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Yucatec Mayan Medicinal Plants Ethnobotany, Biological Evaluation and Phytochemical Study of Crossopetalum Gaumeri

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Yucatec Mayan Medicinal Plants Ethnobotany, Biological Evaluation and Phytochemical Study of Crossopetalum Gaumeri Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Yucatec Mayan medicinal plants ethnobotany, biological evaluation and phytochemical study of Crossopetalum gaumeri Author(s): Ankli, Anita Sabine Publication Date: 2000 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-003887155 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Diss. ETH No. 13555 Yucatec Mayan Medicinal Plants: Ethnobotany, Biological Evaluation and Phytochemical Study of Crossopetalum gaumeri A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH For the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Presented by ANITA SABINE ANKLI Eidg. dipl. Apothekerin born June 25, 1967 Zullwil/Meltingen (SO) Accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. 0. Sticher, examiner Prof. Dr. M. Heinrich, co-examiner Dr. J. Heilmann, co-examiner Zürich 2000 Acknowledgement Acknowledgements I wish to express my sincerest thanks to the following people: - Prof. Dr. Otto Sticher, my supervisor, for giving me the chance to carry out a ethnobotanical-phytochemical project in his research group, for providing extraordinary working facilities as well as for the open door to discuss problems. I am most grateful to Prof. Dr. Michael Heinrich, my co-supervisor, for introducing me into the fascinating field of ethnobotany, for the encouraging discussions and for the valuable support during the field study in Mexico. Special thanks go to Dr. Jörg Heilmann for helping me with the structure elucidation of the isolated compounds and accepting to support this thesis as a referee. - - the healers and midwives of Chikindzonot, Ekpedz and Xcocmil for their openness and patience in teaching me the usage of the medicinal plants and for the opportunity to participate in their healing sessions and ceremonies. Many thanks for answering my repeated questions. Only the knowledge of the healers and midwives made it possible to carry out this thesis. - the family of Don Abundio Chan Kauil and Dona Claudia Uc Cahun for their hospitality, allowing me to stay in their home, for the delicious food and for the introduction in the Mayan cosmovision. I would like to express my warmest thank to Miriam and Gregoria Chan Uc for their courage to sleep in my house, thus protecting me and for passing a good time together. I also like to thank Cresencio Chan Uc for the uncountable discussions on any topic. (I like to apologize for the mistakes I made due to cultural differences or lack of understanding). - Marciana Poot Kauil for helping me as a Maya-Spanish translator and friend and for making it easier to come in contact with the healers and midwives of Ekpedz and for her help to collect plants in the forest and in hardly passable regions. I am Acknowledgement grateful to her father Don Silvestre Poot Poot and her mother for their hospitality and the introduction in the actual Mayan beliefs and mystic tales. - children of Chikindzonot who filled my house with great happiness and who followed, not yet, the social roles and taboos. - Dr. Ingrid Olmsted for the botanical support in the CICY (Centro de Investigaciön Cientifica de Yucatan) and for the invitations to several botanical excursions on the Peninsula of Yucatan. For the help of the botanical identification I am very much indebted to the biologists and co-workers of the CICY, especially to Jorge Carlos Trejo, Paulino Sima and Dr. Rafael Duran. I also like to thank the botanists and specialists of the MEXU (Herbario Nacional de Mexico, Mexico D.F.): Dr. Mario Sousa, Dr. Oswaldo Tellez, Dr. Rafael Lira, Dr. Jose-Luis Villasenor, Dr. Fernando Chan and Dr. M. Martinez Gordilla. - Dr. Ignacio Tuz and Dona Aurora (INI, Instituto Nacional Indigenista, Valladolid) for supporting the project and inviting me to the meetings of the healers. - Gisel Vargas, Roxana Chavarrfa and Don Julio Chavarrfa for their friendship and hospitality in Mérida and Valladolid and for telling me stories about the Mexican way of life. - Dr. Barbara Pfeiler (Universidad Autönoma de Yucatan, Mérida) and Dr. Carlos Viesca (UNAM, Universidad Nacional Autönoma de Mexico, Mexico D. F.) for the linguistical and anthropological discussions and the invitations in their wonderful homes. I am grateful to Dr. Ramon Arzâpalo (UNAM) and Jolanda Arzapâlo for their fruitful discussions on Maya culture and for their hospitality in the biggest city of the world. Acknowledgement - Dr. Carlos Zolla (INI, Mexico D.F.), Dr. Arturo Argueta and Dr. Gonzalo Solis (INI, Mérida) for their advice to find a good place of study and for their friendliness to accept and respect me as a broken-Spanish speaking person (at that time). - Dr. Matthias Baltisberger (ETH) for sending the valuable equipment to dry plants, Prof. Dr. Daniel Moerman (University of Michigan-Dearborn) for the productive discussions about medicinal and non-medicinal plants. - Dr. Oliver Zerbe for teaching me in the interpretation of NMR spectra and for the untiring and fruitful discussions about NMR problems. I also wish to thank Dr. Engelberg Zass for performing search on chemical compounds and Dr. Walter Amrein, Oswaldo Greter and Rolf Häflinger for recording mass spectra. - Dr. Hongmei Liu and Dr. Jimmy Orjala for their support and stimulating discussions about chromatography and Micheal Wasescha for the determination of KB cell cytotoxicity of plant extracts and pure compounds. My warm thanks go to Dr. Barbara Frei Haller for the encouraging ethnobotanical discussions, the literature search on plants and for her excellent pioneer work in ethnobotany in our phytochemistry group. - Prof. Dr. Horst Rimpler for the good co-operation of the Freiburg-Zürich group (Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg). I especially would like to thank Dr. Peter Bork, Dr. Bilkis Heneka and Dr. Elke Beha. - Dr. Lutz Wolfram, Dr. Peter Bauerfeind (University Hospital, Zurich), Dr. Claudia Weiss, PD. Dr. Reto Brun, Cécile Schmid (Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel), Regina Bruggisser (University, Basel), Jürg Gertsch (ETH) and Dr. Helmut Wiedenfeld (University, Bonn) for testing extracts of different plants. I would like to thank Dr. Christoph Schachtele and Dr. Frank Totzke for determining protein kinase activity (Klinik für Tumorbiologie, Freiburg). I am Acknowledgement grateful to Prof. Dr. Marcus Schaub (University, Zurich) for proposing the hypothesis about the effect of cardenolides in this treatment for snake bites. - David McLaughlin and Anna Jen for the Engl.sh correction of this thesis. - all my colleagues and staff at the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich for the great time we had together, especially I like to thank my laboratory colleagues (17L80). - all my friends who visited me in my home in Yucatan and those who critically supported my ideas and dreams. Last but not least I express my deepest thank to my parents and Julian Granados for their private support and patienc3, which gave me great motivation to overcome various problems during this PhD-thesis. Financial support during the work of this thesis was obtained from: - Swiss Agency of Development Cooperation (SDC), Berne - Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences (SANW), Zurich - Barth Fonds of ETH, Zurich Contents Abbreviations 1 Summary 4 Resumen 6 Zusammenfassung 8 Part I Medicinal Ethnobotany 1 Introduction 12 1.1 Goal and objectives 16 2 Yucatan and the Mayas 17 2.1 Background 17 2.1.1 Geology and fauna 17 2.1.2 Ancient Maya history 18 2.1.3 From the Spanish conquest to the Caste War 21 2.1.4 The Yucatec Maya today 23 2.1.5 Manuscripts on Maya medicinal plants 28 2.1.6 Medicinal ethnobotany of Yucatan 30 2.2 Methods in the field 33 2.3 Abbreviations mentioned in the plant list 37 2.4 Plant list 41 2.5 Informants 60 2.6 Gardens of medicinal plants 61 2.7 Selection of plant species for their biological evaluations 62 3 Publication I: Medical Ethnobotany of the Yucatec Maya: Healer's consensus as a quantitative criterion 63 4 Publication II: Yucatec Maya medicinal plants versus non- medicinal plants: indigenous characterization and selection 97 Part II Plant Evaluation 5 Publication III: Yucatec Mayan medicinal plants: Evaluation based on indigenous uses 134 6 Additional results 160 6.1 Antimicrobial activity 160 6.2 Comparison of disk method and TLC method 161 6.3 Protein kinase activity; Method and results 162 6.4 Other activities 167 6.5 Crossopetalum gaumeri- the plant species for the phytochemical study 168 Part III Phytochemistry of Crossopetalum gaumeri 7 Celastraceae family and the genus Crossopetalum 170 7.1 Botanical taxonomy 170 7.1.1 Crossopetalum gaumeri 171 7.2 Phytochemistry of the Celastraceae 172 7.2.1 Terpenoids (terpenes, isoprenoids) 172 7.2.2 Alkaloids 176 7.2.3 Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds 176 7.3 Phytochemistry of Crossopetalum species 176 7.4 Biosynthesis of terpenoids (terpenes, isoprenoids) 177 7.5 Chemosystematic and phylogenetic relationships 180 7.6 Biological activities among the Celastraceae 182 7.7 Popular medicinal use 185 7.7.1 Yucatec Maya medicinal use of C gaumeri 185 7.7.2 Medicinal application of other Crossopetalum species 186 7.7.3 Global medicinal use of Celastraceae species 186 8 Methods (isolation procedure) 188 8.1 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) 188 8.2 Vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) 188 8.3 Middle pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) 188 8.4 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 189 8.5 Open column chromatography 189 8.6 Liquid-liquid partition (LLP) 189 9 Methods
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