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761 ABUNDANCIA DE IMAGOS DE Lymanopoda Schmidti

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761 ABUNDANCIA DE IMAGOS DE Lymanopoda Schmidti ABUNDANCIA DE IMAGOS DE Lymanopoda schmidti (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE: SATYRINAE) EN UN GRADIENTE DE DISTURBIO Paola Marcela Triviño-Cruz1; Liz Alejandra Ávila-Rodríguez2; Guillaume Quenet2; Florian Câtel2; Edicson Alfonso Parra-Sanchez2 1. Facultad de Ciencias-Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá; Asociación Colombiana para la Lepidopterología/Colombia [email protected], 2Facultad de Ciencias-Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá/Colombia. RESUMEN. Esta investigación se realizó en el complejo de páramos Guerrero, Cordillera Oriental de Colombia, donde habita la especie Lymanopoda schmidti, restringida a este sector. El objetivo fue estimar la relación entre variables de la vegetación y variables demográficas de los imagos de L. schmidti. Para esto, se utilizó el método de captura-marca-recaptura en parches de Chuquea sp. en un gradiente de disturbio. No se encontró correlación entre la cantidad de imagos y una alta diversidad florística ó un parche extenso pero homogéneo. La abundancia de L. schmidti no solo depende de Chusquea sp. sino de la presencia de coberturas arbustivas y arbóreas que brindan condiciones adecuadas a la mariposa en términos de conectividad y recursos para refugio o forrajeo. Las actividades agropecuarias que se realizan en la zona alteran la estructura y distribución de la vegetación y son la mayor amenaza para el hábitat de L. schmidti. Palabras clave: Páramo, Lymanopoda, Vegetación, Chusquea, Conservación. Abundance of Lymanopoda schmidti (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) in an altitudinal and disturbance gradient ABSTRACT. This research project was carried out in the Páramos de Guerrero complex, located in the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, where is founded the specie Lymanopoda schmidti, restricted to this sector. The objective was to estimate the relationship between vegetation and demographic variables of L. schmidti imago. For this purpose, capture-mark-recapture technique was carried out in patches of Chusquea sp. within a disturbance gradient. There is no correlation between an increase of butterfly imago and a high floristic diversity or an extensive homogeneous patch. The abundance of L. schmidti not only depends of Chusquea sp. but of the availability of bushes and trees covers to provide adequate conditions for the butterfly, in terms of connectivity and resources for shelter and foraging. Hence, L. schmidti habitat is threatened by changes in the structure and distribution of vegetation which are caused by farming and livestock, main activities in these mountains. Key words: Páramo, Lymanopoda, Vegetation, Chusquea, Conservation. Introducción El género Lymanopoda es exclusivo de ecosistemas andinos. Las especies de este género se caracterizan por tener como planta hospedera a especies del género Chusquea (Pyrcz, 2004). Lymanopoda schmidti es una especie endémica del complejo de páramos Guerrero, el cual se ubica en la cordillera oriental de Colombia, al norte del departamento de Cundinamarca, ocupa una franja altitudinal entre los 3200 y 3780 m. Se encuentra, en su totalidad en territorio de la Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca CAR y abastece la represa hídrica de Neusa y los acueductos de Zipaquirá, Cogua, Tausa y parte de Bogotá (Rangel, 2000). Este complejo de páramo ha perdido cerca de 70% de su cobertura natural, a causa de actividades antrópicas como la minería, pastoreo intensivo de ganado y siembras de cultivos de papa (Morales et al., 2007). La cuchilla del Tablazo representa la parte sur del complejo de páramo Guerrero (Morales et al., 2007) y actualmente presenta una seria diminución en su cobertura vegetal nativa (cerca del 90%) causada, principalmente, por la siembra de cultivos de papa en la zona. Es por ello que el objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar la relación entre variables de la vegetación de parches en los que hay presencia de chusque y rasgos demográficos de los imagos de L. schmidti en la cuchilla del Tablazo, así como calcular la vagilidad de los individuos capturados. 761 Materiales y Método El estudio se realizó en la Cuchilla del Tablazo (Fig. 1a). Se seleccionaron siete parches entre los 3350 y 3440 m, con distancias entre ellos de entre 35 y 440 m y dentro de un gradiente de disturbio causado por actividades agropecuarias. Se estimo el grado de disturbio de 0 a 5, siendo 0 un sitio sin disturbio y 5 un sitio totalmente transformado. Los parches fueron georeferenciados mediante el programa Quantum GIS version 1.7 (Quantum GIS Development Team, 2007) (Fig. 1b). a) (b) Figura 1. a) Zona de estudio, Cuchilla del Tablazo, páramo de Guerrero, Subachoque, Cundinamarca (coordenadas: 18N 589268 UTM 553527, fuente cartográfica: IAvH 2007), b) Ubicación de los parches dentro de la zona de estudio (b). La estructura y la composición de la vegetación se evaluó utilizando el método línea intercepto (Gonzalez y Sanchez, 1985). El muestreo se realizó mediante 3 líneas paralelas de 20 m para cada parche (con excepción del sitio Cruz 2 en el que se usaron líneas de 10 m). Se registraron los individuos con altura superior a 20 cm, incluyendo árboles (> 5 m), arbustos (1–5 m), hierbas (0.2–0.7 m) y enredaderas. La cobertura se estimo tomando el diámetro mayor y menor del área que cubría el individuo (o individuos) y aproximado al área de un rombo (Rangel 1997). Se calculó la cobertura, densidad y frecuencia relativa de todas las especies asociadas a los parches de Chusquea sp.. Las colecciones botánicas se encuentran depositadas en el Herbario COL bajo la sigla Ávila-R. L. La diversidad de la vegetación se calculó mediante el Software libre PAST versión 2.12 (Hammer et al., 2001). En cada parche se calculó el índice de Simpson (D) y la dominancia. Se calculó el índice de valor de importancia (IVI) por estrato y especie y se realizaron diagramas estructurales por parche para conocer el aporte de cada estrato a la cobertura total del parche. Durante tres días se monitorearon individuos de L. schmidti usando el método captura- marca-recaptura (CMR). Los individuos se capturaron con redes entomológicas y se marcaron en la celda discal del ala posterior izquierda, usando un código de identificación que consistió en una letra para cada localidad de muestreo y un número consecutivo para cada mariposa (Fig. 2). 762 Adicionalmente, se registraron el sexo y el estado de los individuos. Para el análisis de los datos de sé uso el programa libre MARK versión 6.0 (White, 1999). Se estimo el número de individuos con el modelo POPAN (Schwarz y Arnason, 1996) derivado del modelo de Jolly-Seber (Seber, 1965; Jolly, 1965). Se consideró que en los tres días de capturas la mortalidad estaba muy cerca a cero y se probó que para todos los parches las hipótesis de supervivencia de un día a otro produjeron los modelos con menor AIC. Para las estimaciones de las tasas de emigración de parche a otro o de emigración total por parche se usó un modelo multi-estado (Brownie et al., 1993), en el cual cada estado del modelo representa un parche. Se calcularon los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson y Spearma (Rho) y entre las variables de vegetación y las variables relacionadas con los imagos mediante el programa R (R Development Core Team, 2011). Figura 2. Marca realizada a los individuos capturados. Resultados y Discusión Los parámetros poblacionales y las características de cada parche se resumen en el cuadro 1. Los parches presentan una dinámica de perturbación en donde los más disturbados comparten especies vegetales típicas de sitios intervenidos y difieren de la parches con influencia de bosque altoandino que tienen mayor proporción de especies arbustivas y arbóreas (Fernández y Hernández, 2007). El área de estudio se caracteriza por la dominancia de Chusquea lehmannii y Chusquea serrulata. En el estrato arbóreo dominan especies de Weinmannia, Miconia, Drymis, Oreopanax y Brunellia, típicas de bosques altoandinos. Dentro de los arbustos sobresalen Ageratina spp., Bucquetia glutinosa, Carex luridiformis, Fuchsia corymbiflora, Macleania rupestris y Miconia spp. En el estrato herbáceo dominan Digitalis purpurea y especies ruderales propias de áreas agrícolas en descanso (Rumex major, Poligonum capitatum y Solanum tuberosum). Dentro de las trepadoras sobresalen Rubus bogotensis, Munnozia senecionidis, Mikania laurifolia y Jungia ferruginea. En total se hicieron 88 capturas, correspondientes a 51 individuos (43 machos, 8 hembras, proporción de sexo: 5,4 machos/hembra). Se presentaron 37 recapturas: 5 individuos fueron recapturados dos veces y 3 individuos fueron recapturados tres veces. La abundancia estimada de imagos en el área completa de estudio fue de 63 (±). La abundancia de imagos estimada por parche está positivamente correlacionada con la superficie del parche (Spearman, rho = 0,92, p = 0,003). Sin embargo, esta abundancia puede explicarse mejor por la presencia de coberturas que brinden condiciones adecuadas a la mariposa en términos de conectividad y recursos para su refugio o forrajeo, esto concuerda con el análisis estructural de la vegetación. El análisis estructural de la vegetación (Cuadro 1), indica que la estructura de los parches Potrero 1 y 2, y Cruz 1, es similar presentando coberturas arbustivas y de Chusquea sp. cercanas al 50%, y un porcentaje arbóreo cercano al 20 % (Fig. 3). Tractor 2, es similar al grupo anterior, 763 pero difiere por tener poca cobertura arbórea y estratos arbustivos y herbáceo abundantes (39 y 18% repectivamente). Por su parte, Tractor 1, se caracteriza por presentar la dominancia más alta de chusque de todos
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