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Bulletin De La Direction Des Sols REPUBLIQUE TUNISIENNE - MINISTERE DE l'AGRICULTURE u G ' Bulletin de la Direction des Sols 21'meAnnée No 16 - 1995 LA SALINISATION DES SOLS ET LA GESTION DES EAUX DANS LES OASIS &hl&o@! p d&ld +IJ%+ f,rt,tl* ACTES DE SEMINAIRE ORGANISE A .TOZEUR(SUD 'IrLINISEW 8 - 9 DECEMBRE 1993 LA SALINXSATION DES SOLS ET LA GESTION DES EAUX DANS LES OASIS Tozeur, 8 - 9 DECEMBRE 1993 4. Edit&par : Direction des Sols ORSTOM Tunisie IfACHICHA Mohmed JOB Jean Olivier MTmT Amos ZDT. Chafik l COMMISSION SCIENTIFIQUE HAMDANE ABDELKADER (DG1G.R.) MTIMET AMOR rd/SOL$l HACHICHA MOHAMEB (PISOLS) JOB JEAN OLIVIER (Ofl§TOM) MAMOU AHMED (DGIR.E.1 BOUTITI RAQYA (DG/G.R.) HACHICHA MOHAMED (81SOLS) JOB JEAN QLIVJER IORSTOM) COMITE D'OAGANlSATlO N MTIMET AMOR (DISOLS) HACHICHA MOHAMED IDISOLS) JOB JEAN OLIVIER (ORSTOM) ABIDI BRAHIM (CRDA TOZEUR) . .. I . -- , EDITORIAL , II s'est tenu à Tozeur (Sud tunisien) en 1993 un sétninaire fruit dune coopération el collaboration ftkonde entre la Direction des Sols et 1'ORSTOM sur la salinisetion des sols et la gestion de l'eau dans les oasis pour cerner au inieux les problbiiies de la salure et de l'hydromorpliie et leur impact sur la production agricole. Plus de 120 spécialistes tunisiens,arabes et européens se sont réunis pour pcésenter et discuter des résultats de travaux en un debat fructueux sur les expériences respectives en milieu aride. C'est dans ce cadre, pour favoriser l'échange de l'information et contribuer davantage à une meilleure connaissance sur la relation eau, sol, plante en milieu oasien que ce numéro des Sols de Tunisie a été consacré ?i1'6dition finale des actes - de ce séminaire. 11 contient de nombreuses interventions de différentes disciplines mettant en valeur une fois de plus l'approche multidisciplinaire dans l'analyse et la conception de modèles de gestion du inileu naturel et les problèmes 2 prendre en compte puur la réhabilitation et la sauvegarde du systeme de production oasien. ***** It was held in 1993 in Tozeur (south of Tunisia) a seminar wich is the result of cooporation and collaboration between'the Soil Department and ORSTOM on the salinisation of soils and the management of watec in the oasis to delimit the problems of hydromorphic and salinisation and their impact on the agricol production. More than 120 specialists tunisians, arabics and europeens were met to present and disciiss the results of works in an fruitful debate on the respectif experience in arid environment . In this objective, to favor the exchange of information and contribution for a better knowledge on the relation of between water, soil, plant in that this number of 'I I' Sols de Tunisie was consecrate to the final edition of the acts of the seminiar' , , It contains a number of intervention of different subject bringing another time an multidiciplinary approch in the analysis and conception of model of the management of naturel environment and the problems considered for rehabilitation and the save of the system production in oasis. i A. Mtimet -1- ' SOMMAIRE , Pages SOMMAIRE 1 OBJECTIFS 2 MOT R'OUJERTURE (Arabe) 3 MOT D'OUVERTURE (Francais) 5 L'ENVIRONNEMENT OASIEN ! Sociétés et espaces oasiens dans le Sud tunisien. KASSAH A. 7 Incidence de I'exploitqtion des nappes dans les oasis. MAMOU A. 30 Le paysage oasien: Les sols, l'eau et les sels. JOB J.4. et ZlDl Ch. 44 AMENAGEMENT HYDRAULIQUE ET GESTION DES EAUX Le Plan Directeur de l'utilisation des Eaux du Sud. Mme BOUTITI R. .. 48 Analyse et diagnostic de l'irrigation dans l'oasis moderne de Dra& Sud. TOUMt A. 59 Amenagement hydraulique et gestion des eaux dans les oasis de Gafsa. HABBOULA A. 72 .. HYDROMORPHIE ET SALINISATION Etude des principaux facteurs regissant la qualite des eaux de drainage. KACEM M. 81 Contraintes Bdaphiques et utilisation des eaux saumatres. MTIMET A. et PONTANIER R. .: 91 Surveillance de la salure dans les oasis de Gafsa. BEN MERAI M. '. 103 Hydromorphie et salure des sols des' oasis de Nefzaoua et Gherib. GRIRA M. 108 Evolution de la salinite dans les oasis de Gab&. SAIED A. 1o9 Economie de l'eau en irrigation par la bonification des sals sableux. BOUSNINA H. 113 ' RELATION SOL-NAPPE-AMTOSPHERE Mobilisation et gestion des ressources en eau dans les oasis du Djerid. ABDI A. tit KLlLA M. 114 Evolution de la piBtombtrie des nappes dans la Djeffara de Gabes. BEN MARZOUK M. , 147 Les nappes phreatiques des oasis de Gafsa. IAHMADI M. 167.. GESTION DE L'EAU ET PRODUCTION AGRICOLE Dynamique des sels dans les eaux et les plantes halophytes. REZAGUI M., SEMADI M. et VALLES V. 168 Use of high saline water for irrigation. GllAMl A., SHAWA F. and KADORI F. 181 Histoire hydraulique et agricole lutte contre la salification(Egyate). AUF Th. 192 Lutte contre 18 gaspillage de l'eau dans les oasis tuiiisiennes. SGHAIER M. ' 209 Evolution de la production des dattes dans les oasis du Djerid. CHEW M. 21 9 AMENAGEMENT ET GESTION RES OASIS: MODELE PRESCRIRE 227 L'ETURE DES OASIS TUNISIENNES: ANALYSE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE 232 -2- .. , ;, ,. 1'. ..' . O BJECTlFS .. ,, .. Face à un& pression d6mographique . sans cesse croissante. les, Oasis ccnstituent un ?Spice.. 'agricole tres' partidiei, et de 'plus , en, plus. iqliicitii , L'inten&fication agricole doit passer impérativement par la gestion rationnelle de ces milieux., . qui sont très souvent endoréiques. Or, - . elles se trouvent actuellement, de par ¡e drainage défic'lent, l'extension des surfaces irriguées . ,> vers les parties basses du paysage, le nombre é¡eVé de puits iflicites et une ., mauvaise 'gestion de l'eau, confrontées 1 de graves probl&mes don't .ceux d'hydromorphie et de salinisation des sols, qui mettent en cause leur pérenhité. Ce séminaire a pour objectifs de : - Faire le point des connaissances scientifiques et techniques acquises en Tunisie sur la salinisation des sols et la gestion des eaux. > - Identifier les contraintes hydro-pédoloqiques actuelles et prévenir les futures, qui entravent une production optimale. - - Identifier les thèmes devant faire l'objet d'Btudes ou de recherches. ..: I i: : I _.., ,. ' . I, . ,. _i . - ./ . -.. I. .- . i,. I. .. '. - Enfin, proposer' des orientations concertées pour. gérer durablement .ces milieux et préserver leur équilibre. ., , . -3- Monsieur le Gouverneur Monsieur le Secrétaire Gnéral du Comité de Coordination du Parti de Tozeur. Monsieur le Commissaire Régional au Développement Agricole de Tozeur. Honorables Invités, Mesdames, Messieurs, Je suis heureux de vous rencontrer aujourd'hui pour traiter un thème fort intéressant, celui de I'tvolution de la salinité des terres occupées par les oasis du sud Tunisien. Le pïoblème est considéré parmi les sujets auxquels, l'état accorde une attention particulière et un encouragement matériel' et humain, dans le but de dynamiser une évolution de l'agriculture dans ces régions présahariennes. Si on considère que les terres agricoles tunisiennes sont estimées à environ 4,5 miliions. d'hectares (26% de la surface totale des terres). Les terres existantes sous un climat aride et les terres sahariennes couvrent respectivement 6.290.000 hectares et 3.300.000 hectares. La majorité de ces terres sont utilisées en système pluvial, les surfaces irriguks à I'échelle nationale ne dépassant pas 7%de la totalité des terres agricoles. Malgré cela, ces terres représentent 32 % de la production globale agricole. On considère également que les oasis existantes sous un climat aride et saharien représentent des surfaces agricoles à productivités inégales et couvrent 21.400 hectares de superficies, sachant que les oasis traditionnelles ont une superficie de 12.900 hectares et les oasis modernes atteignent une superficie de 8.500 hectare. Celles ci sont à aspect plutôt conniercial. On compie 2.847.000 palmiers dattiers (57% soit 1.651.000 dattiers sont de type Ennour). On constate également que durant les dernièïes années il y a eu une évolution ' notable concernant Iléquipement et la réhabilitation de l'espace oasien du Sud ,tunisien. Par ailleurs, le projet prioritaire relatif du schéma directeur des eaux du Sud, exécuté depuis une décennie, vient compltter cetraines carences ainsi que les problèmes dont souffrent les oasis et ceci consernant les ressources hydrauliques, les aménagements et les cznalisations do,s eaux de draina..e, ce qui a donil6 un nouveau souffle à la production agricole et a Ct5 E l'origine de nouvelles créations (comme Ibn Chabat, Hazoua et Rbgiin Mzitougj. De nos jours, le secteur des dattes est d'une grande importance dzris le cadre des esportations. En effet, en 1992 la production brute a atteint 75.500 tonnes, dont 40.000 type dztte Ennour, la production est moindre de 6% par rapport 1991. 11 est constaté que la moyenne de production de datte Ennour pour un dattier est de 30 kg pour le Gouvernorat de Kébili. Pour les zones côtières et les régions avoisinantes (qui renferment des variCtés de dattier prmluisant des dattes de qualité moindre), ce sont plutôt les arbres fruitiers et les légumes qui dominent dans ces oasis. Mesdames et Messieurs On est réuni dans le cadre de cette manifestation scientifique'et technique avec la contribution de cadres, experts et techniciens tunisiens (Directions techniques et Instituts de recherches), ainsi que nos frères et amis. de Syrie, d'Algérie de, France, pour aboutir ensemble à des, solutions et, discuter' des problèmes auxquels s'affrontent la production . agricole dans les oasis, en se basant sur le fait que la terre est la source de tous les biens et du développement. , . ... , s-, Une salinité excessive du sol constitue un handicap pour la production et le revenu dc I'agriculteur. A c6té de ce problème d'autres existent telles que les eaux à salinité t!evée, les problèmes des réseaux de drainage, la négligence de l'homme et le manque de contrBle de facteurs de production.
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