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Web Engineering § Easy to Author for Non-Computer-Experts HTML – Design Goals ¨ simple Web Engineering § easy to author for non-computer-experts Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt ¨ application independent § any application should be possible Universität Karlsruhe ¨ platform independent Fakultät für Informatik § focus on content not on presentation Institut für Telematik ¨ defined by means of SGML Wintersemester 2000/2001 § HTML DTD from version HTML 2.0 on Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 1 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 3 Example-Document <html> <head> <meta name="Author" content="Albrecht Schmidt"> <title>Web Engineering - Homepage</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#000000" text="#FFFFFF" link="#999999" Web Engineering vlink="#CCCCCC" alink="#666666"> <h1> Web Engineering - Homepage< br> ... <a href="/lehre/webe/unterlagen.html"><br> Chapter 3: The Web – An Information System <img SRC="/lehre/webe/unterlagen .gif" height=40 width=140 alt="Unterlagen" border=0 align=ABSCENTER></a> .... <h3>Art der Veranstaltung: Vorlesung, 2 SWS</h3> ... &nbsp; ... </body></html> Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 2 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 4 HTML - Development HTML - HEAD ¨ 1990 HTML ¨ HEAD § CERN - first implementation § TITLE ¨ 1991 HTML+ § LINK § Implementation in the Arena Browser ¨ link to other documents, e.g. Style Sheet ¨ 1994 HTML 2.0 ¨ specifying relation to other Documents § Combined features from Mosaic, Arena and other browsers § META ¨ e.g. Forms § SCRIPT § then Netscape was founded – browser are ahead of definitions § STYLE ¨ 1997 HTML 3.2 ¨ embedded Style Sheet § when published far behind the state of the art § functionality ¨ z.B. tables, Applets, ... ¨ Dec 1997 HTML 4.0 [Raggetet al. 1998] ¨ Dec 1999 HTML 4.01 ¨ Jan 2000 XHTML 1.0 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 5 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 7 HTML 4.01 HTML - BODY ¨ Clear distinction between content and layout § „clearing out“ elements ¨ BODY § Cascading Style Sheets to describe presentation and layout § HEADING § Text ¨ 3 Document Type Definitions § Lists § The HTML 4.01 Strict DTD includes all elements and attributes that have ¨ unordered list <UL>, ordered list <OL>, definition list <DL> not been deprecated or do not appear in frameset documents. For documents that use this DTD, use this document type declaration: § TABLE <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC " -//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" § IMG "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> § The HTML 4.01 Transitional DTD includes everything in the strict DTD § MAP plus deprecated elements and attributes (most of which concern visual ¨ client-side Image Map presentation). For documents that use this DTD, use this document type § Anchor, <A> declaration: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC " -//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> ¨ Source and target anchor § The HTML 4.01 Frameset DTD includes everything in the transitional § OBJECT DTD plus frames as well. For documents that use this DTD, use this ¨ replaces other tags, e.g. <APPLET> document type declaration: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd"> Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 6 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 8 HTML - FORMS HTML – Image Maps - Server-Side ¨ forms Image-Maps § INPUT ¨ Server-Side § BUTTON § IMG tag with ISMAP attribute § SELECT § position submitted to the server § RADIO-BUTTONS § server replies with the corresponding resource § OPTION § mapping of position to resource on the server § TEXTAREA ¨ connected to actions by URI § Action Attribute <a href="MapName"><img src="datei.gif" ismap></a> ¨ see CGI (later chapter) Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 9 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 11 HTML - Framesets HTML – Image Maps - Client-Side ¨ FRAMESET Image-Maps § DTD ¨ Client-Side § columns and rows of frames § IMG tag with USEMAP attribute, MAP definition § browser selects based on position the resource ¨ Interaction between Frames § browser request only this resource from the server example part 1 – example part 2 – file with frame definition: file list1.htm : <map name="anyImage"> <html> <head> <title> <html> <head> <title>List <area shape=rect coords="1,1,249,49" href="#Anchor"> Frame Page</title> of links</title> <area shape=rect coords="1,51,149,299" href="file.htm"> </head> </head> <area shape=rect coords="251,1,399,399" href="../file.htm"> <frameset cols="200,*"> <body> <area shape=rect coords="151,51,249,299" <frame src="list1.htm" <a href="news. htm" href="http://www.nix.de/"> name="left"> target="right"> <area shape=rect coords="1,301,249,399" nohref> <frame src="title.htm" Neuigkeiten</a> </map> name="right"> </frameset> </body> </html> </html> <img src="hypgraph.gif" usemap="#anyImage" border=0> Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 10 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 12 Document Type Definition I Document Type Definition III Examples from the HTML 4.0 DTD ¨ Example: Declaration of HTML Tables <!ELEMENT TABLE – – ¨ Entities: (CAPTION?, (COL*|COLGROUP*), THEAD?, TFOOT?, TBODY+)> sequence of characters with a name, e.g. <!ELEMENT CAPTION – – (%INLINE;)* > caption <!ELEMENT THEAD – o (TR)+ > header <!ENTITY %HEADING “H1|H2|H3|H4|H5|H6”> <!ELEMENT TFOOT – o (TR)+ > footer ... <!ELEMENT TBODY o o (TR)+ > body <!ENTITY %INLINE “#PCDATA | %FONTSTYLE; | %PHRASE; | …”> … <!ELEMENT TR – o (TH|TD)+ > line ¨ Elements: <!ELEMENT (TH|TD) – o (%FLOW;)* > header/data Cell components in the document structure, e.g. e.g. <TABLE> <!ELEMENT (%HEADING;) – – (%INLINE;)*> <CAPTION>this is a 2*2-Table</CAPTION> Def. of HTML elements <H1>...</H1>, <H2>…</H2>, … <TR><TD>top left</TD ><TD>top right</TD></TR> <TR><TD>down left</TD ><TD>down right</TD ></TR> start-tag and end-tag required </TABLE> Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 13 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 15 Document Type Definition II Cascading Style Sheets ¨ Elements with attributes (example from HTML 4.0 DTD) ¨ formats and layouts for HTML documents <!ELEMENT IMG – o EMPTY> § CSS level 1 (CSS1) [Lie et al. 1996] <!ATTLIST IMG No end-tag required § CSS2, positioning %ATTRS; SRC %URI; #REQUIRED ¨ rule based ALT %TEXT; #REQUIRED § values are assigned to properties of HTML elements LONGDESC %URI; #IMPLIED ¨ e.g.: P { text-align: right; color: green } HEIGHT %LENGTH; #IMPLIED § selectors can be context dependent WIDTH %LENGTH; #IMPLIED § very expressive … ISMAP (ISMAP) #IMPLIED > USEMAP %URI; #IMPLIED > ¨ color, font, layout, position ... ¨ inheritance of attribute values along the HTML e.g. <IMG SRC="file.gif" ALT="an Image. " HEIGHT=30> document hierarchy Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 14 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 16 CSS Rule Syntax Using Styles ¨ Inline Styles ¨ External Style Sheets ¨ style sheets have one or more rules that describe the format of ¨ Embedded Styles ¨ Importing elements <HTML> <HEAD> ¨ rules consist of selector and declaration <TITLE>title</TITLE> ¨ the declaration consists of one or more pairs with property and <LINK REL=STYLESHEET TYPE="text/css" value HREF="http://style.com/cool" TITLE="Cool"> <STYLE TYPE="text/css"> H1 { color: blue } ¨ syntax: </STYLE> <STYLE> <selector> "{" <declaration> "}" @import url(http://style.com/basic); </STYLE> <declaration>::= <property> ":" <value-list> [";" <property> ":" <value-list>]* </HEAD> <BODY> <value-list>::= <value> ["," <value>]* <H1>Headline is blue</H1> <P STYLE="color: green">While the paragraph is green. </BODY> </HTML> Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 17 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 19 CSS Selectors Using Styles ¨ Inline Styles ¨ External Style Sheets <HTML> <HEAD> ¨ type selectors, ¨ Embedded Styles ¨ Importing HTML -elements <TITLE>Title</TITLE> § H1 { color: blue } <STYLE TYPE="text/css"> <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>title</TITLE> ¨ Groups of selectors H1.cool { color: blue } <LINK REL=STYLESHEET TYPE="text/css" ¨ <DIV> - Block .important { color: red} HREF="http://style.com/cool" TITLE="Cool"> P#2311 { color: green} ¨ <SPAN> - Inline <STYLE TYPE="text/css"> #2317 { color: blue} H1 { color: blue } ¨ selectors in context </STYLE> </HEAD> </STYLE> § H1 { color: blue } <STYLE> <BODY> § H1 B { color: red } @import url(http://style.com/basic); <H1 CLASS=cool>See Here</H1> ¨ Class </STYLE> <P CLASS=important>text</P> ¨ ID <H2 CLASS=important>And Again</H2> </HEAD> <P id=2311>text</P> <BODY> <H1>Headline is blue</H1> <H2 id=2317>And Again</H2> <P STYLE="color: green">While the </BODY> </HTML> paragraph is green. </BODY> </HTML> Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering, WS00/01 page 18 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult . Gerhard Krüger, Albrecht Schmidt: Web Engineering,
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