DOCSLIB.ORG

The Role of Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Cancer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Role of Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Cancer APMIS 118: 510–519 Ó 2010 The Authors Journal Compilation Ó 2010 APMIS DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02624.x The role of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer CHRISTEL BRAEMER LAJER and CHRISTIAN VON BUCHWALD Department of Oto-rhino-laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Lajer CB, von Buchwald C. The role of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer. APMIS 2010; 118: 510–519. Over the last 20 years, there has been increasing awareness of a subset of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC), i.e. HPV-positive HNSCC. These cancers seem to differ somewhat from HPV-negative HNSCC. Patients with HPV-positive HNSCC tend to be younger and have a lower intake of tobacco and alcohol. Distinct molecular profiles separate them from HPV-negative cancers and show similarities with HPV-positive cervical SCC. There is evidence that HPV-positive HNSCC is a sexually transmitted disease. Patients with HPV-positive HNSCC are often diagnosed at a late stage with large cystic lymph nodes in the neck. HPV-positive HNSCC show an affinity for the oropharynx, especially the tonsils and the base of the tongue, and tend to show low differentiation histopathologi- cally. There is a better prognosis regardless of the treatment regimen for HPV-positive HNSCC com- pared with HPV-negative HNSCC, and this seems to be related to the immune system. Whether the new vaccines for HPV will protect not only against cervical cancer but also against HPV-positive HNSCC remains unknown. Key words: Human papillomavirus; head and neck cancer; tonsil; immune system; prognosis. C.B. Lajer, Department of Oto-rhino-laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. e-mail: christel.lajer@rh. regionh.dk Approximately 1100 persons in Denmark are future we may have to look at these two types of diagnosed with squamous cell carcinomas of cancers separately, both from a scientific, diag- the head and neck (HNSCC) each year. More nostic, epidemiological and clinical point of than 21 000 patients within the European view but also with regard to treatment. Union die from cancer of the oral cavity and This paper provides a review of recent data pharynx each year (1). Alcohol and tobacco linking HPV to HNSCC and the distinct molec- are disposing factors for developing this type ular and clinical features of HPV-positive of cancer, but HPV also is now known to HNSCC. be associated with head and neck cancer, espe- The involvement of human papillomavirus cially SCC of the oropharynx (tonsils and (HPV) in head and neck carcinogenesis was first base of the tongue). There are indications that suggested by Syrjanen in 1983 (3–5). Prior to the prevalence of HPV-induced head and neck this, from 1974 to 1977, zur Hausen suggested cancers is increasing, while the prevalence of that cervical cancer may arise from the same tobacco- and alcohol-induced cancers is declin- virus as is found in condylomata acuminate, i.e. ing (2). HPV (6–8). Today it is well established that the HPV-positive HNSCC appears to be distinct infection with specific types of HPV can cause from HPV-negative HNSCC with regard to a cervical cancer. More than 95% of cervical can- number of different characteristics, and in the cer biopsies contain high-risk HPV genomes (9). Vaccination against HPV allows us to state Invited review that essential precursor lesions of this cancer 510 THE ROLE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS IN HEAD AND NECK CANCER type are effectively prevented (10, 11). High-risk The function of E7 is also discussed in Chow, HPV infection has also been associated with Broker and Steinberg (14) and Pim and Banks anogenital carcinomas including cervical, anal, (15). E7 binds and destabilizes the tumour vulvar and penile cancers, and more recently suppressor retinoblastoma protein (pRb), pre- breast cancer (12). venting it from binding to the E2F transcription Since Syrjanen’s first proposal regarding the factor and thereby promoting cell cycle progres- involvement of HPV in head and neck cancer, sion. This functional inactivation of pRb results several other studies have demonstrated HPV in in a reciprocal overexpression of p16 tumour oral cavity, pharyngeal and laryngeal SCC. The suppressor protein p16INK4A. The HPV-posi- incidence varies considerably depending on the tive tonsillar SCC share a disruption of the pRb population studied, location of the tumours and pathway as a common biological marker. By the methods used for identification. immunohistochemistry (IHC), most HPV-posi- The HPV types (most often HPV 16 and occa- tive HNSCC show p16 overexpression. In non- sionally HPV18) identified in HPV-positive ton- HPV-related HNSCC, continuous tobacco and sillar SCC are similar to those found in cervical alcohol exposure can lead to mutational loss of cancers. the TP16 and TP53 genes. These early neoplas- tic events are seen in up to 80% of HNSCC and cause uncontrolled cellular growth (16). The METHODS – SEARCH STRATEGY expression of p53 and bcl-2 is not associated with HPV-positive oral cavity SCC (17) and A systematic review of the literature was con- mutations in TP53 are rarely seen in HPV-posi- ducted using the NIH PubMed search engine tive tumours compared with HPV-negative and the following Mesh words: papillomavirus, tumours (18, 19). There seems to be an inverse and head and neck neoplasms. Furthermore, a relationship between epidermal growth factor search was made using the words HPV in ‘All receptor expression and HPV status (20, 21). Fields’ and ⁄ or head and neck cancers in ‘All Genetic signatures of HPV-positive oropha- Fields’. Only studies published in English have ryngeal SCC have been shown to be different been considered, especially those within the last from those of HPV-negative oropharyngeal 10 years. SCC, and, in addition, distinct chromosomal alterations were of prognostic significance, reflecting a possible difference in tumour develop- MOLECULAR FACTORS ment and progression (22). Parallel to this, gene expression profiles show a different pattern in HPV-positive HNSCC seem to have a different HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers compared molecular profile compared with that of HPV- with HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancers (23). negative HNSCC. In addition, HPV-positive Pyeon et al. carried out genome-wide expres- HNSCC share some similarities with cervical sion profiling comparing HPV-positive and carcinomas. HPV-negative HNSCC with cervical cancers The HPV genome is comprised of three (24). This revealed that HPV-positive HNSCC major regions: the long control region, the and cervical cancers differed in their patterns of early (E1-8) genes and the late (L1-2) genes. gene expression but shared many changes when High-risk oncogenic subtypes HPV-16, 18, 31, compared with HPV-negative HNSCC. Nota- 33 and 35 have been shown to be capable of bly, HPV-positive HNSCC and cervical cancers transforming oral epithelial cells through the were upregulated in their expression of a distinct viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 (13). The func- and larger subset of cell cycle genes compared tion of E6 is discussed in Chow, Broker and with HPV-negative HNSCC. Moreover, HPV- Steinberg (14) and Pim and Banks (15). The positive cancers overexpressed testis-specific virally encoded E6 binds to a cellular ubiqu- genes that are normally expressed only in itin ⁄ protein ligase, E6–AP, and simultaneously meiotic cells. Many, although not all, of the to the tumour suppressor protein p53, resulting hallmark differences between HPV-positive in ubiquitination of p53 and its subsequent HNSCC and HPV-negative HNSCC were a proteolytic degradation. direct consequence of HPV and, in particular, Ó 2010 The Authors Journal Compilation Ó 2010 APMIS 511 LAJER & VON BUCHWALD the viral E6 and E7 oncogenes. This included a period with comprehensive materials or remark- novel association of HPV oncogenes with testis- able HPV prevalence are included. specific gene expression (24). Many different assays for HPV detection are To summarize, at the molecular level, HPV- available, each with its own analytical sensitiv- positive HNSCC differ from HPV-negative ity. There are the PCR-based assay systems, HNSCC and similarities exist between HPV-posi- often linked to a specific genotyping system. tive HNSCC and HPV-positive cervical SCC. Amplicor35 and SPF1036, as well as various type-specific PCR methods, are very sensitive systems, whereas GP5+ ⁄ GP6+-PCR37 and THE INFLUENCE OF TUMOUR PGMY38 are somewhat less sensitive in detect- LOCATION AND METHODS USED FOR ing HPV (29). In addition, there are methods HPV PREVALENCE ANALYSIS based on DNA hybridization with specifically labelled RNA probes ISH that can be applied to A serious problem in HPV research is that there detect HPV on histological sections (30). In a is no consensus as to how to identify HNSCC recently published study by Shi et al., the prog- caused by HPV. This may undermine the true nostic value of HPV16 E6 mRNA was com- importance of HPV for HNSCC patients. There pared with that found using ISH and p16 are many assay variables that differ between immunostaining in human oropharyngeal SCC studies, making it difficult to compare various (31). HPV16 E6 mRNA was positive in 73 studies and to generalize from the results. (66%) of 111 samples; ISH was positive in 62 of The frequencies of HPV-positive tumours in 106 samples (58%), with 86% concordance. p16 HNSCC show considerable variation in pub- was overexpressed in 72 samples (65%), and lished studies. Some studies report frequencies strongly associated with HPV16 status by either of 0% (25, 26) in oral and laryngeal carcinomas, method. Classification of HPV positivity by whereas others report up to 93% in oropharyn- HPV16 E6 mRNA, HPV16 ISH or p16 IHC geal carcinomas (2).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Clinical Implications of HPV in Head and Neck Cancers
    VOLUME 24 ⅐ NUMBER 17 ⅐ JUNE 10 2006 JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY REVIEW ARTICLE Clinical Implications of Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Cancers Carole Fakhry and Maura L. Gillison From the Departments of Viral Oncol- ABSTRACT ogy, Aerodigestive Malignancy, and Cancer Prevention and Control, The Human papillomavirus (HPV) is now recognized to play a role in the pathogenesis of a subset of head and neck Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), particularly those that arise from the lingual and palatine tonsils within Center at Johns Hopkins; and the the oropharynx. High-risk HPV16 is identified in the overwhelming majority of HPV-positive tumors, which have Departments of Epidemiology and molecular-genetic alterations indicative of viral oncogene function. Measures of HPV exposure, including Molecular Microbiology and Immunol- sexual behaviors, seropositivity to HPV16, and oral, high-risk HPV infection, are associated with increased risk ogy, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg for oropharyngeal cancer. HPV infection may be altering the demographics of HNSCC patients, as these School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. patients tend to be younger, nonsmokers, and nondrinkers. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that a Submitted February 9, 2006; accepted diagnosis of HPV-positive HNSCC has significant prognostic implications; these patients have at least half the February 27, 2006. risk of death from HNSCC when compared with the HPV-negative patient. The HPV etiology of these tumors Supported in part by National Institute may have future clinical implications for the diagnosis, therapy, screening, and prevention of HNSCC. for Dental and Craniofacial Research Grant No. DE016631-02. J Clin Oncol 24:2606-2611.
    [Show full text]
  • 50 Facts About Oral Head and Neck Cancer
    50 Facts about Oral, Head and Neck Cancer 1. Oral, Head and Neck Cancer most commonly refers to squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, throat, and voice box. However, often, head and neck cancer also refers to other types of cancer that arises in the nasal cavity, sinuses, lips, mouth, thyroid glands, salivary glands, throat, or voice box. 2. HPV or human papillomavirus appears to be responsible for the rise in cancers of the oropharynx (tonsil and base of tongue) in younger nonsmokers and is related to oral sex. 3. Tobacco and alcohol use are the leading causes of mouth and voice box cancers. 4. Cancers of the head and neck account for 6 percent of all malignancies in the United States. 5. Caucasians currently have the highest incidence rates of head and neck cancers, although death is still highest in African Americans. 6. Tobacco (including smokeless tobacco) and alcohol use are very important risk factors for oral, head and neck cancers, particularly those of the tongue, mouth, throat and voice box. Chewing tobacco has been shown to cause mouth cancer. Human Papilloma Virus may be related to over half of tonsil cancers. 7. Cigarette smoking increases your risk of head and neck cancer by 15 times compared to a non-smoker. 8. People who use both tobacco and alcohol are at greater risk than people who use them alone. 9. Oral, Head and Neck cancers tend to form in the areas where tobacco/alcohol use has the most contact. For example, where the cigarette sits on the lip, or where the chewing tobacco is placed in the mouth.
    [Show full text]
  • The Contagious Head and Neck Cancer
    omens H f W ea o l l th a n C r a u r e o J Hoffman-Ruddy, et al., J Women’s Health Care 2015, 4:2 Journal of Women's Health Care DOI: 10.4172/2167-0420.1000226 ISSN: 2167-0420 Review Article Open Access The Contagious Head and Neck Cancer: The Role of Human Papillomavirus HPV Bari Hoffman-Ruddy*1, Sarah Miller2, Erin Silverman3, Vicki Lewis4, Henry Ho4 and Christine Sapienza5 1Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Central Florida, College of Health and Public Affairs, Florida, USA 2University of Memphis, Loewenberg School of Nursing 3Department of Physiology, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Florida, USA 4Florida Hospital Cancer Institute, The Ear Nose Throat and Plastic Surgery Associates 5Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Health Sciences, Brooks Rehabilitation, Jacksonville University *Corresponding author: Bari Hoffman-Ruddy, University of Central Florida, College of Health and Public Affairs, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Florida, USA, Tel: 407-823-4894; Fax: 407-823-4816; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: Jan 06, 2015; Accepted date: Feb 20, 2015; Published date: Feb 25, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Hoffman-Ruddy B, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Keywords: Human papillomavirus, Head and neck cancer, have no history of significant tobacco or alcohol use [8]. In fact, rates Transmitted diseases of certain cancers of the oropharynx have increased over the last 30 years among young adults who have never smoked or used tobacco Summary products [9].
    [Show full text]
  • Prognostic and Predictive Factors in Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Prognostic and Predictive Factors in Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Teresa Magnes 1 , Sandro Wagner 1, Dominik Kiem 1, Lukas Weiss 1,2,3, Gabriel Rinnerthaler 1,2,3 , Richard Greil 1,2,3 and Thomas Melchardt 1,3,* 1 Oncologic Center, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; [email protected] (T.M.); [email protected] (S.W.); [email protected] (D.K.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (G.R.); [email protected] (R.G.) 2 Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria 3 Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), 5020 Salzburg, Austria * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +43-(0)-57255-58840 Abstract: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous disease arising from the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract. Despite multimodality treatments approximately half of all patients with locally advanced disease relapse and the prognosis of patients with recurrent or metastatic HNSCC is dismal. The introduction of checkpoint inhibitors improved the treatment options for these patients and pembrolizumab alone or in combination with a platinum and fluo- rouracil is now the standard of care for first-line therapy. However, approximately only one third of unselected patients respond to this combination and the response rate to checkpoint inhibitors alone is even lower. This shows that there is an urgent need to improve prognostication and prediction Citation: Magnes, T.; Wagner, S.; of treatment benefits in patients with HNSCC.
    [Show full text]
  • Head and Neck Cancers? Risk Factors
    Head and InformationNeck Cancer Technology in West Solutions Virginia What are Head and Neck Cancers? Risk Factors According to the National Head and neck cancer includes cancers of the mouth, nose, sinuses, salivary 1 glands, throat, and lymph nodes in the neck. Most begin in the moist tissues Cancer Institute (NCI) , research that line the mouth, nose, and throat.1 shows that certain risk factors increase the chance that a If found early, these cancers are person will develop cancer and often curable. that many of those risk factors Treatments may include surgery, can be avoided. radiation therapy, chemotherapy Frequent, heavy or a combination. consumption of alcohol Treatments can affect eating, Human papillomavirus (HPV) speaking or even breathing, so Use of tobacco (including patients may need rehabilitation. cigars, pipes, snuff, and chewing tobacco), which is the single largest risk factor Symptoms for head and neck cancer Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Head and neck cancer can involve many different locations within the head Gender - men are two to and neck. Listed below are symptoms from National Cancer Institute (NCI) three times more likely than for cancer in specific areas of the head and neck region. It is important to women to develop head and check with your doctor or dentist about any of these symptoms.1 neck cancer Oral cavity - In the oral cavity (or mouth), a white or red patch on the gums, Gastroesophageal reflux tongue, or lining of the mouth; swelling of the jaw that causes dentures to fit disease (GERD) and poorly or become uncomfortable; and unusual bleeding or pain in the mouth laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) are common signs.
    [Show full text]
  • Position Paper American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
    Position Paper American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons Head and Neck Cancer Screening and Prevention Background opportunistic screening – or screening as part of a periodic health examination – has been effective in reducing the Worldwide, approximately 650,000 new patients mortality rate of oral cancer in high-risk individuals are diagnosed with head and neck cancers annually – who use tobacco and/or alcohol.10,11,12 Adjunctive resulting in more than 330,000 deaths each year. More technologies – such as toluidine blue, cytologic testing, than 90 percent of head and neck cancers (excluding skin autofluorescence, tissue reflectance and salivary adjuncts – cancers) arise from the mucosal layers of the oral cavity, have demonstrated limited diagnostic accuracy to routinely oropharynx and larynx.1 Oral and oropharyngeal cancer be used as screening tools for head and neck cancer.12, 13 accounts for 1.6 percent of all cancer deaths in the United States.2 Based on the current evidence available, the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) Risk Factors recommends healthcare providers conduct a history with Major risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal cancer risk assessment of patients regularly and perform a visual include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, the synergistic and tactile exam of the head and neck in patients identified interaction of tobacco use and alcohol consumption, betel as having risk factors and/or signs and symptoms for oral quid (“paan”) chewing, infection with certain strains of and oropharyngeal cancer. For dental providers, it is the human papillomavirus, and a previous history of oral recommended that a thorough head and neck exam be and oropharyngeal cancer.2,3,4,5,6 Individuals with rare performed at each dental visit.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Mohs Surgery in Cutaneous Head and Neck Cancer
    The Role of Mohs Surgery in Cutaneous Head and Neck Cancer Gina D. Jefferson, MD, MPH KEYWORDS Mohs micrographic surgery Cutaneous cancer Head and neck Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma Merkel cell carcinoma KEY POINTS MMS is most comonly used in treating basal cell and squamous cell cutaneous cancers. MMS allows the dermatologic surgeon to analyze 100% of the peripheral and deep mar- gins by horizontal saucering technique. Certain, high-risk cSCC, and melanomas require consideration of alternative surgical in- terventions from MMS and additional therapies. INTRODUCTION In the 1930s, Frederic E. Mohs, while studying the effect of various substances injected into different neoplasms, encountered a 20% solution of zinc chloride that resulted in tissue necrosis without altering the microscopic structure of the tissue. Mohs concep- tualized surgical excision of neoplasms after in situ fixation with zinc chloride to serially excise the neoplasm in total under the microscope. Furthermore, he developed a hor- izontal frozen section technique to evaluate 100% of the specimen margins, both deep and peripheral, in contrast to the traditional vertical section technique.1,2 Mohs microsurgery has become the gold standard for treating a variety of cutaneous tumors.3 Evolution of Mohs Micrographic Surgery The technique of Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) was initially described as chemo- surgery by Mohs. Chemosurgery references the application of dichloroacetic acid as a keratolytic followed by application of a zinc chloride paste combination with stibnite and bloodroot to a desired thickness in order to produce a predictable and Head and Neck Oncologic and Microvascular Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA E-mail address: [email protected] Otolaryngol Clin N Am 54 (2021) 439–447 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2020.11.015 oto.theclinics.com 0030-6665/21/ª 2020 Elsevier Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Editorial Oncoviruses and Head and Neck Cancer
    Editorial Recent Patents on Biomarkers 2014, Vol. 4, No. 2 65 Editorial Oncoviruses and Head and Neck Cancer: An Impending Facts Oncoviruses are the viruses which cause cancer and exploration of these viruses is of importance to understand the biology of these cancers [1]. The fact of viruses being a causative factor for cancer has always created deception among researchers. Since viruses are infectious and transmissible, initially it was difficult to accept the fact, oncoviruses. The International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) has termed many viruses as group I carcinogens [2], including DNA viruses like human papil- loma viruses (HPVs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesviruses (KSHV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and the Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCV). Among the RNA viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV- 1)-retrovirus are associated with human malignancies [3]. According to Rossini et al. Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are the sixth most common cancers world- wide, accounting for 633000 new cases annually. Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is one component of HNSCC. The etiology of HNSCC is considered to be multifactorial. Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are well es- tablished risk factors for HNSCCs [4]. HPV, particularly subtype 16, is one of the important etiological risk factors in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) development. Other oncogenic virus species i.e. Epstein Barr Virus and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 are also been implicated in oral carcinogenesis. Recent trends show that there is a decrease in the incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma associated with tobacco use and increase in the human papilloma virus associated with OPSCC.
    [Show full text]
  • Personalized, Coordinated Care for Head and Neck Cancer
    Personalized, Coordinated Care for Head and Neck Cancer Giving patients the most options “The goal of the newly reorganized Head and Neck Cancer Program at UCLA is to provide the highest-quality care while providing the best possible patient experience,” says Maie St. John, MD, PhD, co-director of the program. “On their first visit, patients can be seen by an expert team, including those who will assist them with qualify-of-life issues,” says Elliot Abemayor, MD, PhD, co-director of the program. “Each patient’s initial visit is used to identify the best therapies available for them. We want to give patients options, and allow them to make choices after they’ve been informed.” The UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program provides comprehensive, personalized Treatment options at the UCLA care for benign and malignant tumors of the head and neck — tumors arising within Head and Neck Cancer Program the oral cavity, larynx, pharynx, salivary glands, thyroid, nose and sinuses. extend beyond current standards of treatment. Our nationally UCLA is one of the nation’s most active head and neck cancer treatment centers. recognized research program is The head and neck consultation clinic sees more than 50,000 patient visits each year, pioneering new ways to treat and many of which are for the care of benign and malignant problems. The range and monitor head and neck cancers. experience of the head and neck specialists allows us to offer the most comprehensive Ongoing research initiatives and advanced evaluations and treatments. Our specialists are highly experienced in available to patients include the early diagnosis and accurate staging of head and neck cancers — from common methods to improve tumor margin delineation and the use types to extremely rare ones — and are dedicated to providing outstanding medical of polymer drug delivery systems care that preserves speech, swallowing, hearing and facial appearance.
    [Show full text]
  • A Current Update on Human Papillomavirus-Associated Head and Neck Cancers
    viruses Review A Current Update on Human Papillomavirus-Associated Head and Neck Cancers Ebenezer Tumban Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-906-487-2256; Fax: +1-906-487-3167 Received: 16 September 2019; Accepted: 4 October 2019; Published: 9 October 2019 Abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the cause of a growing percentage of head and neck cancers (HNC); primarily, a subset of oral squamous cell carcinoma, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The majority of HPV-associated head and neck cancers (HPV + HNC) are caused by HPV16; additionally, co-factors such as smoking and immunosuppression contribute to the progression of HPV + HNC by interfering with tumor suppressor miRNA and impairing mediators of the immune system. This review summarizes current studies on HPV + HNC, ranging from potential modes of oral transmission of HPV (sexual, self-inoculation, vertical and horizontal transmissions), discrepancy in the distribution of HPV + HNC between anatomical sites in the head and neck region, and to studies showing that HPV vaccines have the potential to protect against oral HPV infection (especially against the HPV types included in the vaccines). The review concludes with a discussion of major challenges in the field and prospects for the future: challenges in diagnosing HPV + HNC at early stages of the disease, measures to reduce discrepancy in the prevalence of HPV + HNC cases between anatomical sites, and suggestions to assess whether fomites/breast milk can transmit HPV to the oral cavity. Keywords: HPV; oral transmission; head and neck cancers; HPV vaccines; HIV and AIDS; head and neck cancer treatment 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer and the Human Papillomavirus
    MONOGRAPH HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CANCER AND THE HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS: SUMMARY OF A NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE STATE OF THE SCIENCE MEETING, NOVEMBER 9–10, 2008, WASHINGTON, D.C. David J. Adelstein, MD,1 John A. Ridge, MD, PhD,2 Maura L. Gillison, MD, PhD,3 Anil K. Chaturvedi, PhD,4 Gypsyamber D’Souza, PhD,5 Patti E. Gravitt, PhD,5 William Westra, MD,6 Amanda Psyrri, MD, PhD,7 W. Martin Kast, PhD,8 Laura A. Koutsky, PhD,9 Anna Giuliano, PhD,10 Steven Krosnick, MD,4 Andy Trotti, MD,10 David E. Schuller, MD,3 Arlene Forastiere, MD,6 Claudio Dansky Ullmann, MD4 1 Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, Ohio. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 3 Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 4 National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 5 Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 6 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 7 Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 8 University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 9 University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 10 H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida Accepted 14 August 2009 Published online 29 September 2009 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/hed.21269 VC 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 31: 1393–1422, 2009* Keywords: human papillomavirus; head and neck squamous Correspondence to: D. J. Adelstein cell cancer; state of the science Contract grant sponsor: NIH. Gypsyamber D’Souza is an advisory board member and received For the purpose of clinical trials, head and neck research funding from Merck Co.
    [Show full text]
  • Recurrent/Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
    cancers Review Recurrent/Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: A Big and Intriguing Challenge Which May Be Resolved by Integrated Treatments Combining Locoregional and Systemic Therapies Franco Ionna 1, Paolo Bossi 2 , Agostino Guida 3 , Andrea Alberti 2, Paolo Muto 4, Giovanni Salzano 1 , Alessandro Ottaiano 5 , Fabio Maglitto 1, Davide Leopardo 6, Marco De Felice 6 , Francesco Longo 7 , Salvatore Tafuto 8 , Giuseppina Della Vittoria Scarpati 9 and Francesco Perri 10,* 1 Otolaryngology Unit, INT IRCCS Foundation G. Pascale, Naples. Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (F.I.); [email protected] (G.S.); [email protected] (F.M.) 2 Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy; [email protected] (P.B.); [email protected] (A.A.) 3 U.O.C. Odontostomatologia, A.O.R.N. Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; [email protected] 4 Radiation Therapy Unit, INT IRCCS Foundation G Pascale, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; [email protected] 5 Department of Abdominal Oncology, SSD-Innovative Therapies for Abdominal Cancers, Istituto Nazionale Citation: Ionna, F.; Bossi, P.; Guida, Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale” Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; [email protected] A.; Alberti, A.; Muto, P.; Salzano, G.; 6 Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Anna e S. Sebastiano, 81100 Caserta, Italy; Ottaiano, A.; Maglitto, F.; Leopardo, [email protected] (D.L.); [email protected] (M.D.F.) D.; De Felice, M.; et al.
    [Show full text]