DOCSLIB.ORG

Research Paper

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Research Paper ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences The official scientific journal of Salahaddin University-Erbil https://zancojournals.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS ISSN (print ):2218-0230, ISSN (online): 2412-3986, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21271/zjpas RESEARCH PAPER Phytochemical study of Asplenium ceterach L. (Aspleniaceae) from Erbil province, Kurdistan of Iraq Ismail, A.M.1, Hamdi, B.A2, Maulood, B.K.3 & Al-Khasrejy, T.O.4 &Maythem AL-Amery1 1-Biology Department, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad. Baghdad 2- College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University- Erbil 3- Biology Department, College of Science, Salahaddin University- Erbil, Kurdistan. 4-Biology Department, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Tikrit. A B S T R A C T Asplenium ceterach L. (Rustyback fern) is a plant species traditionally used in Mediterranean countries and a traditional remedy for several diseases such as kidney stone and spleen complaints. In the current study a phytochemical analysis of the sporophytes focused on the constituents of Asplenium ceterach L. (Rustyback fern). Mature sporophyte of the fern was collected from Malakan in Erbil district during May – July 2016. As the phytochemicals qualitatively was screened had showed three flavonoid compounds: keampferol, keampferol- 3-O- glycoside and leutolin. Kaempferol was the dominant compound 130 µg/ml, while the total flavonoids concentration was only 265 µg/ml.in addition the screening shows that alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponin were presented. KEY WORDS: Phytochemicals Aspleniaceae Rustyback ferm.. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21271/ZJPAS.33.s1.20 ZJPAS (2021) , 33(s1);187-191. 1. INTRODUCTION Works and investigations have been carried out on the phytochemical composition of ferns It is a quite evident from most recent studies on even thought their ethno botanical classification of ferns that Polypodiopsida importance also has been performed by includes only 7 orders, 33 families, and 300 numerous of genera with only 8861 species (Smith et al, 2006). The family Aspleniaceae which may be authors (Benniamin,2011; DE Britto et al, regarded as one of the most divers family 2012) . These specific role in habitat includes over 700 species, which involve conservation (Soare, 2008). terrestrial, epiphytic, epillithic species sub The fern Asplenium ceterach L., Family: Aspleniaceae, cosmopolitan. Its distribution and properties in order polypodiales, is widely spread species, small tufted wall fern with dark green, perennial fronds, up to 20 cm tropics can be recognized by ascending or sub long, penalty divided and incrusted on the underside with erect rhizomes, (Smith et al, 2006). rusty red-brown scales; these hide the sporangia, which lie along the veins. It was being used medicinally as a diuretic, * Corresponding Author: Ismail A. M. E-mail: [email protected] Article History: Published: 15/03 /2021 ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2021 Ismail, A.M..et al /ZJPAS: 2021, 33 (s1): 187-191 187 expectorant, against spleen complaints, kidney stones and hemorrhoids (Guarrera & Lucia, 2007). Bioactive compounds of ferns mainly belong phenolic, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids families (Ho et al, 2011), and Asplenium species mainly sporophytes, have been only partially phytochemicaly characterized, (Durdavic et al, 2007; Mir et al, 2013). The present investigation concern of the methanol extract of flavonoid content of Asplenium ceterach within Iraq. For best of our knowledge, no report so far available in the Figure 1. Asplenium ceterach L. collected from literature for the phytochemical screening in Malakan in Erbil district during May – July 2016 the region of this plant species. Therefor the 2.2. Plant raw materials present investigation may be regarded as the first study aimed to estimate the chemical Mature sporophyte of A. ceterach content of this species in Iraq, which may be (rustyback fern) were collected from Malakan used and practiced in medicinal ferns. region, plant spaceman was classified in accordance to (Ismail, 2018). Voucher fern sample with a number (4,17,1, As, ce) was 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS deposited in the herbarium at the Howler Botanical Garden – Erbil Governorate. 2.1. Study area Meteorological data (annual means) of the Malakan is a quite attractive region for study area recorded from metrological station, tourism that is situated along head of Erbil Governorate and presented in Table 1. Khlaifan river 74 km North West of Erbil city, Table 1- Metrological characters of the study area. it is located at 558 m above sea level at latitude 44° 26 533 E and longitude 36° 37 Region Temperature Rainfall Humidity 496 N, a water channel passes through (C°) (mm) (%) beautiful mountains region weed forests, and hedge banks, the climate is cold in winter, Malakan 39 120 59 snowfall begin from October to April, the rocks of hills and mountains are of calcareous type, (Townsend& Guest, 1966; Aziz, 2017). Generally, ferns were confined to this area in 2.3. Preparation of methanol extration the form of tufted winter green fern, the plants are so distinct in their general Plant material had been crushed and appearance that only little chance of powdered using electrical grinder then confusion may arise. Plant species have been extracted with 99% methanol (BDH), in collected throughout 2016 during May-July shaker water bath at 40 c° for 12 hour, then from different habitats all over the area (figure 1). ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2021 Ismail, A.M..et al /ZJPAS: 2021, 33 (s1): 187-191 188 after centrifugation for 10 min at 10000 rpm, filtered. One ml of the filtrate plant extract the supernatant were filtered with Millipore mixed with 5% FeCl3 (1 ml), appearance of filter (pore size 0.45µm) and further dried in brownish color indicates the presence of vacuum desiccator and then stored at 4 c° for tannins. further analysis. 3. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 2.4. Phytochemical screening High Performance Liquid Chromatography Qualitative analysis of the plant crud extract (HPLC) technique was used for phytochemical cured out in advanced Biotech. Laboratory of analysis quantitatively following (Suarez et al Baghdad University – College of science, 2005). following (Harborne, 1998). The standard flavonoids injected in HPLC a- Flavonoids test instrument by an auto sampler according to optimum condition. The plant extract (20 µl) One ml of plant extract was mixed with (4 was injected in the HPLC instrument, the area ml) of 1N NaOH in a test tube, formation of a and retention time were recorded and then dark color was observed indicates the presence compared with the standard compounds Table 2 of flavonoids. & figure 2. b- Alkaloids test Column: C18-DB (50X 2 mm ID) Mobile phase: One ml of plant extract added to (2 ml) A= 0.05% Trifloro acetic acid (TFA) Myers reagent, a turbidity green color was observed indicates the presence of alkaloids. B= 0.1% Formic acid+ Deionized water+ Citric acetic c- Saponins test Flow rate: 1.1ml/min. Plant extract (0.5 gm) dissolved in (5 ml) Detection: UV at 280 nm. boiling distilled water in a test tube allowed to Calculation: conc. of sample µg/ml= area of cool and shake well then mixed thoroughly, the sample/area of stand. X conc. of stand x appearance of foam indicates the presence of dilution factor saponins. Standard solution concentration: 25 µg/ml. d- Tannins test Plant extract (0.5 gm) was dissolved in (10 ml) boiled distilled water in a test tube and then Table 2- The area and retention time of standard flavonoids. No. Compounds Retention time (min) Area 1 Leutoline 3.47 114892 2 Kaempferol 4.37 109560 3 Kaempferol-3-O-glycosid 5.29 107439 ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2021 Ismail, A.M..et al /ZJPAS: 2021, 33 (s1): 187-191 189 Figure 2. HPLC chromatogram for flavonoids in table 2.the figure cited from the thesis belongs to the first author, for this other retention times were occurred. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION compounds alkaloids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids, Table 3. 4.1. Phytochemical screening The methanolic plant extract was gave positive reactions for the presence of bioactive Table 3- Phytochemicals methanolic extract of A. cetarach. Plant Alkaloids Flavonoids Tannins Saponins A. cetarach + + + + 4.2 Quantitative analysis Through HPLC analysis identified three species. The scientific researches were showed flavonoids were identified: kaempferol, that the ethanol and methanol extracts of keampferol-3-O- glycoside and leutolin. different species of Asplenium have a good Keampferol was shown to be the most antioxidant activity (Iwashina & Matsumato, dominant flavonoid as it recorded (130µg/ml), 2011; Pan et al, 2011; Nath et al, 2013). The while kaempferol-3-O- glycoside showed least investigations about in comparison and lowest concentration (31.7 µg/ ml), Table photochemistry of A. ceterach is quit rear 4. Previous studies on some species of comparison with other species of Asplenium , Asplenium revealed that the Asplenium is a therefore the present study regarded as the base rich source of alkaloids, saponins, and line studies and will give well information for flavonoids (Iwashina & Matsumato, 2000; future researches especially the uses of Ondo et al, 2015). So Mizano et al (1990) medicinal ferns in Iraq and the region. The reported that the flavonoids regard important results of quantitative analysis in plant extract active compounds to recognize Asplenium presented in Table 4. ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2021 Ismail, A.M..et al /ZJPAS: 2021, 33 (s1): 187-191 190 Table 4- Concentrations of flavonoids (µg/ ml) in A. ceterach extract. Plant Quercetin Rutin Kaempferol Kaempferol_3_o Luteolin Myracetin Total _ Flavonoids glycoside A. ---------- ------- 130 31.7 103.3 ---------- 265 ceterach *Absent -------- CONCLUSION The results from the current study shows that mature sporophyte of the fern that collected from Malakan in Erbil district had showed three flavonoid compounds: keampferol, keampferol-3-O-glycoside and leutolin.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • From Tenerife, Canary Islands
    FERN GAZ. 18(8):342-350. 2010 342 TWO NOVEL ASPLENIUM HYBRIDS (ASPLENIACEAE: PTERIDOPHYTA) FROM TENERIFE, CANARY ISLANDS F.J. RUMSEY1 & A. LEONARD2 1Dept. of Botany, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK, e-mail: [email protected] 237 Lower Bere Wood, Waterlooville, Hants., PO7 7NQ, UK e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Asplenium hemionitis, A. aureum, A. onopteris, A. × tagananaense, hybridization, Macaronesia ABSTRACT A plant closely resembling Asplenium hemionitis L. but with more dissected, lobed fronds was discovered during a trip to the Anaga mountains, Tenerife, Canary Islands in 2009. This was found to show almost complete spore abortion, indicating a hybrid origin. From the associated species and frond form we suggest the other parent to be A. onopteris L. This represents the first documented hybrid of the rather taxonomically isolated A. hemionitis. The hybrid, A. × tagananaense, is described and its distinguishing features given. A further novel Asplenium hybrid, photographed in 1995 but not subsequently refound, is identified as that between A. onopteris and A. aureum Cav. In the absence of a specimen it is not formally described but its distinctive features are illustrated and its occurrence reported. INTRODUCTION In February 2009 a small group of pteridologists led by the second author and comprising Alison Evans, Michael Hayward, Tim Pyner and Martin Rickard went to Tenerife. During the excursion, an odd looking fern, which several in the group considered to be an aberrant form of Asplenium hemionitis was found. The plant had the palmate frond form unique in the region to this species but closer examination showed the lobes themselves to be more highly dissected, the lobules not apparent as they were largely in the same plane as the frond and closely imbricate.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeographic Origin, Taxonomic Status, and Conservation Biology of Asplenium Monanthes L
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1-1-2003 Biogeographic origin, taxonomic status, and conservation biology of Asplenium monanthes L. in the southeastern United States Allison Elizabeth Shaw Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Recommended Citation Shaw, Allison Elizabeth, "Biogeographic origin, taxonomic status, and conservation biology of Asplenium monanthes L. in the southeastern United States" (2003). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 20038. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/20038 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Biogeographic origin, taxonomic status, and conservation biology of Asplenium monanthes L. in the southeastern United States by Allison Elizabeth Shaw A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program of Study Committee: Donald R. Farrar (Major Professor) John D. Nason Fredric J. Janzen Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2003 11 Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the master's thesis of Allison Elizabeth Shaw has met the thesis requirements of Iowa State University Signatures have been redacted for privacy iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES Vlll ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix ABSTRACT xi GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Research questions 1 Thesis organization 2 Taxonomy of Asplenium monanthes 2 Apo gamy 6 Distribution and habitat of Asplenium monanthes 12 Bioclimatic history of the southeastern U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Potential of Rustyback Fern (Asplenium Ceterach L.)
    Research Article Lekovite Sirovine vol. 37 (2017) 15 Phytochemical characterization and antioxidant potential of rustyback fern (Asplenium ceterach L.) SUZANA ŽIVKOVIC´ 1,*,M ARIJANA SKORIC´ 2,B RANISLAV ŠILER1,S LAVICA DMITROVIC´ 1,B ILJANA FILIPOVIC´ 1,T IJANA NIKOLIC´ 2, AND DANIJELA MIŠIC´ 1 1Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stankovic”,´ University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia 2Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Takovska 43, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: October 12, 2017 Accepted: October 15, 2017 Published on-line: October 16, 2017 Published: December 25, 2017 Asplenium ceterach L. (syn. Ceterach officinarum Willd.) or rustyback fern is a plant species tradition- ally used in Mediterranean countries as an expectorant, diuretic, against spleen complaints, kidney stones and hemorrhoids. Phytochemical analysis of gametophytes and sporophytes of A. ceterach was performed, followed by comparative analysis of phenolic composition and the antioxidant properties of the extracts (scavenging capacities against ABTS•+ and DPPH•). Totally 16 phenolic compounds belonging to the classes of phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycynnamic acids), flavonoids (flavan-3-ols, flavonols), and xanthones were identified using UHPLC/DAD/–HESI-MS/MS analysis. Different phenolics’ composition of the two phases of the life cycle of this fern was observed which significantly determined their radical scavenging activities. In sporophytes of A. ceterach considerably high amounts of chlorogenic acid were found (~21 µg 100 mg-1 fresh weight), while xanthones were the most abundant in gametophytes (mangiferin glucoside, reaching 2.54 µg 100 mg-1 fresh weight), recommending this fern species as a valuable source of bioactive compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Review of Pteridological Research - 2001
    Annual Review of Pteridological Research - 2001 Annual Review of Pteridological Research - 2001 Literature Citations All Citations 1. Abramova, L. M. & U. B. Yunusbaev. 2001. Experience in studying synanthropization in the course of pasture disgression in the transural steppes by the transect method. Ekologiya (Moscow) 6: 474-477. [Russian& Equisetum arvense] 2. Acock, P. J., F. J. Rumsey, R. Murphy & I. Bennallick. 2001. Polystichum Xlesliei (P. munitum X setiferum) (Dryopteridaceae: Pteridophyta) described and a second site reported. Fern Gazette 16: 245-251. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/bps/gazette.htm. 3. Agarwal, N. K. & A. Borah. 2001. On the biodiversity of Bhairab hills of Bongaigaon district of Assam: Part I. Flora. Journal of Economic & Taxonomic Botany 25(2): 247-252. 4. Aguiar, S., J. Amigo, S. Pajaron, E. Pangua, L. G. Quintanilla & C. Ramirez. 2001. Identification and distribution of the endangered fern Blechnum corralense Espinosa. P. 16. In Fern flora Worldwide - threats and responses, an international symposium 23-26 July. University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. [Abstract] 5. Aguraiuja, R. 2001. Study of protected ferns of Estonia in Tallinn Botanic Garden. Studies of the Tallinn Botanic Garden V. Plant and Environment: 85-98. [Estonian] 6. Aguraiuja, R. 2001. Complex study of protected ferns of Estonia to defend natural populations. P. 16. In Fern flora Worldwide - threats and responses, an international symposium 23-26 July. University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. [Abstract] 7. Aguraiuja, R. & M. Liik. 2001. Tallin Botanic Garden in the monitoring program of protected plant species in Estonia (1994- 2000). Studies of the Tallin Botanic Garden V. Plant and Environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution to the Study of the Vascular Flora of the Archaeological Site of Volubilis (Morocco)
    Plant Archives Volume 20 No. 2, 2020 pp. 7519-7527 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210 CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE VASCULAR FLORA OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF VOLUBILIS (MOROCCO) Aomar Dabghi1, Khalid Achoual1, Meriem Benharbit2, Najib Magri1,3, Nadia Belahbib1 and Jamila Dahmani1 1Ibn Tofaïl University, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Botany, Biotechnology and Plant Protection, B.P. 133, Kénitra, Morocco. 2National Institute of Archaeological and Heritage Sciences, Rabat, Morocco. 3Forest Research Center, Rabat, Maroc. Abstract The archaeological site of Volubilis (Morocco) is located at the foot of Djebel Zerhoun, three km from the small town of Moulay Idriss, in the suburbs of Meknes. It overlooks a vast plain whose natural conditions and geographical position have favored the settlement of several plant species, particularly vascular plants. For this reason, the objective of our study was to develop a catalog of the vascular plants present in Volubilis and analyze its flora. A systematic sampling by transects was carried out along paths and trails of the site. After identification of the plant samples, we obtained a list of 94 species, divided into 82 genera and 33 families, including 28 Dicotyledons, 4 Monocotyledonsand 2 Pteridophytes. The Asteraceae family is the richest in species. Therophytes are the most represented in the site with a proportion of nearly 51% followed by the Hemicryptophytes which contain almost 21% of all known species. Other biological types such as phanerophytes, chamephytesand geophytes are represented by a small proportion. The rate of endemism is close to 2% of the total flora, the proportion of taxa classified as rare or threatened on a national scale is estimated at 4% in the site.
    [Show full text]
  • Selective Anticancer Properties, Proapoptotic and Antibacterial Potential of Three Asplenium Species
    plants Article Selective Anticancer Properties, Proapoptotic and Antibacterial Potential of Three Asplenium Species Venelin Petkov 1 , Tsvetelina Batsalova 1, Plamen Stoyanov 1,2, Tsvetelina Mladenova 1, Desislava Kolchakova 1, Mariana Argirova 2, Tsvetanka Raycheva 3 and Balik Dzhambazov 1,* 1 Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tsar Assen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; [email protected] (V.P.); [email protected] (T.B.); [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (T.M.); [email protected] (D.K.) 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15-A Vasil Aprilov Blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Plovdiv, 12 Mendeleev Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +359-32-261-535 Abstract: The ferns Asplenium ceterach L., Asplenium scolopendrium L. and Asplenium trichomanes L. have wide application in traditional medicine worldwide. However, the scientific research on their anticancer and antibacterial properties is insufficient. The present article aims to provide more information on this topic. Extracts derived from the aerial parts of A. ceterach, A. scolopendrium and A. trichomanes were examined using a panel of in vitro assays with different bacterial and mammalian cells. The cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of the samples were analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- Citation: Petkov, V.; Batsalova, T.; 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Trypan blue assays with three human (A549, FL, Stoyanov, P.; Mladenova, T.; HeLa) and three murine (3T3, TIB-71, LS48) cell lines. Inhibitory effects on the growth of Gram- Kolchakova, D.; Argirova, M.; positive (Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria were determined by the Raycheva, T.; Dzhambazov, B.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Occurrence, Hybridization and Speciation in Postglacial East and South Asia
    2 Species Occurrence, Hybridization and Speciation in Postglacial East and South Asia Liao Pei-Chun1,3, Yi-Shan Chao2,3 and Yu-Chung Chiang2,3 1Department of Biological Science & Technology National Pingtung University of Science & Technology 2Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University 3Equal contributions Taiwan, R.O.C. 1. Introduction Geological disjunction and the changing climate affect the distribution of plants and animals in East Asia. The species of postglacial East and South Asia have gone through the process of speciation. In the Northern Hemisphere, a disjunction of the distribution of closely related plants between eastern Asia and North America has been reported in many previous studies. These plants include Rhus (Yi et al. 2004), Cornus (Xiang et al. 2005), Berberis (Kim et al. 2004), Chamaecyparis (Wang et al. 2003), Panax (Wen and Zimmer, 1996), and Pontica (Milne 2004), Fraxinus (Jeandroz et al. 1997), etc. The modern distribution of plant species between eastern Asia and North America reflects migration, speciation, and extinction due to climatic exchange in past glaciating time periods (Milne 2004). Numerous case studies pertaining to eastern Asia and eastern North America have helped to reconstruct the relationships among morphologically similar species to explain the differences in species diversity among areas with similar environmental conditions (Wen et al., 1996, 1998; Wen, 1999, 2000, 2001; Qiu et al., 1995a, b; Soltis 2001). During the glacial and postglacial periods, climate and sea level changes affected the migration and distribution of plants and animals, which caused landbridge formations and a breakdown between islands and continents. The different species showed variant patterns of phytogeography in postglacial East and South Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Ceterach Officinarum في مناطق مختلفة من سورية باستعمال تقنية RAPD-PCR
    جامعة دمشق كلية العلوم قسم علم الحياة النباتية التنوع الوراثي لحشيشة الذهب Ceterach officinarum في مناطق مختلفة من سورية باستعمال تقنية RAPD-PCR Genetic diversity of Ceterach officinarum sp. in different region in Syria using RAPD-PCR technology إعداد الطالبة: عفت شبلي أبو حسون إشراف أ.م.د. شادي سكرية التنوع الوراثي لحشيشة الذهب Ceterach officinarum في مناطق مختلفة من سورية باستعمال تقنية RAPD-PCR Genetic diversity of Ceterach officinarum sp. in different region in Syria using RAPD-PCR technology إعداد الطالبة: عفت شبلي أبو حسون إشراف أ.م.د. شادي سكرية تم إنجاز هذا العمل كامﻻً بإشراف كل من الدكتور بسام اﻷعرج كمشرف رئيسي والدكتور شادي سكرية كمشرف مشارك ونظراً لوفاة الدكتور الرئيسي بسام اﻷعرج (رحمه هللا وأسكنه فسيح جناته) وﻷسباب إدرارية أدت إلى تعيين الدكتور شادي سكرية مشرفاً رئيسياً على هذا البحث فهرس المحتويات المحتوى رقم الصفحة الملخص باللغة العربية 1 المقدمة 2 أهمية البحث وأهدافه 3 الدراسة المرجعية 4 5 1-1 تعريف التريديات Pteridophyta 8 1-2 تصنيف التريديات 9 1-2-1 شعبة كثيرات اﻷرجلPolypodiophyta 11 1-2-2 رتبةPolypodiales 11 1-2-3 فصيلة Aspleniaceae 12 1-2-4 جنس Asplenium: 14 1-2-5 سرخس حشيشة الذهب .A.ceterach L 17 1-3 الموقع التصنيفي للنوع 17 1-3-1 حسب Mouterde 17 1-3-2 حسب Cronquist 17 1-3-3 حسب APG III 18 1-3-4 حسبGIBF 18 2 أهمية التريديات 18 2-1 اﻷهمية الغذائية واﻻقتصادية 18 2-2 اﻷهمية الدوائية والصيدﻻنية 19 2-3 السيطرة على اﻵفات الحشرية 20 2-4 اﻷهمية التزيينة والجمالية 20 2-5 اﻷهمية التطبيقية لحشيشة الذهب .A.ceterach L 21 3- التوصيف الجزيئي للتريديات 23 مواد وطرائق البحث 24 1- خصائص مواقع الدراسة 24 1-1 القرداحة 26 1-2 الحفة 27 1-3
    [Show full text]
  • Some Contributions to the Wall Flora of North Cyprus 11-33 Braunschweiger Geobotanische Arbeiten, 14: 11-33 (August 2020) ______
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Braunschweiger Geobotanische Arbeiten Jahr/Year: 2020 Band/Volume: 14 Autor(en)/Author(s): Brandes Dietmar Artikel/Article: Some contributions to the wall flora of North Cyprus 11-33 Braunschweiger Geobotanische Arbeiten, 14: 11-33 (August 2020) ________________________________________________________________________________ Some contributions to the wall flora of North Cyprus DIETMAR BRANDES 1. Abstract A survey of plants growing on walls in North Cyprus resulted in a preliminary checklist of some 200 vascular plant species. This corresponds to more than 15 percent of all species known for North Cyprus. In comparison to Europe the amounts of therophytes, phanerophytes and geophytes are considerably higher. 2. Introduction The construction of walls was developed in different culture groups (Mediterranean area, China, India, Central and South America) presumably independent from each other. Only with walls a permanent banking of farmland and wine yards was possible. The building up of cities and fortifications was rendered possible in an unexpected way. The city wall of Jericho is often noted as one of the very first ones (ca. 7000 B. C.). Depending on the region, the material used, their age, surrounding and state of preservation walls offer numerous micro-habitats and living areas for many organisms. Therefore they are in the focus of nature conservation. On the other hand they themselves are strongly endangered because nowadays walls are only seldom built up from stone or bricks and lime mortar. Nowadays concrete is mostly in use. During reconstruction commonly cement mortar is used instead of lime mortar which prevents colonisation of the wall fissures.
    [Show full text]
  • Polyploidy, Phylogeography and Pleistocene Refugia of the Rockfern
    MEC_1583.fm Page 2003 Thursday, September 12, 2002 11:24 AM Molecular Ecology (2002) 11, 2003–2012 Polyploidy,Blackwell Science, Ltd phylogeography and Pleistocene refugia of the rockfern Asplenium ceterach: evidence from chloroplast DNA S. A. TREWICK,*† M. MORGAN-RICHARDS,* S. J. RUSSELL,* S. HENDERSON,* F. J. RUMSEY,* I. PINTÉR,‡ J. A. BARRETT,§ M. GIBBY¶ and J. C. VOGEL* *Cryptogamic Plants, Department of Botany, Natural History Museum, London, UK; ‡Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Genetics, Budapest, Hungary; §Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; ¶Royal Botanical Garden, Edinburgh, UK Abstract Chloroplast DNA sequences were obtained from 331 Asplenium ceterach plants representing 143 populations from throughout the range of the complex in Europe, plus outlying sites in North Africa and the near East. We identified nine distinct haplotypes from a 900 bp fragment of trnL-trnF gene. Tetraploid populations were encountered throughout Europe and further afield, whereas diploid populations were scarcer and predominated in the Pannonian- Balkan region. Hexaploids were encountered only in southern Mediterranean populations. Four haplotypes were found among diploid populations of the Pannonian-Balkans indicating that this region formed a northern Pleistocene refugium. A separate polyploid complex centred on Greece, comprises diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid populations with two endemic haplo- types and suggests long-term persistence of populations in the southern Mediterranean. Three chloroplast DNA (cpDNA)
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Plants Diversity and Their Conservation Status in the United Arab Emirates (UAE)
    Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(7), pp. 1304-1322, 23 February, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.1412 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Medicinal plants diversity and their conservation status in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Sabitha Sakkir*, Maher Kabshawi and Mohamed Mehairbi Biodiversity Management Sector, Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, (UAE), United Arab Emirates. Accepted 5 January, 2012 This paper was an attempt to assimilate the medicinal plant status of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) by analyzing their diversity and conservation status against the knowledge management practices of traditional medicine practitioners. Information was gathered through extensive literature survey, field trips and semi structured questionnaire. A total of 132 plants (nearly 20% of total species) were found to possess medicinal properties in the UAE traditionally, a rich density considering the hyper-arid conditions that prevail in the region. These plant species belongs to 115 genera and 49 families. Asteraceae and Fabaceae families have the maximum number of species. The medicinal plants were categorized into various life forms such as chamaephyte (41%), therophyte (36%), phanerophyte (11%), hemicryptophytes (4%), geophytes (4%) and lianas (4%). Maximum number of medicinal plant species were recorded from mountains and wadi habitat (44.7%). This study revealed the diversity in plant parts used in the treatment of different ailments. The traditional knowledge gathered here can be considered a good starting point for effective in situ conservation, which requires accurate and up-to date information on the status of medicinal plant populations, extent and nature of plant use by local communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Palynological Studies of Some Species of Aspleniaceae-Pteridophyta
    American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2012, 3, 397-402 397 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2012.33048 Published Online March 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/ajps) Palynological Studies of Some Species of Aspleniaceae-Pteridophyta Gamal M. A. Lashin Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. Email: [email protected] Received November 23rd, 2011; revised December 17th, 2011; accepted January 4th, 2012 ABSTRACT Palynology of six fern species belonging to the family Aspleniaceae from Saudi Arabia are investigated by light micro- scope (LM). These are: Asplenium aethiopicum, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, Asplenium sp.1, Asplenium sp.2 and Ceterach officinarum. All studied spores are oblate-spheroidal in shape class, with 11 - 50 µm in equatorial diameter and with 12 - 49 µm in polar diameter. Two types of spores are recognized: monolete spores in As- plenium aethiopicum, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, Asplenium sp.2 and trilete spores in Asple- nium sp.1 and Ceterach officinarum. The exospore (perine) is homogeneous and apparently double-layered in all the studied spores. The perispore is single or double-layered with a microlacunouse structure. The perispore layers can be distinguished by their different contrast, structure and thickness. The exospore sculpture varies from cristates-ridged (Asplenium aethiopicum), cristates granulate (Asplenium adiantum-nigrum), cristates scabrate (Asplenium trichomanes), regulate-scabrates (Asplenium sp.1 and Ceterach officinarum) to papillate or tuberculate sculpture (Asplenium sp.2). Comparison between the earlier studies of some species from Saudi Arabia is given. General characteristics like spore type, ornamentation and laesurae features as well as the number of exospore layers could be useful for taxonomy of Aspleniaceae.
    [Show full text]