Journal of Insect Science, (2019) 19(4): 6; 1–14 doi: 10.1093/jisesa/iez064 Review Considerations for Insect Learning in Integrated Pest Management Catherine M. Little,1,2,3, Thomas W. Chapman,2 and N. Kirk Hillier1, 1Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P2R6, Canada, 2Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, NL A1C5S7, Canada, and 3Corresponding author, e-mail:
[email protected] Subject Editor: Phyllis Weintraub Received 22 March 2019; Editorial decision 31 May 2019 Abstract The past 100 yr have seen dramatic philosophical shifts in our approach to controlling or managing pest species. The introduction of integrated pest management in the 1970s resulted in the incorporation of biological and behavioral approaches to preserve ecosystems and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. Increased understanding of the local ecosystem, including its structure and the biology of its species, can improve efficacy of integrated pest management strategies. Pest management strategies incorporating insect learning paradigms to control insect pests or to use insects to control other pests can mediate risk to nontarget insects, including pollinators. Although our understanding of insect learning is in its early stages, efforts to integrate insect learning into pest management strategies have been promising. Due to considerable differences in cognitive abilities among insect species, a case- by-case assessment is needed for each potential application of insect learning within a pest management strategy. Key words: conditioning, aversive, associative, learned behavior, memory Learning and memory are ubiquitous among animals, including in- environmental, physiological, or social cues (Papaj and Prokopy sects (Capaldi et al.