, de pedras. Os Bestiários, livros muito propagados em toda a Idade Média, apresentavam a descrição de animais, desde os mais conhecidos até os mais exóticos e mesmo de invenção mítica, de plantas e de gemas. De acordo com Maurice Van Woensel (2001, p. 15), “[...] estes manuais de história natural tratavam de animais de fato existentes, e também de muitos bichos fantasiosos porém tidos por reais na época, tais como dragão, a sereia, a fênix e o unicórnio”. Os Bestiários, muitas vezes escritos pelos clérigos da época, tencionavam transmitir uma lição moral por meio do comportamento dos espécimes animal, vegetal e mineral ali listados. Essa relação do homem com o animal e os seres da natureza se dava visto os mediévicos viverem de acordo com a perspectiva divina, sendo a natureza um reflexo do poder de Deus. Logo, os homens buscavam na fauna e flora compreender os mistérios do Senhor, em que os animais eram admirados e temidos ao mesmo tempo. Desse modo, uma vez que todas as criaturas foram criadas por Deus, elas edificavam com exemplos de conduta positiva ou negativa, transmitindo “[...] um testemunho espontâneo e vivo da verdade da religião cristã” (ZUCKER, 2004, p. 31).1 Então, “[...] ao leitor devoto da Idade Média [cabia] a possibilidade de reconhecer, nas suas espécies animais representadas, os misteriosos desígnios divinos, fosse de maneira explícita ou cuidadosamente escondida nos meandros das interpretações simbólicas” (FONSECA, 2011, p. 48). Nos capítulos dos bestiários temos uma zoologia compósita formada por animais reais (familiares, selvagens e exóticos), fabulosos e míticos. Tais manuscritos serão responsáveis, então, por disseminar na mentalidade medieval a convicção na existência de animais fantásticos como a mantícora, a sereia, o basilisco, dentre outros. É interessante observarmos que, mesmo nas descrições 1 Lê-se no original: [...] un témoignage spontané et vivant de la vérité de la religion chrétienne. das alimárias reais, o bestiarista, além de relatar as características próprias dessas criaturas, atribuía-lhes qualidades mirabolantes. Do crocodilo, por exemplo, destacavam-se suas lágrimas na hora de devorar sua vítima (FRANCA, 2013). Atualmente, vemos que os animais fabulosos e míticos, que foram arrolados nos bestiários, continuam a existir no imaginário das pessoas, percebemos sua presença no cinema, na televisão, nos quadrinhos. Convivemos com vampiros, lobisomens, sereias, centauros, grifos, por meio de filmes, quadros, esculturas, entre outros; pois as pessoas anseiam por mistérios, por sonhos e aventuras fantásticas. Ademais, percebemos que os animais, reais e fantasiosos, constantemente, são retomados em narrativas literárias e fílmicas. Tendo em vista o exposto, por meio dessa proposta de trabalho, pretendemos evidenciar a influência dos bestiários medievais na representação dos animais que aparecem na série americana Teen Wolf, que teve seu primeiro episódio transmitido no dia 05 de junho de 2011. Na série, é retratada, por exemplo, a vida do personagem Scott McCall que, ao ser mordido por um lobisomem, ganha rapidez, força, voracidade. De acordo com o Bestiário de Cambridge, traduzido e editado por Terence Hanbury White, “o lobo não tinha boa fama na Antiguidade, menos em Roma, onde a loba era venerada como nutriz dos fundadores da cidade. Crueldade, rapina, fome insaciável de comida e de sexo o marcavam; na simbologia cristã encarna as forças demoníacas” (WHITE, 1984, p. 208). É perceptível a semelhança de atributos trazidos dos bestiários para a série: quando o adolescente dócil passa pela lua cheia (que seria a referência à transformação no lobo), o mesmo se torna volátil, agindo realmente como um animal e, como nos bestiários, só está em busca de comida e coito. Há também a garota Kira Yukimura que, ao alcançar certa idade, tem despertado em si uma raposa. Desse modo, tem problemas para controlar sua natureza, tendendo a enganar e a prejudicar a todos que estão em sua volta. Quanto à raposa, nos bestiários, ela “[...] era uma alegoria do demônio, que alicia, engana, e leva à danação o cristão incauto” (WHITE, 1984, p. 201). A personagem Lydia Martin (Fig. 1) é uma banshee (Fig. 2), que na “[...] mitologia irlandesa [...] é a fada mensageira da morte e símbolo de mau-agouro” (ABRANTES, 2016, p. 13). A banshee possui a capacidade de prever a morte de alguém e, quando isso acontece, emite um grito/uivo potente. Na série, inicialmente, Lydia não sabe a respeito do seu dom. Ela pressente o assassinato de algumas personagens e vai até o lugar para tentar impedir as mortes. Posteriormente, quando descobre que é uma banshee, aprende a interpretar as premonições e a usar o seu grito. Figura 1 – Lydia Martin Figura 2 – Banshee Fonte: https://www.wattpad.com/164405185- Fonte: mitologias-de-teen-wolf-banshee https://sobreirlanda.com/2012/09/14/la- banshee-el-lamento-sobrenatural-de- irlanda/ Quanto à caracterização de Lydia Figura 3 – Coruja Martin, podemos dizer que há semelhança com aquela da coruja (Fig. 3) que encontramos nos bestiários. Neles, as corujas são descritas como moradoras de cavernas e são encontradas próximas a túmulos. Além disso, como de acordo com a narrativa dos bestiários “as corujas gritam quando sentem que alguém está prestes a morrer”2 (MEDIEVAL BESTIARY, 2018), eram consideradas mensageiras da Fonte: Bodleian Library, MS. Bodley morte. 764, Folio 73r 2 Lê-se no original: Owls cry out when they sense that someone is about to die.
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