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Girls Incorporated of Lynn STEM Career Book Girls Incorporated of Lynn STEM Career Book Girls Incorporated of Lynn STEM Career Book June 2020 STEM Peer Leader Advisor: Samantha Sargent Created by STEM Peer Leaders: Michelle Acevedo, Niara Hairston, Annie Kay Joseph, Luisa Laboy, Michelle Lesperance, Anaya Martinez This book was made possible with the generous support of the following: Life Science Cares, PwC Charitable Foundation Inc. Reimagine Grant, Boston Scientific, National Grid, Boston Scientific Foundation Table of Contents 1) Our STEM Heroes Rebecca Cole (1846 – 1922) Annie Easley (1933 – 2011) Katherine Johnson (1918 – 2020) Ellen Ochoa (1958 – Present) Antonia Novello (1944 – Present) Radia Perlman (1951 – Present) Chien – Shiung Wu (1912 – 1997) 2) STEM Careers A through Z A - Audiologist B - Biochemist C - Chemical Engineer D - Data Scientist E - Electrical Engineer F - Forestry G - Geologist H - Herpetologist I - Immunologist J - Journalist, Science K - Kindergarten Science Teacher L - Lab Technician M - Marine Biologist N - Neonatologist O - Oceanographer P - Petroleum Engineer Q - Quality Assurance Manager R - Research Scientist S - Software Architect T - Transportation Engineer U - Urban Statistician V - Volcanologist W - Weather Forecaster X - X-Ray Technician Y - Yarder Engineer Z - Zoologist 3) Interviews with Local Women in STEM Samantha Lozzi – Deloitte Jolvan Morris – Integrated Statistics, Inc. Nancy Wolk – Chandra X-Ray Observatory Emily Duwan – Northeastern University Marine Science Center Nicki Sirianni – WGBH / Design Squad Amanda Marshall – General Electric Erin Corbett – Nasdaq Mallory Lopez – Spaulding Rehab Demi Fox – NOAA Marine Debris Program Robercy Tapia – Cell Signaling Technology Who are our STEM Heroes? Rebecca Cole (1846 – 1922) Rebecca Cole was born in Pennsylvania as one of five children. Cole began her education at the Institute for Colored Youth graduating in 1863. She went on to attend the New England Female Medical College. After completing her thesis and graduating, she became the second formally trained black woman doctor in the United States. Cole obtained a second medical degree in 1867 when she graduated from the Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania. Cole practiced medicine in New York, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Washington D.C. Cole was a strong advocate for the poor, routinely making house calls to lower class neighborhoods in Philadelphia and Washington D.C. Years later, her work with the poor led to a well-publicized dispute with scholar W.E.B. DuBois. Cole did not believe his conclusion that blacks were dying of Tuberculosis because of their ignorance of proper hygiene. In 2015, Cole was chosen as an Innovators Walk of Fame honoree. Annie Easley (1933 – 2011) Annie J. Easley was born in Alabama in a time when racial segregation was prevalent. After her career ended in pharmacy, she was looking for another job and read an article about “human computers”. This was the start of her 34-year career with NASA. When Easley was hired, she was one of only four African American employees at the lab. Evolving with the technology changes, Easley had the opportunity to support a number of NASA’s programs, developing and implementing code used in researching energy- conversion systems and analyzing alternative power technology. Her contributions to the Centaur Project framed the technological foundation for launching future satellites and space vehicles, including the 1997 launch of Cassini to Saturn. In the 1970s, Easley returned to school to earn her Mathematics degree from Cleveland State, while continuing to work full time. Later in her career, she had the opportunity to take on the additional role of equal employment opportunity (EEO) counselor to address issues of gender, race, and age in discrimination complaints at the lowest level. Easley never set out to be a role model or trailblazer and retired in 1989. Katherine Johnson (1918 – 2020) Katherine Johnson was born in West Virginia, her mother was a teacher and her father was a farmer. After graduating high school at 14, Katherine Johnson was 15 years old when she enrolled at West Virginia State University in 1933. She was one of three African American students attending the University. At 18 years old, she graduated with a degree in Math and French. She later went on to earn a graduate degree in mathematics and in 1953 at the age of 35, she was contracted as a research mathematician at the Langley Research Center with the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the agency that preceded NASA. Johnson was one of the first African American women to work at NASA in the 50s, a time when racial segregation was very present in the US society. During her career, Johnson joined an all-male flight research team on which her computations influenced every major space program, including Project Mercury and Apollo 11, the well documented Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin mission to the moon. Johnson worked for NASA for more than 30 years, retiring in 1986. As a teacher and research mathematician, she co-authored over 25 scientific papers. In 2015, President Obama awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her lifetime work as a pioneering physicist, mathematician, and space scientist. Additionally, in 2016 she was the main character of the movie Hidden Figures. Ellen Ochoa (1958 – Present) Ellen Ochoa was born in California. Ochoa received her Bachelor of Science degree in Physics from San Diego State University. She then went on to get her Master of Science and Doctorate degrees at Stanford University. In 1990 and 1991, she was selected by NASA and became the world’s first Hispanic female astronaut. As a mission specialist and flight engineer, Ochoa is a veteran of four space flights. Ochoa has also served as former director of the Johnson Space Center. Ochoa was named the Vice Chair of the National Science Board for the 2018 – 2020 term and currently chairs the committee evaluating nominations for the National Medal for Technology and Innovation. Antonia Novello (1944 – Present) Antonia Novello was born and raised in Puerto Rico. Novello was primarily raised by her mother, as her father died when she was eight. At birth, Novello was diagnosed with congenital megacolon, a birth defect in which nerves are missing from parts of the intestine. This required frequent trips to the hospital. It was this experience that left such an impact on her wanting to become a doctor. Novello excelled in education and graduated from high school at the age of 18. She received her Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Puerto Rico in Rio Piedras and her Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine. Shortly after, she moved to Michigan to continue her medical studies. In 1990 she served as 14th Surgeon General of the United States, focusing her attention on the health of women, children and minorities. This made her the first woman, first person of color, and first Hispanic to serve as Surgeon General. Additionally, Novello served as Commissioner of Health for the State of New York from 1999 to 2006. In 2014, Novello retired from her position as an Executive Director of Public Health Policy at Florida Hospital – Orlando. Radia Perlman (1951 – Present) Radia Perlman was born in Virginia, but grew up in New Jersey. Both of her parents worked as engineers for the United States government. Perlman completed her undergraduate education at MIT, obtaining her Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics. She later went on to obtain her Master of Science in Mathematics and PhD in Computer Science. Perlman is most famous for her invention of the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), which is fundamental to the operation of network bridges to locate loops in the local area network (LAN), while working for Digital Equipment Corporation. Perlman has co-authored multiple articles and books and has more than 100 issued patents. Due to this, she is noted as “Mother of the Internet”. Chien-Shiung Wu (1912 – 1997) Chien-Shiung Wu was born in China with a name that means heroes and outstanding figures. At age 11, she left her hometown to attend boarding school for classes for high school and for teacher training. Wu studied at National Central University, where she led protests including a sit-in. After graduation, she became a researcher at the Institute of Physics. Wu decided to leave her family to travel to the United States and pursue graduate studies. She received her PhD in Physics from the University of California- Berkeley. During World War II, Wu became a faculty member at Smith College, however, there was no opportunity for research. Several years later, she joined the Manhattan Project’s Substitute Alloy Materials (SAM). This was the U.S. Army’s secret project to develop the atomic bomb. After the war, she continued her research at Columbia where she and two male colleagues disproved a law of symmetry in physics called the “principles of conservation of parity”. Both of her male colleagues went on to receive a Nobel Prize in 1957, while Wu’s contributions went unrecognized. A is for Audiologist Overview: Health care professionals who examine people for hearings loss and related issues such as balance, tinnitus, and auditory disorders. Key Requirements: Excellent communication skills, teamwork, care and compassion and moral code of ethics Subjects to Study in High School: Anatomy, Physiology, Child Development and Psychology Minimum Degree: Doctorate Degree Training and Other Qualifications: American Board of Audiology Board Certified
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