DOCSLIB.ORG

1 Monitoring of the Bioencapsulation of a Probiotic Phaeobacter Strain In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 Monitoring of the Bioencapsulation of a Probiotic Phaeobacter Strain In *Manuscript Click here to view linked References 1 2 Monitoring of the bioencapsulation of a probiotic Phaeobacter strain in the rotifer 3 Brachionus plicatilis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis 4 5 José Pintado1*, María Pérez-Lorenzo1,2, Antonio Luna-González1,3, Carmen G. Sotelo1, 6 María J. Prol1 and Miquel Planas1 7 8 1Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello nº 6, 36208 Vigo, 9 Galicia, Spain. 10 2 Present address: Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, 11 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain. 12 3 Present address: Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral 13 Regional-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Sinaloa. Boulevard Juan de Dios Bátiz 14 Paredes 250, Guasave, Sinaloa 81101, México 15 16 17 *Corresponding author: Phone +34986231930. Fax +34986292762. E-mail address: 18 [email protected]. 19 20 Abstract 21 22 The bioencapsulation of the probiotic bacteria Phaeobacter 27-4 in the rotifer 23 Brachionus plicatilis was monitored by culture methods and denaturing gradient gel 24 electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA. 25 In a first experiment, the permanence of the probiotic bacteria in clear water and green 26 water was studied. Phaeobacter 27-4 added to the water of the tanks (107 CFU ml-1) 27 remained at levels around 106 CFU ml-1 for 72 h and was not affected by the presence of 28 the algae added (Isochrysis galbana, 105 cells ml-1). The DGGE fingerprints showed a 29 temporal predominance of the probiont in the water and the presence of bacteria 30 belonging to the Flavobacteria, -proteobacteria, and Sphingobacteria groups. A 31 Tenacibaculum strain became predominant when Phaeobacter 27-4 decline, and at the 32 end of the experiment, bacterial profiles became similar to the initial ones with 33 predominance of bacteria belonging to the Oceanospirillaceae family. 1 1 Three different ways of bioencapsulation of the probiont in the rotifer were assayed: 2 E24, addition of Phaeobacter 27-4 for 24 h during the enrichment with I. galbana; E3, 3 addition of Phaeobacter 27-4 during the last 3 h of the enrichment with I. galbana and 4 E3+, with the bioencapsulation done in a separated step, after the 24 h enrichment with 5 I. galbana, being the rotifers filtered, washed and transferred into tanks containing 6 Phaeobacter 27- 4 in seawater, and maintained for 3 h. 7 The result showed that the presence of the algae was not determinant in the 8 effectiveness of the bioencapsulation and the probiont was bioencapsulated in all cases 9 in the first 3 h to a level of 102 cfu rotifer-1. When the rotifers with the bacteria 10 bioencapsulated were transferred to green-water tanks and kept in the conditions used in 11 turbot larvae rearing, Phaeobacter 27-4 maintained in levels close to 102 CFU rotifer-1 12 for 48 h in the case of E24 and E3, and for 24 h in the case of E3+, a period of time 13 sufficient to the larvae to graze on them and to incorporate the probiotic. The E24 14 protocol was selected for the simplicity of the procedure. DGGE fingerprints showed 15 the incorporation of the probiotic and a temporal colonization of the rotifers. 16 Predominant bands identified in the rotifers correspond to -proteobacteria as 17 Pseudoalteromonas. 18 19 Keywords: Probiotic; Phaeobacter 27-4; Bioencapsulation; Rotifer; Larval rearing 20 21 2 1 2 1. Introduction 3 4 In the last years, efforts have been made to develop strategies for microbial control, to 5 decrease the use of therapeutic chemicals and antibiotics (Cabello, 2006), towards a 6 more environmentally friendly and sustainable aquaculture. Probiotics, defined by 7 FAO/WHO (2001) as “live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate 8 amounts, confer a health benefit on the host”, constitute a potential tool in the reduction 9 of mortalities in the rearing of aquatic organisms (Gatesoupe, 1999; Verschuere et al., 10 2000; Vine et al., 2006; Kesarcodi-Watson et al., 2008). 11 12 In turbot larvae (Psetta maxima), the use of probiotics has been studied using 13 commercially available or selected terrestrial lactic acid bacteria (Gatesoupe, 1991; 14 Planas et al., 2004). A better strategy, that avoids the introduction of exotic bacteria to 15 the system, is to select probiotic candidates among isolated strains from healthy turbot 16 (Westerdahl et al., 1991) or hatchery facilities (Huys et al., 2001; Hjelm et al., 2004a). 17 Generally, selection is based on the antagonistic effect to pathogenic bacteria which are 18 responsible of high mortalities in turbot larvae such as Listonella (Vibrio) anguillarum 19 or Vibrio splendidus (Toranzo et al., 1994; Thomson et al., 2005). 20 21 Members of the Roseobacter cluster (-Proteobacteria) produce tropodithietic acid 22 (TDA), compound that inhibits to different and -Proteobacteria (Martens et al., 23 2007). The strain Phaeobacter 27-4, used in this study, was isolated from turbot larval 24 rearing units by Hjelm et al. (2004a) and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene showed 25 99.1 % alignment with Phaeobacter gallaeciensis (Ruiz-Ponte et al., 1998). 26 Phaeobacter 27-4 showed antagonism against L. anguillarum and V. splendidus (Hjelm 27 et al., 2004a, b). Furthermore, Planas et al. (2006) demonstrated, in challenge trials with 28 L. anguillarum, a probiotic in vivo effect of Phaeobacter 27-4, being not harmful to 29 turbot larvae. 30 31 Intestinal microbiota of turbot larvae is strongly dependent on the bacteria present in 32 live prey and, to a lesser extent, in the rearing water (Nicolas et al., 1989; Munro et al., 33 1994; Blanch et al., 1997; Reitan et al., 1998). The rotifer Brachionus plicatilis is 34 widely used as live prey in turbot hatcheries and mass culture of rotifers conducts to a 3 1 high load and a variable bacterial microbiota (Verdonck et al., 1994) in their external 2 surface (Munro et al., 1993) and digestive tract (Skjermo and Vadstein, 1993). This 3 microbiota is dominated by strains with a low degree of specialization and high growth 4 rates (Salvesen et al., 1999) that can be detrimental to turbot larvae (Pérez-Benavente 5 and Gatesoupe, 1988; Verdonck et al., 1997). This fact was demonstrated by the 6 increment in the survival of larvae fed with axenic rotifers (Munro et al., 1995). 7 8 So, the control of bacterial microbiota in live feed is an important issue (Planas and 9 Cunha, 1999; Dhert et al., 2001; Skjermo and Vadstein, 1999) and treatments based on 10 disinfection of rotifer eggs for the production of axenic cultures, treatment with 11 hydrogen peroxide or ultraviolet radiation for partial decontamination. can be useful 12 tools (Dhert et al., 2001). However, the elimination of bacteria from live prey implies 13 the loss of a stable microbial balance, predominated by K-strategists, and may favour a 14 more rapid colonization by opportunistic bacteria with high growth rates (r-strategists), 15 once the rotifers are introduced into the larval rearing system. Replacement of the 16 opportunistic bacteria by a preventive colonization with other non-aggressive bacteria 17 with persistence in water or live food can be a good strategy to provide protection to the 18 larvae (Makridis et al., 2000a; Martínez-Díaz et al., 2003). 19 20 Delivery of probiotic bacteria to live prey can not only serve as control agent of 21 opportunistic or pathogenic bacteria but also be a vehicle for introducing probiotics to 22 fish larvae (bioencapsulation) (Gatesoupe, 1994, 1999; Skjermo and Vadstein, 1999; 23 Ringø and Birkbeck, 1999; Makridis et al., 2000b). Feeding larvae with rotifers 24 enriched with Phaeobacter 27-4, parallel to fish pathogen Listonella anguillarum 25 infection, in an experimental challenge model (Planas et al., 2005), brought the 26 accumulated mortality to the level of control, demonstrating the effectiveness of 27 bioencapsulation of the probiotic in rotifers (Planas et al., 2006). 28 29 In a normal practice, before delivery to fish larvae, rotifers are enriched with essential 30 fatty acids, such as polyinsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), feeding them with microalgae 31 (e.g. Tetraselmis sp., Isochrysis sp., Rhinomonas sp., Rhodomonas sp.) (Dhert et al., 32 2001), The “green water” technique, which consists in the addition of microalgae to the 33 rearing tanks, reduces the proliferation of opportunistic bacteria in the surface of turbot 34 larvae (Salvesen et al., 1999). Algal cultures associate a specific bacterial population 4 1 (Schulze et al., 2006), which might influence bacteria number and composition in 2 rotifers and fish larvae, and members of the Roseobacter clade have been frequently 3 found associated to microalgae cultures (Sandaa et al., 2003; Hjelm et al, 2004b; 4 Nicolas et al., 2004). Algae can also be a factor influencing the grazing of bacteria by 5 rotifers (Nicolas et al., 1989). Consequently, interactions bacteria-microalgae must be 6 considered in the maintenance of the probiont in the rearing tanks and in the 7 bioencapsultion process. 8 9 Monitoring of bacteria introduced in the rearing systems and studying the modification 10 of the associated bacterial microbiota, is an important aspect to understand the way of 11 action of probiotic bacteria. Generally, introduced strains are analysed by culture- 12 dependent methods (e.g. Martínez-Díaz et al., 2003; Planas et al., 2006) and only a few 13 studies use complementary culture-independent techniques to screen the introduced 14 strains, such as inmunocolony-blot (Makridis et al., 2000a, b), ELISA (Makridis et al., 15 2000a, b) or in situ hybridization (Macey and Coyne, 2005). Denaturing Gradient Gel 16 Electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA is a very useful technique for genetic 17 fingerprinting of the bacterial community and to monitor changes in its composition 18 (Muyzer, 1997). Furthermore, the excision, re-amplification and sequencing of the 19 bands from the DGGE gels makes possible to identify the bacteria present.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gnesiotrocha, Monogononta, Rotifera) in Thale Noi Lake, Thailand
    Zootaxa 2997: 1–18 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Diversity of sessile rotifers (Gnesiotrocha, Monogononta, Rotifera) in Thale Noi Lake, Thailand PHURIPONG MEKSUWAN1, PORNSILP PHOLPUNTHIN1 & HENDRIK SEGERS2,3 1Plankton Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Songkhla, Thai- land. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2Freshwater Laboratory, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] 3Corresponding author Abstract In response to a clear gap in knowledge on the biodiversity of sessile Gnesiotrocha rotifers at both global as well as re- gional Southeast Asian scales, we performed a study of free-living colonial and epiphytic rotifers attached to fifteen aquat- ic plant species in Thale Noi Lake, the first Ramsar site in Thailand. We identified 44 different taxa of sessile rotifers, including thirty-nine fixosessile species and three planktonic colonial species. This corresponds with about 40 % of the global sessile rotifer diversity, and is the highest alpha-diversity of the group ever recorded from a single lake. The record further includes a new genus, Lacinularoides n. gen., containing a single species L. coloniensis (Colledge, 1918) n. comb., which is redescribed, and several possibly new species, one of which, Ptygura thalenoiensis n. spec. is formally described here. Ptygura noodti (Koste, 1972) n. comb. is relocated from Floscularia, based on observations of living specimens of this species, formerly known only from preserved, contracted specimens from the Amazon region.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome-Scale Data Suggest Reclassifications in the Leisingera
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 11 August 2014 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00416 Genome-scale data suggest reclassifications in the Leisingera-Phaeobacter cluster including proposals for Sedimentitalea gen. nov. and Pseudophaeobacter gen. nov. Sven Breider 1†, Carmen Scheuner 2†, Peter Schumann 2, Anne Fiebig 2, Jörn Petersen 2, Silke Pradella 2, Hans-Peter Klenk 2, Thorsten Brinkhoff 1 and Markus Göker 2* 1 Department of Biology of Geological Processes - Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany 2 Department of Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany Edited by: Earlier phylogenetic analyses of the marine Rhodobacteraceae (class Alphaproteobacteria) Martin G. Klotz, University of North genera Leisingera and Phaeobacter indicated that neither genus might be monophyletic. Carolina at Charlotte, USA We here used phylogenetic reconstruction from genome-scale data, MALDI-TOF Reviewed by: mass-spectrometry analysis and a re-assessment of the phenotypic data from the Martin G. Klotz, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA literature to settle this matter, aiming at a reclassification of the two genera. Neither Aharon Oren, The Hebrew Phaeobacter nor Leisingera formed a clade in any of the phylogenetic analyses conducted. University of Jerusalem, Israel Rather, smaller monophyletic assemblages emerged, which were phenotypically more *Correspondence: homogeneous, too. We thus propose the reclassification of Leisingera nanhaiensis as the Markus Göker, Department of type species of a new genus as Sedimentitalea nanhaiensis gen. nov., comb. nov., the Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of reclassification of Phaeobacter arcticus and Phaeobacter leonis as Pseudophaeobacter Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, arcticus gen.
    [Show full text]
  • February 15, 2012 Chapter 34 Notes: Flatworms, Roundworms and Rotifers
    February 15, 2012 Chapter 34 Notes: Flatworms, Roundworms and Rotifers Section 1 Platyhelminthes Section 2 Nematoda and Rotifera 34-1 Objectives Summarize the distinguishing characteristics of flatworms. Describe the anatomy of a planarian. Compare free-living and parasitic flatworms. Diagram the life cycle of a fluke. Describe the life cycle of a tapeworm. Structure and Function of Flatworms · The phylum Platyhelminthes includes organisms called flatworms. · They are more complex than sponges but are the simplest animals with bilateral symmetry. · Their bodies develop from three germ layers: · ectoderm · mesoderm · endoderm · They are acoelomates with dorsoventrally flattened bodies. · They exhibit cephalization. · The classification of Platyhelminthes has undergone many recent changes. Characteristics of Flatworms February 15, 2012 Class Turbellaria · The majority of species in the class Turbellaria live in the ocean. · The most familiar turbellarians are the freshwater planarians of the genus Dugesia. · Planarians have a spade-shaped anterior end and a tapered posterior end. Class Turbellaria Continued Digestion and Excretion in Planarians · Planarians feed on decaying plant or animal matter and smaller organisms. · Food is ingested through the pharynx. · Planarians eliminate excess water through a network of excretory tubules. · Each tubule is connected to several flame cells. · The water is transported through the tubules and excreted from pores on the body surface. Class Turbellaria Continued Neural Control in Planarians · The planarian nervous system is more complex than the nerve net of cnidarians. · The cerebral ganglia serve as a simple brain. · A planarian’s nervous system gives it the ability to learn. · Planarians sense light with eyespots. · Other sensory cells respond to touch, water currents, and chemicals in the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Additives That Consistently Enhance Rotifer Growth Under Synxenic Culture Conditions 1
    Aquaculture 182Ž. 2000 249±260 www.elsevier.nlrlocateraqua-online Bacterial additives that consistently enhance rotifer growth under synxenic culture conditions 1. Evaluation of commercial products and pure isolates P.A. Douillet ) The UniÕersity of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 1300 Port Street, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA Accepted 20 July 1999 Abstract Axenic rotifers Ž.Brachionus plicatilis MullerÈ were cultured under aseptic conditions; they were fed either a bacteria-free artificial dietŽ. AD , or axenic Isochrysis galbana, or a combination of axenic Chlorella minutissima and the bacteria-free AD. The medium was inoculated with commercial bacterial additives or cultured strains of marine bacteria. The highest improvements in growth rateŽ. GR of rotifer populations were obtained with laboratory grown bacteria. Addition of an Alteromonas strain and an unidentified Gram negative strainŽ. B3 consistently enhanced rotifer GR in all experiments, and under all feeding regimes in comparison with control cultures inoculated with microbial communities present in seawater, or maintained bacteria-free. None of the other isolates or commercial products were consistent in their enhancement of rotifer production. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Rotifer; Brachionus plicatilis; Isochrysis galbana 1. Introduction The rotifer Brachionus plicatilis has become a valuable and, in many cases indis- pensable, food organism for first feeding of a large variety of cultured marine finfish and crustacean larvaeŽ. Watanabe et al., 1983; Lubzens et al., 1997 . However, suppressed ) 1692 Houghton Ct North, Dunwoody, GA 30338, USA. Tel.: q1-770-671-9393; E-mail: philippe± [email protected] 0044-8486r00r$ - see front matter q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Euprymna Scolopes</I>
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Honors Scholar Theses Honors Scholar Program Spring 5-10-2009 Characterizing the Role of Phaeobacter in the Mortality of the Squid, Euprymna scolopes Brian Shawn Wong Won University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses Part of the Cell Biology Commons, Molecular Biology Commons, and the Other Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Wong Won, Brian Shawn, "Characterizing the Role of Phaeobacter in the Mortality of the Squid, Euprymna scolopes" (2009). Honors Scholar Theses. 67. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses/67 Characterizing the Role of Phaeobacter in the Mortality of the Squid, Euprymna scolopes . Author: Brian Shawn Wong Won Advisor: Spencer V. Nyholm Ph.D. University of Connecticut Honors Program Date submitted: 05/11/09 1 Abstract The subject of our study is the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes , which is known for its model symbiotic relationship with the bioluminescent bacterium, Vibrio fischeri . The interactions between E. scolopes and V. fischeri provide an exemplary model of the biochemical and molecular dynamics of symbiosis since both members can be cultivated separately and V. fischeri can be genetically modified 1. However, in a laboratory setting, the mortality of embryonic E. scolopes can be a recurrent problem. In many of these fatalities, the egg cases display a pink-hued biofilm, and rosy pigmentation has also been noted in the deaths of several adult squid. To identify the microbial components of this biofilm, we cloned and sequenced the 16s ribosomal DNA gene from pink, culture-grown isolates from infected egg cases and adult tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • Culture of Brachionus Plicatilis Feeding with Powdered Dried Chlorella
    The Bangladesh Veterinarian (2010) 27(2) : 91 – 98 Culture of Brachionus plicatilis feeding with powdered dried Chlorella S. Mostary1*, M. S. Rahman, A. S. M. S. Mandal, K. M. M. Hasan2, Z. Rehena2 and S. M. A. Basar1 Departments of Fisheries Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh Abstract The rotifer Brachionus plicatilis was cultured with powdered dried Chlorella in treatment 1, live or fresh cultured Chlorella in treatment 2, and baker’s yeast in treatment 3. All the jars under three treatments were stocked with B. plicatilis at the initial density of 10 individuals per ml. The water temperature, air temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen were within the suitable range for B. plicatilis culture. The highest population densities of B. plicatilis in treatments 1, 2 and 3 were 60000, 50000 and 30000 (individual/L), respectively. The powered dried Chlorella was comparable with live Chlorella and may be used successfully as a feed for B. plicatilis. (Bangl. vet. 2010. Vol. 27, No. 2, 91 – 98) Introduction Brachionus plicatilis is a brackishwater rotifer, which has been used as food for marine fish larvae and planktonic crustaceans throughout the world (Watanable et al., 1983). But several authors have demonstrated the importance of rotifers as food for freshwater larvae (Hale and Carlson, 1972). B. plicatilis has been recognized as a potential food for shrimp larvae in addition to or as a replacement for Artemia (Hirata et al., 1985). In order to attain stable mass production of rotifers, it is desirable to develop a food source that will support rotifer growth completely by itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Trajectories and Drivers of Genome Evolution in Surface-Associated Marine Phaeobacter
    GBE Trajectories and Drivers of Genome Evolution in Surface-Associated Marine Phaeobacter Heike M. Freese1,*, Johannes Sikorski1, Boyke Bunk1,CarmenScheuner1, Jan P. Meier-Kolthoff1, Cathrin Spro¨er1,LoneGram2,andJo¨rgOvermann1,3 1Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany 2Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark 3Institute of Microbiology, University Braunschweig, Germany *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]. Accepted: November 27, 2017 Data deposition: This project has been deposited at GenBank under the accessions CP010588 - CP010775, CP010784 - CP010791, CP010805 - CP010810, KY357362 - KY357447. Abstract The extent of genome divergence and the evolutionary events leading to speciation of marine bacteria have mostly been studied for (locally) abundant, free-living groups. The genus Phaeobacter is found on different marine surfaces, seems to occupy geographically disjunct habitats, and is involved in different biotic interactions, and was therefore targeted in the present study. The analysis of the chromosomes of 32 closely related but geographically spread Phaeobacter strains revealed an exceptionally large, highly syntenic core genome. The flexible gene pool is constantly but slightly expanding across all Phaeobacter lineages. The horizontally transferred genes mostly originated from bacteria of the Roseobacter group and horizontal transfer most likely was mediated by gene transfer agents. No evidence for geographic isolation and habitat specificity of the different phylogenomic Phaeobacter clades was detected based on the sources of isolation. In contrast, the functional gene repertoire and physiological traits of different phylogenomic Phaeobacter clades were sufficiently distinct to suggest an adaptation to an associated lifestyle with algae, to additional nutrient sources, or toxic heavy metals.
    [Show full text]
  • Flatworms/ Rotifers 1) Clade (Clades Are a Group of Related Phylum) Platyzoa A) Platyzoa Consist of 6 Phyla, However Most of T
    Flatworms/ Rotifers 1) Clade (clades are a group of related phylum) Platyzoa a) Platyzoa consist of 6 phyla, however most of these phyla are represented by a very small number of species and are debated on where they fall taxonomically. b) These organisms represent the beginning or bilateral symmetry i) For organisms like sponges and Cnidarians it is to their advantage to be radial symmetrical because they can collect food from any angle ii) However now organisms show a distinct head and tail end and better movement to go after food items 2) Phylum Platyhelminthes a) This is the group of flat worms. b) It consist of four classes c) All but one class are parasitic in nature d) Feeding i) Platyhelminthes have an incomplete gut. ii) Most have a mouth, pharynx, and intestine (1) The advancement of having a small intestine increases surface area and thus increases the amount of nutrients absorbed. iii) Many of the non-parasitic species have a pharynx (connection between mouth and intestines) that has the ability to extend out of the mouth in order to gather resources. iv) Parasitic forms have to have some specialized feeding apparatus to extract nutrients from their host without causing too much harm. e) Sense organs i) Here is also an evolutionary advancement in nerve cells (1) The simplest forms are similar to Cnidarians, however, others have in addition one or more longitudinal nerve cords creating a “ladder” style pattern. (2) Towards the superior end there is a cluster of nerves that serves as a rudimentary brain ii) Tactile cells (cells that detect pressure) and chemoreceptors (cells that stimulate in response to a chemical) are abundant all over the body.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation of Phaeobacter Sp. from Larvae of Atlantic Bonito
    microorganisms Article Isolation of Phaeobacter sp. from Larvae of Atlantic Bonito (Sarda sarda) in a Mesocosmos Unit, and Its Use for the Rearing of European Seabass Larvae (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) Pavlos Makridis 1,* , Fotini Kokou 2 , Christos Bournakas 1, Nikos Papandroulakis 3 and Elena Sarropoulou 3 1 Department of Biology, University of Patras, Rio 26504 Patras, Greece; [email protected] 2 Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, 6700AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; [email protected] 3 Biotechnology, and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, P.O. Box 2214, 71003 Heraklion Crete, Greece; [email protected] (N.P.); [email protected] (E.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-2610-969224 Abstract: The target of this study was to use indigenous probiotic bacteria in the rearing of seabass larvae. A Phaeobacter sp. strain isolated from bonito yolk-sac larvae (Sarda sarda) and identified by amplification of 16S rDNA showed in vitro inhibition against Vibrio anguillarum. This Phaeobacter sp. strain was used in the rearing of seabass larvae (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) in a large-scale trial. The survival of seabass after 60 days of rearing and the specific growth rate at the late exponential growth phase were significantly higher in the treatment receiving probiotics (p < 0.05). Microbial community richness as determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed an increase in bacterial diversity with fish development. Changes associated with the administration of probiotics were observed 11 and 18 days after hatching but were not apparent after probiotic administration Citation: Makridis, P.; Kokou, F.; stopped.
    [Show full text]
  • Phaeobacter Leonis Sp. Nov., an Alphaproteobacterium
    International Journal of Systematic and Archimer Evolutionary Microbiology http://archimer.ifremer.fr September 2013, Volume 63, Pages 3301-3306 http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.046128-0 © 2013 IUMS Printed in Great Britain Phaeobacter leonis sp. nov., an alphaproteobacterium from is available on the publisher Web site Webpublisher the on available is Mediterranean Sea sediments Frédéric Gaboyer1,2,3, Brian J. Tindall4, Maria-Cristina Ciobanu1,2,3, Frédérique Duthoit1,2,3, Marc Le Romancer1,2,3 and Karine Alain1,2,3 authenticated version authenticated - 1 Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO, UEB), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM) – UMR 6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LMEE), Place Nicolas Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané, France 2 CNRS, IUEM – UMR 6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LMEE), Place Nicolas Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané, France 3 Ifremer, UMR6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LMEE), Technopôle Pointe du diable, F-29280 Plouzané, France 4 DSMZ – Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismem und Zellkulturen Gmbh. Inhoffenstr. 7bN D-38124 Braunschweig. Germany *: Corresponding author : Frédéric Gaboyer, email address : [email protected] owing peer review. The definitive publisherdefinitive The review. owing peer Abstract: A novel Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, heterotrophic bacterium, designated 306T, was isolated from near-surface (109 cm below the sea floor) sediments of the Gulf of Lions, in the Mediterranean Sea. Strain 306T grew at temperatures between 4 and 32 °C (optimum 17–22 °C), from pH 6.5 to 9.0 (optimum 8.0–9.0) and between 0.5 and 6.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2.0 %).
    [Show full text]
  • 3585 the BIOLOGY of NEMATODES, ROTIFERS, BRYOZOANS, and SOME MINOR PHYLA Grade Levels: 9-12 19 Minutes ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA CORPORATION 1997 DESCRIPTION
    #3585 THE BIOLOGY OF NEMATODES, ROTIFERS, BRYOZOANS, AND SOME MINOR PHYLA Grade Levels: 9-12 19 minutes ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA CORPORATION 1997 DESCRIPTION Grab a stocking net and go hunting for fascinating creatures in the nearest pond or moss bed. Microphotography and graphics closely reveal the physical characteristics of nematodes, rotifers, bryozoans, and other minor protist phyla. Discusses digestion, elimination, and reproduction. Highlights their similarities and differences. Notes the human-infecting nematodes: pinworms, hookworms, and trichina. ACADEMIC STANDARDS Subject Area: Science ¨ Standard: Knows about the diversity and unity that characterize life · Benchmark: Knows different ways in which living things can be grouped (e.g., plants/animals; pets/nonpets; edible plants/nonedible plants) and purposes of different groupings · Benchmark: Knows that plants and animals progress through life cycles of birth, growth and development, reproduction, and death; the details of these life cycles are different for different organisms ¨ Standard: Understands basic Earth processes · Benchmark: Knows that fossils provide evidence about the plants and animals that lived long ago and the nature of the environment at that time · Benchmark: Knows the composition and properties of soils (e.g., components of soil such as weathered rock, living organisms, products of plants and animals; properties of soil such as color, texture, capacity to retain water, ability to support plant growth) 1 Captioned Media Program VOICE 800-237-6213 – TTY 800-237-6819 – FAX 800-538-5636 – WEB www.cfv.org Funding for the Captioned Media Program is provided by the U. S. Department of Education SUMMARY Nematodes: Roundworms are seldom seen but easily found. Tree moss, leaf litter and compost piles swarm with nematodes.
    [Show full text]
  • Rotifer Culturing
    Live Feeds for Zebrafish Aquatics Lab Services LLC 1112 Nashville Street Erik Sanders B.S. RALAT St. Peters, MO 63376 +1-314-724-3800 www.aquaticslabservices.com [email protected] 5th Annual International Zebrafish Husbandry Course Presentation Summary . Live feed Advantages/disadvantages . Most common live feed choices . Artemia . Pros and Cons . Hatching and feed-out procedure . Paramecia . Pros and Cons . Culture and Feed-out Procedure . Rotifers . Pros and Cons . Culture and Feed-out Procedure . Frozen/Freeze Dried 5th Annual International Zebrafish Husbandry Course Live Diets – WHY?? •The main identifiable components of the diet were zooplankton and insects… •Insects that could be identified to order were primarily dipterans… •The majority of insects were aquatic species, or aquatic larval forms of terrestrial •species, with dipteran larvae being particularly common during the monsoon months (June to August). •…the zebrafish appears to feed chiefly on zooplankton in the water column.. From: Diet, growth and recruitment of wild zebrafish in Bangladesh; Spence et al, Journal of Fish Biology (2007) 71, 304–309 doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01492.x 5th Annual International Zebrafish Husbandry Course Live Diets Advantages Disadvantages - Amenability to mass - Can be variable in culture nutritional profile - Good nutritional profiles - Can be labor intensive (particularly when enriched) - Can be a source of - Digestible pathogens - Attractive (motility, smell, - Not efficient always as color, shape) size of fish scales up - Zebrafish are adapted to feed on it, and have co- evolved with it 5th Annual International Zebrafish Husbandry Course Live feed types: Artemia . Aquatic crustacean . Most commonly used live feed for zebrafish of all life stages? - Many in the field (mistakenly) believe that the fish “require” it.
    [Show full text]