Universidade Estadual Do Ceará Centro De Humanidades Mestrado Acadêmico Em História E Culturas

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Universidade Estadual Do Ceará Centro De Humanidades Mestrado Acadêmico Em História E Culturas 0 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO CEARÁ CENTRO DE HUMANIDADES MESTRADO ACADÊMICO EM HISTÓRIA E CULTURAS BRUNA APARECIDA BARROS A PROTAGONISTA É A AIDS: REPRESENTAÇÕES E ESTIGMAS DA NOVA SÍNDROME NOS FILMES: AIDS, ACONTECEU COMIGO 1985 E FILADÉLFIA 1993. FORTALEZA – CEARÁ 2017 1 BRUNA APARECIDA BARROS A PROTAGONISTA É A AIDS: REPRESENTAÇÕES E ESTIGMAS DA NOVA SÍNDROME NOS FILMES: AIDS, ACONTECEU COMIGO 1985 E FILADÉLFIA 1993 Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Mestrado Acadêmico em História e Culturas do Centro de Humanidades da Universidade Estadual do Ceará, como requisito parcial para à obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Área de Concentração: História e Culturas. Orientadora: Profª. Pós Drª. Zilda Maria Menezes Lima. FORTALEZA – CEARÁ 2017 2 3 BRUNA APARECIDA BARROS A PROTAGONISTA É A AIDS: REPRESENTAÇÕES E ESTIGMA DA NOVA SÍNDROME NOS FILMES: AIDS, ACONTECEU COMIGO 1985 E FILADÉLFIA 1993 Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Mestrado Acadêmico em História do Centro de Humanidades da Universidade Estadual do Ceará, como requisito parcial para à obtenção de titulo de Mestre em História. Aprovada em: 14 de agosto de 2017 4 AGRADECIMENTOS As palavras digitadas a seguir serão expressões da mais imensa gratidão, pois os anos pelos quais me dediquei a esta pesquisa, considerada desafiadora, a vida também decidiu me desafiar com situações difíceis, que nunca pensei que iria conseguir suportar ou superar, contudo, hoje comprovo que ―O choro pode durar uma noite, mas a alegria vem pelo amanhecer‖; e a primeira pessoa que quero demonstrar muito mais do que gratidão é o Senhor Jesus, porque o amo muito. Ele que me conduz, fortalece e me enche de amor e graça, colocando anjos disfarçados de pessoas no meu caminho, para que a minha trajetória seja a mais agradável possível de ser trilhada. Ao meu pai por todo seu apoio incondicional, por cuidar de mim e acreditar na minha capacidade. A minha mãe, por me ensinar a ser: forte, independente e destemida. Ao meu irmão por estar presente disposto a ajudar, pois quando achava algo referente à pesquisa, ou ainda que não fosse referente a ela, tentava colaborar. Ao meu querido, ―lindinho‖, engraçado e amigo Marquinhos que foi e é muito presente na minha vida, e na minha trajetória acadêmica, ouvindo–me, aguentando minhas inúmeras reclamações, (risadas), ajudando-me a encontrar sentindo na minha pesquisa, inclusive ajudou encontrar minhas fontes, (risadas) e mais do que tudo isto sendo amigo extraordinário, pronto a me ajudar, e rir de tudo (situações boas e ruins) junto comigo, consolar-me, enfim ele é muito especial; muitas Saudades! A minha amiga Gabriela Bandeira por ser presente desde o inicio na minha caminhada acadêmica, por esta sempre pronta a me ouvir e ajudar no que fosse preciso e sempre chorar e rir das mais variadas situações da vida comigo. De ir ao cinema comigo e com João Marcos nos dias de segunda feira no shopping Parangaba. (risadas). Saudades! Ao meu amigo Brayan Correia que também acompanhou este projeto e sempre me deu total apoio e força, quando ainda estava difícil a pesquisa. Saudades! As minhas amigas Marilia Marques e Marcia Régia que desde graduação me ofereceram suas amizades e as mais gasguitas gargalhadas. Saudades! A minha amiga Elanne, que sempre esteve presente, perguntando da minha pesquisa, da minha vida, ajudando-me em oração. Saudades! A minha bebê e amada Jhully (minha cadelinha) que esteve ao meu lado, praticamente em todo o período da escrita me fazendo inveja, pois ela dormia enquanto eu escrevia (risadas), 5 porém sua presença e todo seu carinho e fofura tornou os meus momentos de trabalho mais leves. A minha amiga Mirian e minha prima Renata que com generosidade, me ajudou disponibilizando de seu espaço e tempo para me acolher em sua casa, quando foi necessário. Saudades! As minhas eternas amigas de trabalho: Dona Berenice, Dona Mazé e Dona Cilene, que sempre torceram por mim o meu muito obrigada! A minha orientadora Zilda Maria Menezes Lima por sua nobreza, dedicação, atenção e disponibilidade, por um acompanhamento de perto da minha pesquisa desde graduação, diante das dificuldades que esta pesquisa apresentou, em nenhum momento hesitou em darmos continuidade e fez o possível para me ajudar. Obrigada por tudo, por nossas conversas; espero sempre contar com a senhora, pois a senhora pode e poderá sempre contar comigo. Ao professor Dr. Sander Cruz Castelo que atendeu de pronto ao pedido de ajuda, para nos mostrar o mundo dos filmes e do cinema, e nos apresentou bibliografias que explicavam como pode se dar uma relação entre História e Cinema, e ainda nos ajudou sobremaneira em nossa Qualificação. Obrigada! Aos professores doutores William James Mello e Georgina da Silva Gadelha pelas preciosas contribuições na Banca de Qualificação. A Banca de Defesa que aceitou o convite composta pelos professores doutores: William James Mello, Sander Cruz Castelo e minha orientadora Zilda Maria Menezes Lima. Obrigada. A minha Turma 2015.1, que foi ótima. Partilharmos de nossas angustias e alegrias das pesquisas, trocamos informações uns com outros: sobre fontes e bibliografias, apresentamos nossas pesquisas em outros Estados do Brasil, juntos, sempre rindo bastante. Obrigada Pessoal. Ao Neto que sempre nos ajudou com as questões burocráticas do MAHIS. A Dona Silvia por sempre nos receber com educação, carinho, um belo sorriso e sempre deixava nossas salas sempre prontas para nossas aulas. A CAPES, que me proporcionou uma bolsa, para que eu me dedicasse por completo a minha pesquisa, não teria conseguido sem este importante apoio. Obrigada. 6 RESUMO Esta pesquisa consiste em construir níveis de compreensão referente às representações da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida – AIDS, no âmbito da sétima arte apresentados nas obras ficcionais: AIDS Aconteceu comigo de 1985 e Filadélfia de 1993. Ambas as obras são as primeiras produções fílmicas estadunidenses e tem como temática principal esta enfermidade na Televisão e no Cinema, respectivamente. Através das metodologias de abordagem entre Historia e cinema e interpretações da linguagem fílmica se compreende as diversas mensagens dos filmes em questão, onde não se pode resumir apenas em obras de arte, contudo se constituem um agente histórico, cultural e social, que interfere direta ou indiretamente na sociedade da qual se oriunda. A finalidade desta pesquisa recai numa tentativa de conhecimento dos modos como a doença e o doente foram apresentados nestes filmes, pois embora saibamos que a arte não possui nenhum compromisso com a ―verdade‖, porém a calamidade causada pela Síndrome da Imunodefiencia Adquirida provoca uma cobrança de lealdade em suas representações, chegando também a representar nas produções fílmicas os níveis de estigmatização dos enfermos nos personagens. Palavras-chave: AIDS. Níveis de estigmatização. Representação. Filme. 7 RESUMEN Esta investigación es una construcción de niveles de comprensión con respecto las representaciones del Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida - SIDA dentro del séptimo arte a través de las obras de ficción: Helada Temprana 1985 y Filadelfia 1993. Ambas obras son producciones fílmicas de los Estados Unidos de la América con el tema principal de la enfermedad en televisión y cine, respectivamente. A través de las metodologías de la Historia y de la película y de la interpretación del lenguaje cinematográfico se entienden los diversos mensajes de las películas en cuestión, que no puede ser restringido solamente en las obras de arte, sin embargo constituir un agente histórico, cultural y social, que interfieren directa o indirectamente en la sociedad de la que se originó. El propósito de esta investigación se centra en los estados de conocimiento como la enfermedad y el enfermo se muestran en estas películas, se sabe que el arte no tiene compromiso con la ―verdade‖, pero la calamidad causada por la Síndrome de la Imunodeficiencia Adquirida provoca una cobranza de lealtad en sus representaciones, también llegando la representar las producciones fílmicas los niveles de estigmatización de los enfermos en los personajes. Palabrasclave: SIDA. Los niveles de estigmatización. De representación. Películas. 8 LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - Legislação estatal de proteção à AIDS. Artigo: Resposta do Governo do Estado à epidemia da AIDS. Colby, David,C; Beker, David. State Policy Resposes to the Epidemic. Vol 18. N° 3, 1988, p. 121........................................57 Figura 2 - Apoio a políticas coercitivas relacionadas à AIDS, sentimentos negativos para as pessoas com SIDA (PVHS), e as atribuições de responsabilidade e culpa por PWAs. Artigo: Conhecimento do HIV-Estigma nos Estados Unidos: Prevalência e Tendências, (1991-1999). HEREK, Gregory. M; CAPITANIO, John. P; WIDAMAN, Keith F. HIV-Related Stigma and Knowledge in the Unites States: Prealence and Trends, 1991-1999. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Mar. 2002………...............87 9 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 - Diagnóstico de AIDS por sexo, idade e raça e/ou etnicidade, relatada em dezembro de 1990. Fonte: CENTER FOR DISEASES CONTROL. Report of the Center for Disease Control Surveillance of HIV / AIDS. AIDS cases reported in December 1990, report issued January 1991. 22 p..............................................................................................................61 10 LISTA DE ABREVEATURA E SIGLAS ABC American Broadcasting Company ACP UP Coalition Unleash Power AFDC Aid to Families with Dependent Children AIDS Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida AZT Zidovudina CDC Centro de Controle de Doenças
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