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The Effect of Hydrodynamics on the Interaction Between Floating Structures and Flexible Ice Floes

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The Effect of Hydrodynamics on the Interaction Between Floating Structures and Flexible Ice Floes Delft University of Technology The effect of hydrodynamics on the interaction between floating structures and flexible ice floes A study based on potential theory Keijdener, Chris DOI 10.4233/uuid:a66b84b9-6c66-4c9c-a2e1-87163244ae07 Publication date 2019 Document Version Final published version Citation (APA) Keijdener, C. (2019). The effect of hydrodynamics on the interaction between floating structures and flexible ice floes: A study based on potential theory. https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:a66b84b9-6c66-4c9c-a2e1- 87163244ae07 Important note To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10. THE EFFECT OF HYDRODYNAMICS ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN FLOATING STRUCTURES AND FLEXIBLE ICE FLOES A STUDY BASED ON POTENTIAL THEORY THE EFFECT OF HYDRODYNAMICS ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN FLOATING STRUCTURES AND FLEXIBLE ICE FLOES A STUDY BASED ON POTENTIAL THEORY Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. ir. T.H.J.J. van der Hagen, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 6 december 2019 om 10:00 uur door Chris KEIJDENER civiel ingenieur, Technische Universiteit Delft, Nederland geboren te Heerlen, Nederland. Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: prof. dr. A. Metrikine copromotor: dr. ir. H. Hendrikse Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magnificus, voorzitter Prof. dr. A. V. Metrikine, Technische Universiteit Delft Dr. H. Hendrikse, Technische Universiteit Delft Onafhankelijke leden: Prof. dr. ir. W. Uijttewaal Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr. ir. K. Vuik Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr. S. Løset Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet Prof. dr. Z. Gao Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet Prof. dr. A. A. Abramian Institute for Problems of Mechanical Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences This thesis was financed by the Research Council of Norway (10382200) through the Center for Research-based Innovation Sustainable Arctic Marine and Coastal Technol- ogy (SAMCoT, 50049000). Copyright © 2019 by C. Keijdener All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior writ- ten permission of the publisher. Keywords: Hydrodynamics, Ice-floater interaction, Bending failure, Effective modeling, Ship response. Printed by: Gildeprint Cover design: Veryname ISBN 978-94-6384-070-5 An electronic version of this dissertation is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/. SUMMARY The Arctic presents a great opportunity for two major industries. First, since the region is expected to contain a significant amount of hydrocarbon reserves, it is very attractive for the oil and gas industry. Second, the receding extent of sea ice is making the region more accessible for shipping and, therefore, an opportunity is emerging for the shipping industry. In order to exploit both economic opportunities in a safe and sustainable man- ner, a thorough understanding of the interaction between ice and floating structures is needed. The most common method for studying ice-floater interaction (IFI) is via nu- merical modeling, which the fluid is a major component of. As fluid-ice interaction is challenging to model, a wide range of simplified and sophisticated models are employed to meet the challenge. A literature study was performed on the usage of fluid models employed in IFI and it was found that they can be divided into four categories: hydrostatic models, models based on potential flow, models based on Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes or a simi- larly advanced method, and effective fluid models. The hydrostatic models are by far the most prevalent despite only accounting for buoyancy. Most IFI models that account for hydrodynamics make use of potential theory. These models account for fluid flow and surface waves, which together alter the dynamic behavior of floating ice, resulting in hydroelastic effects. The surface-wave-based coupling between ice and floater has not been studied before and there are still open questions regarding the effects of hy- droelasticity on the bending failure of ice. The advanced fluid models are a recent trend in IFI and, consequently, most of those are still under development. These models are very promising and may be the future of IFI modeling. Finally, the effective models avoid the practical issues associated with hydrodynamic models in terms of development and calculation time by capturing hydrodynamics in an effective manner, employing, for in- stance, added mass and damping coefficients. While several studies investigated the efficacy of these models, currently no satisfactory effective fluid model exists. The main goal of this thesis is to further the understanding of how hydrodynamics affects the interaction between ice and a sloping structure and to assess whether it is possible to create an effective model that can replicate the observed effects. The full scope encompasses three smaller studies. First, the surface-wave-based coupling be- tween an elastic ice sheet and nearby floater structure is investigated. This interaction has not been studied before and the solution method that is developed for this problem is also used in the subsequent two studies. Second, a thorough study of the effects of hydrodynamics on the interaction between a sloping structure and level ice is accom- plished. This study resulted in the identification of the parameter range wherein hydro- static models are valid, which is essential given that they constitute the majority of all models. In addition, this study improved the understanding of the effects of hydrody- namics by means of investigating the importance of various components such as the rotational inertia of the ice, axial compression, and the nonlinear hydrodynamic pres- v vi SUMMARY sure. Furthermore, the relation was analyzed between the temporal development of the contact force and the velocity dependence of the breaking length. Lastly, based on the findings of the second study, an attempt was made to develop an effective fluid model for ice-slope interaction. The efficacy of this model was studied in this thesis for a range of parameters. The main findings of the three studies are summarized next. Part one In the first part of this thesis, the interaction is investigated between an ice floe and a floater through surface waves. This problem is considered first as the Green’s functions that are derived for this problem are required for the subsequent studies on ice-slope interaction. The floater is modeled in-plane as a thin rigid body that floats on the surface of a fluid layer of finite depth. On one side of the floater, an ice floe is present which is modeled as a semi-infinite Kirchhoff-Love plate. The floater is excited by external loads and the resulting motions generate waves. Those waves hitting the ice edge are partly transmitted into the ice floe and partly reflected back towards the floater. The reflected waves exert pressure on the floater, altering its response. The resulting motions of the floater were analyzed, revealing several interesting facts. The study showed that below a certain onset frequency, the waves are almost fully transmitted into the ice floe and, consequently, the response of the floater is unaffected by the presence of the ice. The susceptibility of a floater to the waves reflected by a nearby ice floe can thus be estimated by checking how much of its open water response occurs above or below the onset frequency. The onset frequency is sensitive to changes of the ice thickness and insensitive to changes of the Young’s modulus and water depth. Above the onset frequency, the waves reflected by the ice have a pronounced effect on the response of the floater. In certain frequency ranges, quasi-standing waves oc- cur within the gap between ice floe and floater. Within these frequency ranges, the re- sponse of the floater is significantly altered. Depending on the phasing between the reflected waves and the floater’s motions, resonance or anti-resonance can occur which can greatly amplify or reduce the floater’s motions when compared to the case when no ice is present. Even when there is no gap between ice and floater, the amplitude of the floater can still be amplified and its natural frequency somewhat increased. Part two The second study of this thesis focuses on the effect of hydrodynamics on the bending failure of an elastic ice floe due to the interaction with a downward-sloping floater, i.e. the effects of hydrodynamics on ice-slope interaction (ISI). A novel, semi- analytical in-plane ISI model is proposed that is based on potential theory in conjunc- tion with the nonlinear Bernoulli equation to describe the fluid pressure. The ice is mod- eled as a semi-infinite Kirchhoff-Love plate. The predictions of the hydrodynamic model are compared with those of a hydrostatic ISI model, thereby obtaining a quantitative measure of the effect of hydrodynamics on ISI. The comparison revealed several inter- esting facts. First, the importance of several components of the model was investigated to de- termine which ones are essential for ISI. It was found that the contribution of the rota- tional inertia of the ice, axial compression and the nonlinear hydrodynamic pressure is insignificant.
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