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2. Hund Und Viehzüchter Auf Dem Weg Zu Moses, Jesus Und Mohammed

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2. Hund Und Viehzüchter Auf Dem Weg Zu Moses, Jesus Und Mohammed Band_4_2.-5.-Version15 22.08.2006 9:44 Uhr Seite 259 2. KAPITEL · HUND UND VIEHZÜCHTER AUF DEM WEG ZU MOSES, JESUS UND MOHAMMED 259 2. Hund und Viehzüchter auf dem Weg zu Moses, Jesus und Mohammed Eine Skizze der Entwicklung des Kultur; > 168-78 & 186-95) unternommen, Neolithikums im westlichen Teil noch bevor die Keramik erfunden wurde. des Fruchtbaren Halbmonds Man benennt diese Kultur daher mit der Abkürzung PPN A (~ Pre Pottery Neolithic zeigt uns, dass der Hund von Be- A). Die folgende Phase der Entwicklung ginn an dabei ist (> 260: Karte). Wir werden wurde in Jericho entdeckt und definiert und zusätzlich erkennen, dass die Entstehung wegen signifikanter Unterschiede PPN B ge- des Hirten-Nomadismus zeitlich und räum- nannt. Diese Phase konnte nachgewiesen lich in engem Zusammenhang steht mit werden in einem breiten Bogen von der dem Beginn des Neolithikums in dem Raum, Süd-Türkei über Syrien, Israel, Jordanien bis den man mit Länder- und Regionalnamen - hin zum nördlichen Saudi-Arabien. Die im Südwesten beginnend und nach Norden nördlichsten Fundstellen liegen an den aufsteigend und im Südosten endend - so Euphrat-Nebenflüssen Balikh und Kha- definieren kann: Das Jordan-Tal (Israel, bur/Chabur mit dem uns schon bekannten Palästina und Jordanien), der Libanon, Sy- Tell Halaf (> 214-23; > 490: Karte), die süd- rien, Südost-Anatolien, Nord-, Ost- und Süd- lichsten scheinen Bouqras und Tell es-Souab Irak sowie Nordwest- bis Südwest-Iran. Die- 3 zu sein, woraus man schließt, dass Regen- ser Halbmond umschließt als eine Region, feldbau weiter südlich nicht mehr erfolg- die im -8. und -7. Jahrtausend deutlich reich praktiziert werden konnte. Diesen Bo- fruchtbarer war als heute, ein anscheinend gen nennt man nach Moores Definition The leeres Zentrum, das als Jezireh-Steppe bzw. Ancient Levant . Er schloss im wesentlichen -Wüste im Norden als Syrische und in süd- ganz Syrien ein, den Westen Iraks, den größ- licher Fortsetzung als Arabische Wüste zwi- ten Teil Jordaniens und einen Teil des nörd- schen dem Zweistromland (~ die östliche lichen Saudi-Arabien (Zarins, 37). Da die Le- Hälfte des heutigen Irak) und Syrien sowie vante im eigentlichen Sinn nur die Mittel- Jordanien liegt. Es hat sich, wie wir im meerküste der gesamten Region ist, nennt nächsten Abschnitt sehen, frühzeitig eine man diesen Bogen auch Inland Levant. Die Interaktion entwickelt zwischen den im Archäologen unterscheiden drei Phasen: klassischen Sinn neolithischen Siedlungen Das PPN B von -7.000 bis -6.200, das PPN C im Halbmond und den nomadischen Men- von -6.200 bis -5.800 (auch finales PPN ge- schen, die das scheinbar leere Zentrum be- nannt) und das PN, das Neolithikum mit Ke- wohnten. Diese Interaktion zwischen Rand ramik, von -5.800 bis -5.000. Die Zeitanga- und Zentrum nennt man pastoralistischen ben beruhen wohl auf C14-Ergebnissen, Nomadismus (> 263-6). Die Archäologen ha- scheinen aber nicht kalibriert zu sein. Ähn- ben vom Fruchtbaren Halbmond vor allem liche Sequenzen fand man in Fundstätten den nördlichen Rand und da besonders die im Süden Jordaniens, im nördlichen Syrien Grenzlinie des Regenfeldbaus untersucht. und im nördlichen Saudi-Arabien (Zarins, Die ersten Schritte zur gemischten Land- 38-39). Das -7. Jahrtausend bot in der Re- wirtschaft (Ackerbau und Viehzucht) wur- gion ein optimales Klima zur Entwicklung den im späten Epipaläolithikum (~ Natuf- der Landwirtschaft, so dass selbst bis in die Band_4_2.-5.-Version15 22.08.2006 9:44 Uhr Seite 260 260 2. KAPITEL · HUND UND VIEHZÜCHTER AUF DEM WEG ZU MOSES, JESUS UND MOHAMMED Die frühesten Nachweise über Ort und Zeit der Domestikation von Wildtieren im Vorderen und Mittleren Orient - in zwei Dritteln der Fundorte ist der Hund nachgewiesen. In: Bökönyi, 1976, Fig. 1 (unkalibrierte C14-Daten). Rechts: Siedlungsorte von Jägern und Viehzüchtern in Palästina. In: Clason, 296, Fig. 1. Steppen hinein neolithisch gewirtschaftet Hüyük (> III, 546-50) im mittleren Anatolien werden konnte. Im Übergang vom PPNB mit Hund und Rind als Haustierarten. In zum PPNC um -6.200 geht der Anteil der dieser „Stadt“ gab es u.a. einen Kultraum Wildtiere drastisch zurück zu Gunsten von der Großen Mutter, in dem die Statue einer Schaf und Ziege. Anatolien wird zeitgleich wohlbeleibten, sitzenden und manchmal mit Zypern und Kreta vom Nordirak aus gebärenden Göttin gefunden wurde (> III, neolithisiert: Zypern vielleicht von der Re- 548: Abb. 107). Die Kontinuität paläoli- gion um Ramad aus, wo der Hund nicht thischer Denkmodelle im neolithischen nachgewiesen ist (> oben). In Anatolien ist Wandel und die Richtigkeit von Herneggers die neolithische Wirtschaftsweise zuerst Theorem der bewusstseinsgeschichtlich- nachgewiesen im östlich gelegenen Çayönü archäologischen Brückenfunktion (> 244) ist ab -7.600 (> 249). Von Çayönü aus werden offensichtlich. Bereits im frühen Neolithi- zum einen Georgien und Armenien, also kum der Levante waren nach dem Hund Zie- der Südkaukasus, neolithisiert, von wo aus gen, Schafe, Rinder, Schweine, verschiedene später in verschiedenen Schüben die Arten von Eseln und Halb-Eseln domesti- zentralasiatischen Steppen einseitig vieh- ziert, wahrscheinlich auch schon die Katze. wirtschaftlich kolonisiert werden, womit Während von den Ziegen bis zu den Schwei- der Entwicklung patriarchal strukturierter nen die Nahrungsproduktion für den Men- Hirtengesellschaften der Boden bereitet schen im Vordergrund stand, wurden die wird. Diese Hirtenvölker werden später im- Pferdeartigen vermutlich schon früh für mer wieder die europäische Entwicklung Transportzwecke genutzt. nachhaltig beeinflussen bis zu den Hunnen hin. Und zum anderen breitet sich von The dog probably had the same major Çayönü, wo aber nur der Hund und keine tasks it has today, and helped men in weitere Haustierart gefunden wurde, zeit- hunting, herding, and guarding, gleich die neolithische Lebensweise aus nach Zentral- und Westanatolien und ent- meint Anati (236) und scheint dabei zu dif- wickelt innerhalb von nur 600 Jahren die ferenzieren zwischen Hüte- (herding) und erste (proto)-neolithische „Stadt“: Çatal Herdenschutzhunden (guarding). Er könnte Band_4_2.-5.-Version15 22.08.2006 9:44 Uhr Seite 261 2. KAPITEL · HUND UND VIEHZÜCHTER AUF DEM WEG ZU MOSES, JESUS UND MOHAMMED 261 come from several individuals, all smal- ler than wolf, and ranging from a large type almost wolf size to that of a fox- terrier (Zeuner, 53). Diese Streuung in der Widerristhöhe wäre für eine Pariahhund-Population nicht re- präsentativ, eher kann man für die wolfs- großen Hunde Herdenschutzhund-Funktio- nen und für die „Fox-Terrier“ Hütehund- Funktionen vermuten. Für den kleinen Typ stellt Zeuner fest, dass one mandible, which is somewhat lar- ger than fox-terrier, has a small angular process and a straight lower margin. This may suggest a rather long-faced dog (Zeuner, 53). Diese Kopfstruktur ist allerdings (auch) für sich auf Zeuner berufen, der 1958 (52) über Windhunde typisch und frischt die Vermu- Hund und Katze im neolithischen Jericho tung auf, der eventuelle Hütehund könne nachdachte, und für den Hund zu der schon aus dem Windhund entwickelt worden sein. früher von ihm gestellten Frage kommt, Da aber die Menschen im frühneolithischen Jericho (> 490: Karte) wie in Çatal Hüyük wether gazelles were hunted only, or to selbst kaum Haustiere hielten, hält Zeuner some extent herded with the aid of folgende Alternative für sinnvoll: dogs, or kept in captivity in enclosures. We must therefore picture the inhabi- Zum Hüten von Gazellen bräuchte man - tants as pastoralists who herded only wenn es überhaupt erwägenswert ist - wohl goat (and possibly gazelle) and other- Hütehunde im Windhundtyp. Windhunde wise practised much hunting, or else we im Saluki-Typ sind zwar schon vor dem Neo- have to assume that there was a noma- lithikum dokumentiert (> V), aber die Um- dic or semi-nomadic population outside züchtung vom gerade aufs Gazellenjagen the city, which supplied the latter with spezialisierten Windhund zum Gazellen- meat in exchange for manufactured hüter dürfte ein sehr schwieriges Unterfan- articles (Zeuner, 55). gen mit zahlreichen Misserfolgen und Ver- lusten sein. Eher sollte man gerade bei der Der letzte Teil der Alternative erscheint mir Haltung von Gazellen von Steinpferchen sinnvoller, womit aber die Wahrscheinlich- ausgehen, wobei die Höhe der Stein- keit von Hunden in Hütefunktion für das „mauern“ beträchtlich gewesen sein müsste vorkeramische Neolithikum Jerichos gegen - das alles ist in Bezug auf Gazellen sehr un- Null tendiert. Allerdings ist das beginnende wahrscheinlich. Vielleicht ist - wenn über- Neolithikum nicht auf Viehzucht zu redu- haupt - eine Synthese aus beiden Ansätzen zieren, wie auch Zeuner weiß, der das we- sinnvoll: Gazellen in Steinpferchen werden sentliche Kennzeichen des neolithischen außerhalb des Pferchs von Herdenschutz- Anfangs in der Vorratshaltung sehen möch- hunden behütet und bewacht. Für die PPN- te. Auch Mahlstedt weist auf dieses zentrale Hunde in Jericho stellt Zeuner fest, dass sie Problem hin: Band_4_2.-5.-Version15 22.08.2006 9:44 Uhr Seite 262 262 2. KAPITEL · HUND UND VIEHZÜCHTER AUF DEM WEG ZU MOSES, JESUS UND MOHAMMED Es war nicht nur Wintervorrat für die Verhaltensmuster für Herdenschutzhunde Menschen anzulegen, sondern auch eher untypisch ist und vielmehr einen Hüte- Futter für das Vieh. Je größer die Herde hund anzeigt - aus der Bronze-Zeit stammen ist, umso schneller sind die Weiden ab- Felsbilder bei Megiddo (> 490: Karte) und gefressen und zwingen zum Weiterzie- Gezer im mittleren Palästina: hen. Große Mengen
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