Singapore Geology

Probabilistic Assessment of Engineering Rock Properties in Singapore for Cavern Feasibility by ARCHIVES MASSACHUSETTS 1NSTITI TE Chin Soon Kwa OF TECHNOLOLGY B.Eng. Civil Engineering JUL 02 2015 National University of Singapore, 2010 LIBRARIES SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2015 2015 Chin Soon Kwa. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature redacted Signature of Author:......... ...................................................... Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering May 21, 2015 Certified by:............ ................................ Herbert H. Einstein Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Thesis Supervisor .a I A, - Accepted by: ........................ Signature redacted.......... Heidi Nepf Donald and Martha Harleman Professor of Civil and Environmental Enginering Chair, Departmental Committee for Graduate Students .I I ! Probabilistic Assessment of Engineering Rock Properties in Singapore for Cavern Feasibility by Chin Soon Kwa Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering on May 21, 2015, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Civil and Environmental Engineering ABSTRACT Singapore conducted various cavern studies since the 1990s, and has since constructed two caverns. The study done in this thesis concentrates on an area of interest within South-Western Singapore, using four logged boreholes that are each 200 meters in depth. Through the use of the empirical methods, the RQD and Q-system, rock support can be estimated for different ground classes for an assumed cavern size. The cost per cubic meter of cavern construction, which includes excavation support using bolts and shotcrete, and grouting, is then estimated. To account for the variability of the ground in the area of interest, probabilistic analyses and assessments of the rock mass parameters derived from the boreholes were carried out. Discrete probabilities were obtained from observed frequencies, and and depth and spatial variability are assessed. Depth Selector Maps (DSM) are created to give planners an indication of the ideal location of a cavern, both in depth and spatially, by providing them with an indication of the variability of the ground so that planners can take the associated uncertainty into consideration when making decisions. Thesis Supervisor: Herbert H. Einstein Title: Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering 3 Acknowledgements I owe immense gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Professor Herbert H. Einstein, who has provided me with patient guidance over the course of the thesis. Professor Einstein's dedication and passion towards rock engineering is a source of inspiration throughout my entire year in MIT. Interactions with him, be it discussions on the thesis, or attending his Engineering Geology and Rock Mechanics classes, always inspires me to find out more on the subject. I am thankful for the opportunity to have Professor Einstein as my thesis supervisor, and I will treasure the amazing learning experiences in this one short year working with him, which I sincerely thank him for. The time spent here is too short to fully immerse in the knowledge available here at MIT. Though short, the experience has been unforgettable, and it was a privilege to learn under so many outstanding professors. I would like to take this opportunity to extend my heartfelt gratitude to Professor Andrew Whittle and Dr. John Germaine, who taught me so much about soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering in their classes. Learning from them has been extremely enjoyable, and I am often awed by how they make complex concepts seem extremely simple. I would also like to express my thanks to all the other professors who have taught me in the past year, and M.Eng director, Dr. Eric Adams, and Ms. Lauren McLean for their administrative help and support. I am also grateful to Building and Construction Authority of Singapore (BCA) for giving me the opportunity to pursue further education in my area of interest at MIT, and the data required for this thesis. I am also very thankful for the ever-present support I have from my family. And last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to all my friends in the M.Eng program who has walked this year with me. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS A B ST RA C T ................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................... 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................. 5 LIST O F FIGU R E S.................................................................................... 9 L IST O F T A B L E S............................................................................................12 CHAPTER 1 UNDERGROUND SPACE IN SINGAPORE 1.1 SINGAPORE'S STRATEGY FOR SPACE......................................................13 1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF ROCK CAVERNS IN SINGAPORE......................17 1.2.1 HISTORY OF ROCK CAVERNS........................................................ 17 1.2.2 STUDIES ON UNDERGROUND SPACE....................................... 17 1.2.2.1 ROCK CAVERNS IN BUKIT TIMAH GRANITE...........19 1.2.2.2 UNDERGROUND SCIENCE CITY BELOW KENT RIDGE P A R K ............................................................................................. 19 1.2.3 THE UNDERGROUND AMMUNITION FACILITY.................. 20 1.2.4 THE JURONG ROCK CAVERNS...................................................... 20 1.3 THE SINGAPORE GEOLOGICAL OFFICE.............................................. 22 1.4 MOTIVATION AND OBJECTIVES............................................................... 22 1.5 O U TLIN E O F TH ESIS........................................................................................ 23 5 CHAPTER 2 SINGAPORE GEOLOGY 2.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF THE MALAY PENINSULAR.....................25 2.2 GEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF FORMATIONS...............................25 2.2.1 BUKIT TIMAH GRANITE AND GOMBAK NORITE................ 28 2.2.2 JU RO N G FO RM ATIO N ............................................................................ 29 2.2.3 O LD A LLU V IU M ......................................................................................... 30 2.2.4 KALLANG FORMATION................................................................... 31 2.2.5 SAJAHAT FORMATION....................................................................... 31 2.3 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES FROM PREVIOUS CAVERN FEASIBILITY ST U D IE S ..................................................................................................................... 3 1 2.3.1 BUKIT TIMAH GRANITE................................................................... 32 2.3.1.1 ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY.........32 2.3.1.2 D ISCO N TIN UITIES................................................................ 34 2.3.1.3 PERM EA BILITY ........................................................................ 34 2.3.1.4 ROCK MASS QUALITY......................................................... 35 2.3.2 JURONG FORMATION........................................................................ 36 2.3.2.1 ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY.........37 2.3.2.2 D ISCO N TIN UITIES................................................................ 37 2.3.2.3 PERM EA BILITY ........................................................................ 37 2.3.2.4 ROCK MASS QUALITY......................................................... 38 CHAPTER 3 EMPIRICAL ROCK SUPPORT DESIGN METHODS 3.1 IN T R O D U CT IO N ................................................................................................ 39 3.2 ROCK QUALITY DESIGNATION (RQD) METHOD..............40 3.2.1 DETERMINATION OF ROCK SUPPORT USING RQD...........41 6 3.2.2 APPLICABILITY AND LIMITATIONS OF DERIVING ROCK SUPPORT F R O M R Q D .................................................................................................. 46 3.3 BARTON ET.AL.'S Q-SYSTEM....................................................................... 46 3.3.1 INDEX Q AND ROCK SUPPORT DESIGN.................................. 47 3.3.2 APPLICABILITY AND LIMITATIONS OF DERIVING ROCK SUPPORT FR O M Q ......................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 4 COST OF CAVERN CONSTRUCTION 4.1 IN TR O D U CT IO N ................................................................................................ 55 4.2 CAVERN ASSUMPTIONS AND CONSTRUCTION................ 56 4.3 COST COMPARISON OF ROCK SUPPORT ELEMENTS ........... 57 4.4 COST ESTIMATION OF ROCK SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR DIFFERENT GROUND C LA S SE S ...................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 5 PROBABILISTIC ASSESSMENTOF ROCK PROPERTIES 5.1 IN T R O D U CT IO N ................................................................................................ 65 5.2 D ATA FRO M BO REH O LES..................................................................................66 5.3 INTERPRETED SUBSURFACE PROFILE...................................................

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