Pharmacogenomics, How to Deal with Different Types of Variants in Next Generation Sequencing Data in the Personalized Medicine Area
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Genomic Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Blood Pressure Response to Hydrochlorothiazide Among South African Adults with Hypertension
Journal of Personalized Medicine Article Genomic Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Blood Pressure Response to Hydrochlorothiazide among South African Adults with Hypertension Charity Masilela 1,* , Brendon Pearce 1 , Joven Jebio Ongole 2 , Oladele Vincent Adeniyi 3 and Mongi Benjeddou 1 1 Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7530, South Africa; brendon.biff@gmail.com (B.P.); [email protected] (M.B.) 2 Center for Teaching and Learning, Department of Family Medicine, Piet Retief Hospital, Mkhondo 2380, South Africa; [email protected] 3 Department of Family Medicine, Walter Sisulu University, East London 5200, South Africa; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 23 October 2020; Accepted: 23 November 2020; Published: 9 December 2020 Abstract: This study described single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in hydrochlorothiazide- associated genes and further assessed their correlation with blood pressure control among South African adults living with hypertension. A total of 291 participants belonging to the Nguni tribes of South Africa on treatment for hypertension were recruited. Nineteen SNPs in hydrochlorothiazide pharmacogenes were selected and genotyped using MassArray. Uncontrolled hypertension was defined as blood pressure 140/90 mmHg. The association between genotypes, alleles and blood ≥ pressure response to treatment was determined by conducting multivariate logistic regression model analysis. The majority of the study participants were female (73.19%), -
Estimation of DNA Contamination and Its Sources in Genotyped Samples
Gregory Zajac ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6411-9666 Estimation of DNA contamination and its sources in genotyped samples Gregory J. M. Zajac1; Lars G. Fritsche1; Joshua S. Weinstock1; Susan L. Dagenais2; Robert H. Lyons2; Chad M. Brummett3; Gonçalo. R. Abecasis1 1) Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI; MI; 2) Department of Biological Chemistry and DNA Sequencing Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; 3) Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI. Corresponding author: Gregory JM Zajac 734-763-5315 [email protected] University of Michigan School of Public Health - Department of Biostatistics 1415 Washington Heights Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029 Grant Numbers: HG007022 Author Manuscript This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1002/gepi.22257. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Abstract Array genotyping is a cost-effective and widely used tool that enables assessment of up to millions of genetic markers in hundreds of thousands of individuals. Genotyping array data are typically highly accurate but sensitive to mixing of DNA samples from multiple individuals prior to or during genotyping. Contaminated samples can lead to genotyping errors and consequently cause false positive signals or reduce power of association analyses. Here, we propose a new method to identify contaminated samples and the sources of contamination within a genotyping batch. -
An Update on HLA Alleles Associated with Adverse Drug Reactions
Drug Metabol Pers Ther 2017; 32(2): 73–87 Review Ingrid Fricke-Galindo, Adrián LLerena and Marisol López-López* An update on HLA alleles associated with adverse drug reactions DOI 10.1515/dmpt-2016-0025 Due to the improvement of drug therapy and the economic Received July 27, 2016; accepted February 7, 2017; previously published benefit that HLA screening represents, investigations on online March 18, 2017 HLA alleles associated with ADR should continue. Abstract: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are considered as Keywords: abacavir; allopurinol; adverse drug reac- an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The hyper- tions; carbamazepine; human leukocyte antigen (HLA); sensitivity reactions are immune-mediated ADRs, which hypersensitivity syndrome; pharmacogenetics; Stevens- are dose-independent, unpredictable and have been asso- Johnson syndrome. ciated with several HLA alleles. The present review aimed to describe HLA alleles that have been associated with different ADRs in populations worldwide, the recommen- dations of regulatory agencies and pharmacoeconomic Introduction information and databases for the study of HLA alleles in Immunologic-mediated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are pharmacogenetics. A systematic search was performed in included in type B ADRs which are not related to the dose June 2016 of articles relevant to this issue in indexed jour- and that are uncommon and unpredictable in that they are nals and in scientific databases (PubMed and PharmGKB). not related with the pharmacodynamics of the drug and The information of 95 association studies found was sum- present high mortality [1]. There is evidence that suscep- marized. Several HLA alleles and haplotypes have been tibility to at least some Type B ADR is found under strong associated with ADRs induced mainly by carbamazepine, genetic influence [2], and identifying genetic risk factors allopurinol, abacavir and nevirapine, among other drugs. -
Fifty Years of Genetic Epidemiology, with Special Reference to Japan
J Hum Genet (2006) 51:269–277 DOI 10.1007/s10038-006-0366-9 MINIREVIEW Newton E. Morton Fifty years of genetic epidemiology, with special reference to Japan Received: 13 December 2005 / Accepted: 18 December 2005 / Published online: 15 February 2006 Ó The Japan Society of Human Genetics and Springer-Verlag 2006 Abstract Genetic epidemiology deals with etiology, dis- Introduction tribution, and control of disease in groups of relatives and with inherited causes of disease in populations. It The Japan Society of Human Genetics (JSHG) was took its first steps before its recognition as a discipline, established at a time when the science it represented was and did not reach its present scope until the Human growing so explosively that Carlson (2004) signalised the Genome Project succeeded. The intimate relationship death of classical genetics. Compared to their predeces- between genetics and epidemiology was discussed by sors, geneticists in 1956 were more distrustful of eugenics Neel and Schull (1954), just a year after Watson and and more committed to cytogenetics, biochemistry, and Crick reported the DNA double helix, and 2 years be- medical genetics, but not yet prepared for the genomic fore human cytogenetics and the Japan Society of Hu- revolution that the double helix would ultimately bring man Genetics were founded. It is convenient to divide (Yanase 1997). Population genetics was beginning to the next half-century into three phases. The first of these split into two major branches, one concerned with events (1956–1979) was before DNA polymorphisms were that took place in the past under poorly known forces of typed, and so the focus was on segregation and linkage systematic pressure and chance (evolutionary genetics), of major genes, cytogenetics, population studies, and the other dealing with etiology, distribution, and control biochemical genetics. -
Manual for Conducting a Large-Scale GWAS and Whole Genome
(COVNET) NIH Lead Investigator: Stephen Chanock, M.D. ([email protected]) Director, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI NIH Investigators: Sharon Savage, M.D. ([email protected]) Lisa Mirabello, Ph.D. ([email protected]) Meredith Yeager, Ph.D. ([email protected]) Mitchell Machiela, Sc.D. ([email protected]) Joshua Sampson, Ph.D. ([email protected]) Amy Hutchinson, M.S. ([email protected]) Belynda Hicks, M.S. ([email protected]) Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI Mary Carrington, Ph.D. ([email protected]) Center for Cancer Research, NCI Leslie Biesecker, M.D. ([email protected]) Teri Manolio, M.D., Ph.D. ([email protected]) National Human Genome Research Institute Steven Holland, M.D. ([email protected]) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Project Manager Vibha Vij, M.S., MPH ([email protected]) Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI Website: https://dceg.cancer.gov/research/how-we-study/genomic-studies/covnet Table of Contents Sections 1.0 Background and Rationale for a Large Crowdsourced GWAS of COVID19 Infection ...... 2 2.0 Biospecimens: genomic DNA, blood/blood products, buccal cells/saliva .......................... 6 3.0 Patient Phenotypes ............................................................................................................. 10 4.0 Genotyping and Imputation ............................................................................................... 10 5.0 Analysis Plan .................................................................................................................... -
M21-515 Fundamentals of Genetic Epidemiology Summer 2018
M21-515 Fundamentals of Genetic Epidemiology Summer 2018 Revised: 7/13/2018 Course Masters Treva Rice, Ph.D. ([email protected]) Yun Ju Sung, Ph.D. ([email protected]) Lab Instructor Oyomoare Osazuwa-Peters ([email protected]) Grading Computer Lab Assignments 30% Daily Quiz 30% Midterm Exam (covers lectures / homework 1-5) 20% Final Project 20% Final Grade (+/– letter grades) Software Software packages include: 1. R (http://www.r-project.org/) 2. PEDSTATS, Merlin, QTDT (http://www.sph.umich.edu/csg/abecasis) 3. PLINK (http://pngu.mgh.harvard.edu/~purcell/plink/) Textbook Austin, MA. Genetic Epidemiology: Methods & Applications 2013, CABI: Oxfordshire, UK. Format 2-week INTENSIVE course Morning lecture: 9:00 am – 12:00 noon Afternoon computer lab: 1:30 pm – 4:00 pm 10-minute break ~ every hour 1st Homework Due first day of class, Textbook (Chapters 1-2) Assignment On-line genetics tutorial, Chapters 3, 4, and 6 (http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/biological.htm) Prerequisite 1) Knowledge of R programming, either having taken the MSIBS summer R-course or experience in R-programming; 2) experience in Linux/Unix operating system. The core competency for the Fundamentals of Genetic Epidemiology course (M21-515) is for students to understand basic concepts, methods and analytical approaches in genetic epidemiology. Learning objectives are to • Understand familial resemblance, heritability and family study designs • Appreciate maximum likelihood methods and hypothesis testing • Be aware of selected molecular and population genetics principles, including Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium • Grasp the basic concepts and principles underlying genetic linkage and association • Be able to perform analysis in heritability, linkage and association using selected software and critically evaluate and interpret the corresponding results Page 1 of 10 Additional Information 1. -
Genetic Epidemiology of Health Disparities in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Molecular mechanisms in allergy and clinical immunology (Supported by an unrestricted educational grant from Genentech, Inc. and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation) Series editors: William T. Shearer, MD, PhD, Lanny J. Rosenwasser, MD, and Bruce S. Bochner, MD Reviews and feature articles Genetic epidemiology of health disparities in allergy and clinical immunology Kathleen C. Barnes, PhD Baltimore, Md This activity is available for CME credit. See page 45A for important information. The striking racial and ethnic disparities in disease prevalence for common disorders, such as allergic asthma, cannot be Abbreviations used explained entirely by environmental, social, cultural, or CF: Cystic fibrosis economic factors, and genetic factors should not be ignored. CFTR: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance Unfortunately, genetic studies in underserved minorities are regulator hampered by disagreements over the biologic construct of race CTLA4: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated 4 and logistic issues, including admixture of different races and LD: Linkage disequilibrium ethnicities. Current observations suggest that the frequency NOS: Nitric oxide synthase of high-risk variants in candidate genes can differ between SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism African Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Mexican Americans, and this might contribute to the differences in disease prevalence. Maintenance of certain allelic variants in the population over time might reflect selective pressures in influences (ie, gene-environment interactions). Con- previous generations. -
The Views of Participants in DNA Biobanks
The Views of Participants in DNA Biobanks Kelly E. Ormond,I Maureen E. Smith,II & Wendy A. WolfIII Abstract Biobanks are generally created with the long-term goal of establishing genotype-phenotype correlations. These resources collect and link DNA with health information for use in future genetic research studies. The biobanking process can vary with regard to specific characteristics in study design. Biobanks may extract DNA by using DNA from leftover samples or obtaining new DNA samples specifically for the biobank. Biobanks also vary in whether they use an opt- in or opt-out informed consent process. Some biobanks collect health information at a single point in time, while others “re-access” such information at designated points in the future to categorize subjects accurately into affected/unaffected status. These study design differences can influence the perception of participants and affect their willingness to participate. This paper will address the following three key issues: (1) why people decide to participate in DNA biobanks, (2) what enrollees understand about their participation in DNA biobanks, and (3) how participants feel about the possibility that biobanks will re-contact them, either to obtain new information for future studies or to share potential study results. Finally, we will suggest how information related to these three key issues ought to inform future study design for biobanks. I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................81 II. WHY DO PEOPLE DECIDE TO PARTICIPATE IN DNA BIOBANKS?...........................82 III. WHAT DO ENROLLEES UNDERSTAND ABOUT THEIR PARTICIPATION IN A DNA BIOBANK? ..............................................................................................................................83 IV. HOW DO PARTICIPANTS FEEL ABOUT BIOBANK RE-CONTACT, AND HOW SHOULD THIS INFORMATION INFORM STUDY DESIGN?..............................................84 V. -
Precision Medicine and Adverse Drug Reactions Related to Cardiovascular Drugs †
diseases Review Precision Medicine and Adverse Drug Reactions Related to Cardiovascular Drugs † James D. Noyes 1 , Ify R. Mordi 1 , Alexander S. Doney 2, Rahman Jamal 3 and Chim C. Lang 1,* 1 Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; [email protected] (J.D.N.); [email protected] (I.R.M.) 2 Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; [email protected] 3 UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-1382-383283 † Precision medicine in cardiology. Abstract: Cardiovascular disease remains the leading global cause of death. Early intervention, with lifestyle advice alongside appropriate medical therapies, is fundamental to reduce patient mortality among high-risk individuals. For those who live with the daily challenges of cardiovascular disease, pharmacological management aims to relieve symptoms and prevent disease progression. Despite best efforts, prescription drugs are not without their adverse effects, which can cause significant patient morbidity and consequential economic burden for healthcare systems. Patients with cardiovascular diseases are often among the most vulnerable to adverse drug reactions due to multiple co-morbidities and advanced age. Examining a patient’s genome to assess for variants that may alter drug efficacy and susceptibility to adverse reactions underpins pharmacogenomics. This strategy is increasingly being implemented in clinical cardiology to tailor patient therapies. The Citation: Noyes, J.D.; Mordi, I.R.; Doney, A.S.; Jamal, R.; Lang, C.C. -
Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA)
Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) Study Description The Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) From its inception in 1995, GENOA's long-term objective was to elucidate the genetics of hypertension and its arteriosclerotic target-organ damage, including both atherosclerotic (macrovascular) and arteriolosclerotic (microvascular) complications involving the heart, brain, kidneys, and peripheral arteries. Two GENOA cohorts were originally ascertained (1995-2000) through sibships in which at least 2 siblings had essential hypertension diagnosed prior to 60 years of age. All siblings in the sibship were invited to participate, both normotensive and hypertensive. These include non-Hispanic White Americans from Rochester, MN (n =1583 at the 1st exam) and African Americans from Jackson, MS (N=1854 at the 1st exam). A third Hispanic American cohort from Starr County, TX, was ascertained through diabetic rather than hypertensive sibships (N=1812). The Hispanic American cohort is not included in this genetic analysis because no genome-wide genotype data is currently available for this cohort. Exclusion criteria for the white and African American cohorts were secondary hypertension, alcoholism or drug abuse, pregnancy, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or active malignancy. The GENOA data consists of biological samples (DNA, serum, urine) as well as demographic, anthropometric, environmental, clinical, biochemical, physiological, and genetic data for understanding the genetic predictors of diseases of the heart, brain, kidney, and peripheral arteries. Data were collected during two phases (Phase I from 1995-2000, Phase II from 2001-2004) and multiple ancillary studies (eg., chronic kidney disease assessments, brain MRIs, 24-hour urine and blood pressure assessments, etc). Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects and approval was granted by participating institutional review boards. -
The Genome-Wide Landscape of Copy Number Variations in the MUSGEN Study Provides Evidence for a Founder Effect in the Isolated Finnish Population
European Journal of Human Genetics (2013) 21, 1411–1416 & 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 1018-4813/13 www.nature.com/ejhg ARTICLE The genome-wide landscape of copy number variations in the MUSGEN study provides evidence for a founder effect in the isolated Finnish population Chakravarthi Kanduri1, Liisa Ukkola-Vuoti1, Jaana Oikkonen1, Gemma Buck2, Christine Blancher2, Pirre Raijas3, Kai Karma4, Harri La¨hdesma¨ki5 and Irma Ja¨rvela¨*,1 Here we characterized the genome-wide architecture of copy number variations (CNVs) in 286 healthy, unrelated Finnish individuals belonging to the MUSGEN study, where molecular background underlying musical aptitude and related traits are studied. By using Illumina HumanOmniExpress-12v.1.0 beadchip, we identified 5493 CNVs that were spread across 467 different cytogenetic regions, spanning a total size of 287.83 Mb (B9.6% of the human genome). Merging the overlapping CNVs across samples resulted in 999 discrete copy number variable regions (CNVRs), of which B6.9% were putatively novel. The average number of CNVs per person was 20, whereas the average size of CNV per locus was 52.39 kb. Large CNVs (41 Mb) were present in 4% of the samples. The proportion of homozygous deletions in this data set (B12.4%) seemed to be higher when compared with three other populations. Interestingly, several CNVRs were significantly enriched in this sample set, whereas several others were totally depleted. For example, a CNVR at chr2p22.1 intersecting GALM was more common in this population (P ¼ 3.3706 Â 10 À44) than in African and other European populations. The enriched CNVRs, however, showed no significant association with music-related phenotypes. -
The Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology of Cancer
Vol. 12, 803–805, August 2003 Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 803 Meeting Report AACR Special Conference: The Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology of Cancer John D. Potter,1 Ellen Goode, and Libby Morimoto candidates genes for specific cancers. Daehee Kang’s presen- ϳ Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, tation on a large breast cancer study ( 1400 cases and in Washington 98109 ϳ1400 controls) and candidate genes in estrogen metabolism and DNA repair suggested that the use of larger sample sizes Introduction would also benefit the field, particularly when gene-environ- ment and gene-gene interactions are examined. The AACR Special Conference on The Molecular and Genetic Duncan Thomas discussed sample size estimates for stud- Epidemiology of Cancer was held January 18–23, 2003 at ies involving gene-environment interaction (work with Jim Waikoloa, Hawaii. Approximately 400 attendees from around Gauderman) and the impact of, variously, the way in which the world heard state-of-the-art talks, many with new data on penetrance, dominance, and allele frequency are modeled, the methods and applications. A range of sessions covered epide- nature of the exposure distribution, the magnitude of relative miological, statistical, and laboratory methods; genetic suscep- risks, and the complexity of the interaction demonstrated pro- tibility and human biomonitoring; intermediate endpoints; can- grams available on-line.2 In the same session, Nathaniel Roth- cer interventions; biorepositories; ethics; and the impact of man presented work he has been undertaking with Sholom molecular epidemiology on other fields. In addition, 129 post- Wacholder trying to quantify the problem of a large excess of ers were presented, and participants benefited from both scien- false positives and the issue of multiple comparisons in molec- tific sessions and the widespread, often animated informal ular epidemiology; he recommended the use of a new Bayesian discussions.